考点四 名词(词组)作定语 fl*]ua
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 ;2y3i5^k
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 o Y{L0B[
例题: //S/pCqED
(1) ^3C8GzOsO
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, T!u&r
A B H5j6$y|I|N
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. 2&7:JM~#
C D {3cT\u
答案: D M|nTO
应改为: distribution/ distributing. &6V[@gmD
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 P Llad\
(2) BU],,t\
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. ] }XsP
A B C D Dz4e.tvN
答案: D U7i WYdt$
应改为: color ?T]3I.3
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解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 uL| Wuq
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第二章 形容词 ;Qe-y|>
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 J?9K|4
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 TKJs'%Q7F6
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 tgk] sQY
例题: mk*r^k`a
(1) #_oN.1u57
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. i" 0]L5=P
A B C D 'YKyY:eZ
答案:C [{R^!Az&b<
应改为:certain. Bgw=((p
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 K,B qVu
(2) R-%v??
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. e'"2yA8dh"
A B C D p ~LTu<*S
答案:C 8kn> ?
应改为:visual. mV~aZM0'
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 8s+9PE
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: u?Pec:3%
The man was awake.
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There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) }o9fpo|
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable ERka l7+
例题: <vb%i0+b.^
(1) E}qW'
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 3haR/YN
A B C 5)@U
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of on-the-spot, alive reports. ;*J_V/&?
D H^TU?vz}
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答案: D 0gevn
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) i#pBzJ
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) ]?un'$%e
(2) vz~`M9^
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also V7S[rI<<r
A B C 7M.TLV!f]
gather data from documentary and oral sources. $*\GZ$y>
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答案: A O-3R#sZ0
应改为:like /z)H7s+
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 t3l-]
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. (ah^</
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, J/k4CV*li(
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, 8
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一般来说:这个排序的规则是: xRrKrs &eE
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 dq4t@:\o0
如: two young American students FgnS+c3W(
my three red pencils $/)0iL{0
第二节 比较级 =XhxD<kI
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: eZbT;
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; xXQW|#X\
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 @xkI?vK6
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), gyT3[*eh
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考点一 含有标志词than /4Sul*{hc
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, '{F
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如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. Egm-PoPe
She possesses more books than I do. *USzz
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He is more intelligent than I expected. a
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than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, OlcWptM$
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, 0 >:RFCo
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 5X}OUn8
例题: Rap =&
(1) )%Lgo${[;
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. r.10b]b
(A) coolest #(dERET*
(B) the coolest |W;EPQ+<
(C) cooler G1S:hw%rp
(D) the cooler z\6/?5D#v
答案:A -FW'i10\2+
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 |X0Ys8f
(2) InfUH8./t
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. #M=d)}[
A B C D od`:w[2\
答案:A zmpQ=%/H
应改为:more SO}en[()O
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 o]@g%_3X
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: `<kV)d%xEF
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, G9uWn%
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如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. oO)KhA?
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(that 指代the population) DozC>
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. j])nkm7_
(those 指代 designs) L7qlvS Q
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) DUK.-|a7
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may /,Sd
probably contribute more to the success of a play. :j m|)
例题: 5 cE!'3Y
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 8!AMRE
(A) than do lZupn?
(B) that are having k^PqB+P!
(C) which have umWZ]8
(D) that do _\Cd.
答案:A ^D0BGC&&
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 V-(LHv
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考点二 (not) so /as…as UVD::
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 5}4MXI4
如:It is as good as it looks. |k4ZTr]?
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. }PY?
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填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 E4'D4@\W
例题: uGQCW\!"4
(1) 6]}Xi:I
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. ku'%+svD
(A) possibly little nourishment qt}[M|Q^r
(B) nourishment possibly little 2r~ Nh](
(C) little as possible nourishment t747SZWgB
(D) little nourishment as possible Tj{!Fx^H
答案:D 2/BFlb
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. Ac.z6]p
(2) #V8='qD
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. 7
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(A) so early fXw%2wg
(B) the earliest j>s%q.
(C) as early as y( MF_'l
(D) so early that T"Q4vk,3*J
答案:C A}\Rms2
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as ){>;eky
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考点三 the same…as X5U!25d]
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, $Y,]D*|
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如:She looks just the same as before. IFPywL{K
I got the same feeling as you did. oqDW}>.
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 =10t3nA1$
例题: &r<<4J(t
(1) mk4%]t"
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, o-O/M S
A B C ~*B1}#;
shorter tails, and longer bills. x\Sp~]o3C
D 2
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答案:B &7DE$ S
应改为:as. +]]wf'w
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” jSYj+k
(2) KH
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Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of e-}PJ%!,T
A B !)9zH
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. ?|hzAF"U
C D s\jLIrG8
答案:D i2j)%Gc}
应改为:as XbH X,W$h
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 Jx>P%>+<j
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考点四 the more…,the more… F'#3wCzt
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, "Z{^i3gN
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. THua?,oyW
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. )@Zel.XD
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 yQx>h6
例题: ifgaBXT55
(1) cn\_;TYiJ
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. gEe}xI
(A) the greater the need there is 1_p'0lFe
(B) greater need F@I_sGCcb
(C) is there great need q@!:<Ra,){
(D) the great need ZE\t{s0
答案:A w}1)am&pD
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, =0:hrg+Zgx
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 5Ci}w|c/>
(2) 67g/(4 &
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. vK{K#{
(A) the stress it is greater H{XW?O^
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(B) greater is the stress vP?yl "U
(C) greater stress is OiOL4}5(
(D) the greater the stress us cR/d
答案:D ~9c9@!RA2
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D ]@P*&FRcZ
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer Mm;)O'XDE
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, ~4^e a
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. QE gv,J{
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 w-"&;klV
例题: 9VByFQgM
(1) _"bx#B*
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio hJ<2bgQo
A B w s=T R
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 1fy{@j(W
C D F"=MU8
答案:A p(G?
应改为:no longer. 0o]K6b
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer