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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 f l*]ua  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 ;2 y3i5^k  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 oY{L0B[  
例题: //S/pCqED  
(1) ^3 C8GzOsO  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, T!u&r  
 A                       B H5j6$y|I|N  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. 2&7:JM~#  
   C         D {3cT\u  
答案: D M|nTO  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. &6V[@gmD  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 PLlad\  
(2) BU],,t\  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. ]  }XsP  
   A  B      C         D Dz4e.tvN  
答案: D U7i WYdt$  
应改为: color ?T]3I.3 2^  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 uL| Wuq  
NH+?7rf8  
d^AXhQjQN-  
第二章 形容词 ;Qe-y|>  
WrJgU&H{  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 J?9K|4 )  
IL*Ghq{/  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 TKJs'%Q7F6  
zl8O @g  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 tgk] sQY  
例题: mk*r^k`a  
(1) #_oN.1u57  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. i"0]L5=P  
       A  B   C          D 'YKyY:eZ  
答案:C [{R^!Az&b<  
应改为:certain. Bgw=((p  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 K,B qVu  
(2) R-%v??  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. e'"2yA8dh"  
  A       B         C   D p~LTu<*S  
答案:C  8kn> ?  
应改为:visual. mV~aZM0'  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 8s+9PE  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: u?Pec:3%  
The man was awake.  DT2uUf  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) }o9fpo|  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable ERka l7+  
例题: <vb%i0+b.^  
(1) E}qW'  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 3haR/Y N  
     A                 B        C 5)@U pcjUA  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. ;*J_V/&?  
       D H^TU?vz} <  
答案: D 0gevn  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) i #pBzJ  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) ]?un'$%e  
(2) vz~`M9^  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also V7S[rI<<r  
 A              B               C 7M.TLV!f]  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. $*\G Z$y>  
                 D &m PR[{  
答案: A O-3R#sZ0  
应改为:like /z)H7s+  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 t 3l-]  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. (ah^</  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, J/k4CV*li(  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, 8 *Y(wqH  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: xRrKrs&eE  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 dq4t@:\o0  
如: two young American students FgnS+c3W(  
    my three red pencils $/)0iL{0  
第二节 比较级 =XhxD<kI  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: eZbT;  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; xXQW|#X\  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 @xkI?vK6  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), gyT3[*eh  
:c3'U_H^  
E]gy5y  
考点一 含有标志词than /4Sul*{hc  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, '{F Od_uk%  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. Egm-PoPe  
  She possesses more books than I do. *USzz Lq  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. a IgV"3  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, OlcWptM$  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, 0 >:RFCo  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 5X}OUn8  
例题: Rap =&  
(1) )%Lgo${[;  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. r.10b]b  
(A) coolest #(dERET*  
(B) the coolest |W;EPQ+<  
(C) cooler G1S:hw%rp  
(D) the cooler z\6/?5D#v  
答案:A -FW'i10\2+  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 | X0Ys8f  
(2) InfUH8./t  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. #M=d)}[  
           A   B              C     D od`:w[2\  
答案:A zmp Q=%/H  
应改为:more SO}en[()O  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 o]@g%_3X  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: `<kV)d%xEF  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, G9uWn% 5r  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. oO)KhA? y  
   (that 指代the population) DozC>  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. j])nkm7_  
   (those 指代 designs) L7qlvS Q  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) DUK.-|a7  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may /,Sd  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. : j m|)  
例题: 5cE!'3Y  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 8!AMRE  
(A) than do lZup n?  
(B) that are having k^PqB+P!  
(C) which have umWZ]8  
(D) that do _\Cd.  
答案:A ^D0BGC&&  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 V-(LHv  
fJ3qL# '  
考点二 (not) so /as…as UVD::  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 5}4MXI4  
如:It is as good as it looks. |k4ZTr]?  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. }PY? ZG  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 E4'D4@\W  
例题: uGQCW\!"4  
(1) 6]}Xi:I  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. ku'%+svD  
(A) possibly little nourishment q t}[M|Q^r  
(B) nourishment possibly little 2r~ Nh](  
(C) little as possible nourishment t747SZWgB  
(D) little nourishment as possible Tj{!Fx^H  
答案:D 2/B Flb  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. Ac.z6]p  
(2) #V8='qD  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. 7 9%${ajSI  
(A) so early fXw%2wg  
(B) the earliest  j>s%q .  
(C) as early as y( MF_'l  
(D) so early that T"Q4vk,3*J  
答案:C A}\Rms 2  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as ){>;eky  
L#u6_`XJ+  
考点三 the same…as X5U!25d]  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, $Y,]D*| "K  
如:She looks just the same as before. IFPywL{K  
  I got the same feeling as you did. oqDW}>.  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 =10t3nA1$  
例题: &r<<4J(t  
(1) mk4%]t"  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, o-O/MS   
         A       B          C ~*B1}#;  
shorter tails, and longer bills. x\Sp~]o3C  
            D 2 yP#:T/z  
答案:B &7DE$ S  
应改为:as. +]]wf'w  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” jSYj+k  
(2) KH KqE6  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of e-}PJ%!,T  
  A                 B    !)9zH  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. ?|hzAF"U  
   C          D s\jLIrG8  
答案:D i2j)%Gc}  
应改为:as XbH X,W$h  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 Jx>P%>+<j  
g(5s{njL  
考点四 the more…,the more… F'#3wCzt  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, "Z{^i3 gN  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. THu a?,oyW  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. )@Zel.XD  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 yQx>h6  
例题: ifgaBXT55  
(1) cn\_;TYiJ  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. gEe}xI  
(A) the greater the need there is 1_p'0lFe  
(B) greater need F@I_sGCcb  
(C) is there great need q@!:<Ra,){  
(D) the great need ZE\t{s0  
答案:A w}1)am &pD  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, =0:hrg+Zgx  
|-|BM'Y  
;4_n:XUgo;  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 5Ci}w|c/>  
(2) 67g/(4&  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. vK{K#{  
(A) the stress it is greater H{XW?O^ @  
(B) greater is the stress vP?yl "U  
(C) greater stress is OiOL 4}5(  
(D) the greater the stress us cR/d  
答案:D ~9c9@!RA2  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D ]@P*&FRcZ  
t}tKm  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer Mm;)O'XDE  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, ~4^e a  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. QEgv,J{  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 w-"&;klV  
例题: 9VByFQgM  
(1) _"bx#B*  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio hJ<2bgQo  
          A           B      ws=TR  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 1fy{@j(W  
    C                           D F"=MU8  
答案:A p(G?  
应改为:no longer. 0o]K6 b  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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