考点四 名词(词组)作定语 O3j:Y|N@F
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题
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这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 py]m^)yc
例题: 0;#%KC,
(1) 6p1\#6#@
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, ]V
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A B A{bt
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. Yo/U /dB
C D hJ (Q^Z
答案: D M$B9?N6
应改为: distribution/ distributing. -}/u?3^-
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 |h\e(_G\
(2) TUw^KSa
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. (CJiCtAsl`
A B C D r/$+'~apTk
答案: D 3
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应改为: color Kyt.[" p
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 &Gp@,t
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第二章 形容词 gbsRf&4h
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 MUhC6s\F
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 iS&~oj_-%
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 1+~JGY#
例题: r(y1^S9!8
(1) RrSSAoz1
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. :y==O4
A B C D 9yH95uaDF
答案:C kMWu%,s4
应改为:certain. IT!
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解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 sOg@9-_Uh
(2) A%>Ir`I
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. ?BT\)@h
A B C D /e1m1 B
答案:C A ${b]
应改为:visual. mr6/d1af_
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 %y)5:]
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: vpcHJ^19
The man was awake. .281;] =
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) F]]np&UV.
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable GE]fBg
例题: G;_QE<V~_
(1) ZHUAM59bx
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means Vo}3E]
A B C 3t22KY[`
of on-the-spot, alive reports. #u~s,F$De
D :#0uy1h
答案: D , C2qP3yg
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) ]y3V^W#
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) J;h4)w~9H3
(2) 6NH.!}"G9
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also }c1Vu
A B C G3n* bv
gather data from documentary and oral sources. %[\:
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答案: A ljVtFm<
应改为:like qb(#{Sw0
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 yaD<jc(O
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 0l3v>ty
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, F,Y,0f@4U9
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, <$wh@$PK
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: "r @RDw
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 Yh_H$uW
如: two young American students PxzeN6f
my three red pencils B3K!>lz
第二节 比较级 Mm`jk%:%]
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: <h|XB}s+
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; u':-DgK
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等
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少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), x%d+~U;$&
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考点一 含有标志词than HmKvu"3
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, IK5FSN]s/
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. 44FK%TmtF
She possesses more books than I do. 16/+ O$#y
He is more intelligent than I expected. 6}
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than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, 2Fi>nJ
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, u\=gps/Z
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 11}sRu/
例题: $l-|abLELz
(1) xal
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Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. fl _k5Q'&p
(A) coolest Ntr5Q
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(B) the coolest J7$1+|"
(C) cooler qd{o64;|
(D) the cooler XSt5s06TM
答案:A ZiM#g1;
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 h`+Gs{1qw
(2) EquNg@25W
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. W=M&U
A B C D qY\zZ
答案:A @z"Zj 3ti
应改为:more Hb'fEo r
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 piJ/e
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: "L@qjSs8
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, ;=: R|
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. * 2[&26D
(that 指代the population) P]!$MOt
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. ASY
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(those 指代 designs) ;d G.oUk=
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) RK(uC-l
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may 'j#oMA{0
probably contribute more to the success of a play. nQK@Uy5Yr
例题: /e
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Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. X0b :Oiw
(A) than do U@yrqT@;AU
(B) that are having OzBo*X/p
(C) which have KQi9qj
(D) that do ^q"p8
答案:A ~B>I?j
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 q9pBS1Ej
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考点二 (not) so /as…as G,{L
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比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, NF0IF#;a
如:It is as good as it looks. /7@@CG6b
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. RTA9CR)JP4
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 d|on
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例题: l*_b)&CH
(1) Q9K
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The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. ec1snMY
(A) possibly little nourishment $f>WR_F
(B) nourishment possibly little yN{Yb
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(C) little as possible nourishment z-[Jbjhd
(D) little nourishment as possible {xEX_$nv
答案:D U,iTURd
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. BxZ}YS:
(2) (n"M)
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ?jw)%{iKYV
(A) so early QI=SR
(B) the earliest RfN5X}&A
(C) as early as d
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(D) so early that dd
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答案:C Y141Twjvd
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as ui9gt"qS`
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考点三 the same…as fbw{)SZ
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, nkhM1y
如:She looks just the same as before. xR#hU;E}
I got the same feeling as you did. d/t'N-m
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 apY m,_
例题: 9\Xl3j!
(1) b17p;wS
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, -vjjcyTt
A B C }=f}@JlFB
shorter tails, and longer bills. +\:I3nKs%
D ni%^w(J3Q
答案:B *D<sk7
应改为:as. W_sDF; JP
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” xVl90ak
(2) 'Y
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Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of /$9/,5|EA
A B qtgK}*9ptv
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. G^2"\4R]p
C D
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答案:D Oi7=z?+j
应改为:as H/, tE0ZV
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 MfL q
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考点四 the more…,the more… /FYa{.Vlr
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, C*78ZwZ
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt.
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The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. P&F)E#Sa
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 '[juPI(!
例题: olYSr .Q`
(1) _nRshTt`V&
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. VJ$C)0xQA
(A) the greater the need there is [p7le8=
(B) greater need u>(Q& 25
(C) is there great need 6Nl$&jL
(D) the great need jOuv\$
答案:A .(Pe1pe
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, J}YI-t
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. \hq8/6=4s
(2) H?~u%b@
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. '|q:h
(A) the stress it is greater DRzpV6s
(B) greater is the stress
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(C) greater stress is n$Pv2qw
(D) the greater the stress XWvs~Xw@
答案:D }3*h`(Bv7
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D woT" 9_tN
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer o|}%pc3
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, R utW{wh
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. [@y=%\%R
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 ]_=HC5"
例题: N Hh
(1) SB'YV#--
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio n=SZ8Rj7
A B sogbD9Jc
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. _Pz3QsV9
C D 2(rZ@Wl
答案:A Gzfb|9,q
应改为:no longer. (g)@wNBW
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer