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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 ^n@iCr9  
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第一章 名词 0Y)b31 9B  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 HoH3.AY X  
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第一节 可数名词 Kp ~k!6x  
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考点一 单复数 thipfS  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 &I'~:nWpt  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 2}$Vi$ R  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) iBp 7 1x65  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 <Ks?g=K-  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: &0(2Z^Z>fw  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes Ct}"o  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories AU87cqq  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives + {a  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs B susXW$  
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例题: LaN4%[;X1-  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. <( BAws(X  
   A         B           C       D B1nb23SY T  
答案:A d57(#)`  
应改为:Flowers {H])Fob  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 -\UzL:9>  
ni~45WX3  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic Ae ue:u>  
   A               B   C          D |I OTW=>  
pain. tCc}}2bC&  
答案:A /23v]HEPy  
应改为:Doctors 5)T{iPU%X  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 QtN0|q{af  
考点二 复数形式特例 p%3';7W\  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 \2NiI]t]  
1.单复数词形相同 vm4]KEyrX  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 Pyyx/u+?@  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: ;nh7Elk  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises u"|.]r  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula 2l\Oufer"  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena \{UiGC K  
As)-a5!  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: 5@v!wms  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), hOwVm;:  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), =3( ZUV X  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: z ,ledTl  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) YEZ"BgUnbp  
Zmp ^!|=X!  
5 不规则的名词复数 "arbUX~d  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice I`y}Ky<q  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet 6'Lij&,f?{  
,YiBu^E9  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 !D6@\  
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例题: )?_c7 R  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading U,+=>ns>  
       A            B           C )D#*Q~   
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. IB?5y~+h  
            D qvab >U`  
V= .'Db2D  
(2) 2?m'Dy'JE  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed .IG(Y!cB  
  A      B           C           G_X'd  
feet. [1Vh3~>J6  
 D eR;cl$  
答案:D scA&:y  
应改为:foot .ipYZg'V  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 Rr:,'cXGi  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 ;up89a-,9  
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第二节 限定词 *,z__S$Q)  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: y=q\1~]Z  
1.之后肯定接单数: d7l0;yR&+  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. a[t2T jB  
例句: Each of them has two books. :~g = n&x  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) $7lI Dt  
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2.之后肯定接复数: 3;#v$F8R  
these, those, many, such, other, friNo^v&  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…),  :3u>%  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several wD"Y1?Mr  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of `&j5/[>v  
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc t&0pE(MO/  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 ,%yjEO  
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考点一 否定限定词no \h?C G_|]  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: 591Syyy  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. 9UZKL@KC  
No one is here. G2zfdgW${/  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: y2 y W91B,  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; V8 }yK$4b  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 , 0MDkXb  
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例题: ehV`@ss  
(1) "VRcR  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. ZM`6z S!  
(A) none M6[&od  
(B) no  bF0 y`  
(C) not u`O xY  
(D) nor Q &<:W4N*  
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答案: C xlZ"F  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 uckag/tv  
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(2) w$MFCJ:p&  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when F#*vJb)  
A                B           C ) wtVFG  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. 4Z12Z@A#7  
        D L<'3O),}  
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答案: A rXPq'k'h#-  
应改为: No ms@*JCL!t  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 .&:y+Oww~  
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考点二 their等物主代词 *$~H=4t  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars :8\!;!  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 C8 9c2  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. 6A&e2K>A  
这里用their 而不用 the v10p]=HmO  
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例题: e=ZwhRP  
(1) +aR.t@D+"Y  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten *5?a% p  
              A      B        C ;43Ye ^=  
the lives. K =T]@ix$  
 D itClCEOA  
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答案: D z(V?pHv+  
应改为: their -;9pZ'r  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 H EdOo~/~  
3jR,lEJyj  
(2) $.{CA-~%[  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any pn3f{fQ  
      A        B              C ]4~- z3=y  
specific way. dJID '2a  
    D E)z[@Np  
Y*nzOD$  
答案: B b*$/(2"m  
应改为: its uX_A4ht*  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 P5M+usx  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 KY'"Mg^!  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 \%\b* OO  
<q Z"W6&&  
例题: q)JG_Y.p  
(1) DF D5">g@  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or `L0aQ$'>z  
        A        B        C 47I5 Y5  
relating those objects. KI(9TI *  
 D ^$3 ~;/|  
=uKGh`^[  
答案: B $$C5Q;7w!  
应改为: is a set Fs_,RXW"  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 f M 8kS  
n =v4m_e  
(2) X;_0"g  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. -eAo3  
A       B     C           D  I 0ycLx  
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答案: D j}YZl@dYV  
应改为: responses &H\$O.?f  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few WH :+HNl1d  
D[{p~x^  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 JA7HO |  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) 2 YK4 SL  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) [;dWFG"f  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 IBl}.o&]B#  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 Y>!9P\Xe  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an 6,  ag\  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: h./cs'&  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university #Q6wv/"Ub  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour sAk~`(:4!  
DMcvu*A  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). YkPz ~;  
*Q=-7a m  
例题: 8s8q`_.)(  
(1)       /@FB;`'  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever Pb} &c  
   A                 B           C MS^,h>KI  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. 8q7KqYu  
                 D 3~I<f ^K4  
答案: B有错 BO[Q"g$Kon  
应改为: puzzle. ] >ipC,v  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle i )3Y\ u  
(2) %9mB4Fc6b)  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a T<zonx1  
   A        B       C          D j K[VEhs  
question of physiology and of culture. Kox~k?JK  
答案: D有错 c'`7p /l.  
应改为: day .[cT3l/t  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day ^0{S!fs  
(3)  ' 1P_*  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the 9U}EVpD  
  A      B       C fY%Sw7ql<  
nonprofessional metal worker. $<s@S;Ri  
    D w5n>hz_5  
答案: C C c Ni8Wg_  
应改为: still a practical G#@<bg3  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 Kyl(  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 4zf#zJw  
例题: mz\ m^g3  
(1) *"zE,Bp"  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. BMX x(W]  
   A     B    C           D ;'o>6I7Ph  
答案: A fs)O7x-B(  
应改为: An emotion K4R jGSaF  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an xD1wHp!+  
(2) J7cq nj  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine ,MvvW{EY  
   A    B                       C _v $mGZpGY  
chemically with other atoms. @~N#)L^  
         D uPo>?hpq+  
答案: A >XZq=q]E!  
应改为: an atom /?6y2t  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an Ahwu'mgnC  
}oU&J81  
考点二 定冠词the x)Th 2es\  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点:  /KV@Ce\  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: eBN>|mE4N  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower ^a }{u$<  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: .ZJh-cd  
the first woman, the nineteenth century &a(w0<  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby LaIif_fie^  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: .ev]tu2N  
the largest city, the most advanced technology a* D|$<V  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: bQ4 }no0  
the development of the watch, rLXn35O  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: W>Kwl*Cis"  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun d+w<y~\ q  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: G?g7G,|d  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: PDsLJ|:yL  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) +Q9HsfX/  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the 3HiW1*5W  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) !6%mt}h  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: i0!F  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) 0k>&MkM\^  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: 3$b(iI< "  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… s [!SG`&  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: {V&7JZl,/  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed !< )_ F  
乘车的词组: u0e#iX  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), -a[{cu{  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) E.3}a>f  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), ba ?k:b  
打球的词组: aFym&n\  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball i<?4iwX%i*  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. O+$70   
例题: v3"xJN_,[p  
(D)       THp `!l  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. t;]egk  
(A) it was the Kd)m"9Cc  
(B) that the 8hfh,v5(  
(C) there was a o;mIu#u  
(D) the (ZK >WoV  
答案:D qrc/Q;$  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 A& F4;>dms  
(2) mW-W7-JhO7  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of W wha?W>  
           A            B ;%<4U^2  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. o }A #-   
     C      D B6\VxSX4{  
答案:D %#9~V  
应改为:of ai4^NJn  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 J36@Pf]h  
(3) |sa7Y_  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to dA/o4co  
  A      B              C    "ru1;I  
nineteenth century. I;-5]/,  
  D .~L4#V{c~  
答案:D }27 Vh0v  
应改为:to the nineteenth X&.$/xaT  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the [9om"'  
第四节 不可数名词 \)ZX4rs{8  
YO$b#  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 o%PoSZZ  
L"7 ` \4  
抽象名词如: n "KJB  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: 0Y*gJ!a  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), ysJhP .  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), [e@OHQM  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) %GCd?cFF  
还有表达学科类的名词如: zMzf=~  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, Nv Hy '   
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) yn ":!4U1  
}_:#fE  
物质名词如: O\F^@;] F6  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), V'f5-E0  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) ?Wz(f{Hm  
h9w^7MbO  
2]RH)W86;  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 \]#;!6ge  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, UFAMbI  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), i =fOdp  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) >`?+FDOJ,  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 CE7pg&dJ)i  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice )tI2?YIR  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, *ez~~ Y  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 L5qCv -{  
例题: @uM3iO7&  
(1) ocA'goI-  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and yH"$t/cU"R  
       A      B    C          D J%-lw{FC  
trade. 0m YZ7S5g  
答案:C GKsL~;8"  
应改为:advertising IU'!?XVo  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 "G-0iKW;  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 ;$tv8%_L[  
#9hXZr/8  
考点二 限定词 mA] 84zO  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: gC_s\WU  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) Aiks>Cyi23  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 pJ$N@ID  
例题: ?m9UhLeaS=  
(1) " ,aT<lw.  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear ~q]|pD"\K|  
        A              B         C &DbGyV8d"|  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. K@j^gF/0B  
                     D z^a!C#IX  
答案:D 5Du>-.r  
应改为:little. {sfmWVp  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little !AD0 -fZ  
(2) x,w`OMQ}c  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge v-7Rb )EP  
      A                    B f?>-yMR|  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. Z*)y.i`  
           C         D 8%2rgA  
答案:B |?fW!y  
应改为:much evidence uku}Mr"p  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 q(jkit~`A  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 Q0L@.`~  
例如: 0x>/6 <<  
a lot of students , a lot of money fZw9zqg  
the rest of the students, the rest of money /mMAwx  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. _@BRpLs:4  
:p\(y  
第五节 所有格及of结构 ax72ehL}  
_Ra<|NVQh  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 t> x-1vf%  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, `\W   
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office ~|r'2V*  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , R%Ui6dCLo  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room v.l7 Q  
例题:  /i-xX*  
(1) XSm"I[.g  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. L(WL ,xnBy  
(A) of the drop ? fbgU  
(B) the drop's PcHSm/d0e  
(C) drop of ?Do^stq'4  
(D) drops their nabBU4;h  
答案: (B) 7SgweZ}"  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 &v5G92  
(2) ,:#,}w_HyO  
Over a very lar <*s"e)XeqF  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. a|DsHZ^6^  
(A) occurs fm(mO%  
(B) will occur YSR mt/   
(C) can occur CS/Mpmsp  
(D) occurring v! 7s M  
答案:D A}t %;V2  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 =N YgGEFq.  
-PNi^ K_  
考点二 of结构 "$XYIuT  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) z]^+^c_  
如: the title of the passage KcC! N{  
例如: bGbqfO`  
(1) ,i?)  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names !Y ( apVQ  
          A     B     C `/#f?Hk=  
of some works years after their completion. b2N6L2~V  
       D +'%@!  
答案: C =M7TCE  
应改为: paintings otO j^xU  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 \tY"BC4.  
(2) ]eE 1n2  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and Yc^%zxub  
      A         B     C         D |,b2b2v ?  
spinal cord. 2 P=[  
答案: B )zU:  
应改为: stimulation *h$&0w y  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 +b^]Pz5  
._?V%/  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 @}Zd (o  
U@'F%nHw  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 <47k@Ym   
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 gV8"V Zg2  
例题: d+;gw*_Ei  
(1) >H>gH2qp  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. q*, Q5  
(A) was a major collection UUeB;'E+  
(B) that a major collection y` yZ R _  
(C) a collection was major ?s?$d&h  
(D) a major collection WF2NG;f=  
答案: (D) XM/vDdR  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 oKA&An  
(2) )0k']g5  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of :]PM_V|  
    A         B        C     D %T!J$a)qf  
medieval alchemists. +H_MV=A^  
答案:A  z [C3  
应改为:beginnings. d;7 uFh|o  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 ('C7=u&F  
";x+1R.d  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 h1[WhBL-O  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 xyA-P& N  
例题: Pf <[|yu4?  
(1) L?5f+@0.  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. +*}{`L- :  
(A) new dance, the twist JWv{=_2w  
(B) twist, was the new dance +9XQ[57  
(C) twist, the new dance that x%N\5 V1  
(D) new dance is the twist 8X$LC  
答案: (A) &QNY,Pj  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 ?4 S+edX  
(2) (:pq77  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep \4d.sy0&>-  
     A                B        =1p8 i  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. V\]" }V)"  
 C               D FV39QG4b4  
答案: D *sw7niw  
应改为: promise. o%E;3l  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 nH|,T%  
O81X ;JdP3  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 #R0A= !  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, X-LA}YH=tS  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 8~lIe:F-  
例题: ^Xb7[ +I6  
(1) 3REx45M2  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. ;< jbLhHwD  
(A) that institutes WE6a'  
(B) while instituted {66sB{P  
(C) was an institution z4#(Ze@u~_  
(D) an institute WtulTAfN  
答案: (D) \c v?^AI  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 ]uj=:@  
(2) ^9OUzTF  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. @`opDu!  
(A) is the great modern choreographer @ V08U!  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers Rlnbdb;!k  
(C) that the great modern choreographers RO;Bl:x4  
(D) the modern choreographers were great {rfF'@[  
答案:B v2r&('pV  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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