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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 /s-jR]#VA  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 EZa{C}NQ$2  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 ~,3v<A[5Vi  
例题: 8u~\]1 (  
(1) PK|`} z9  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, %V" +}Dr  
 A                       B uk> /I l  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. }Rf :DmPE  
   C         D bQnwi?2  
答案: D (J) Rs`_  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. W:N"O\`{m  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ~Hs]}Xo  
(2) 2w.9Q (Sn  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. VAB&&AL  
   A  B      C         D }C2i#;b  
答案: D ,Elg a}7u  
应改为: color J\8l%4q3  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 Y.hH fSp  
x /Ky: Ky  
p?gLW/n  
第二章 形容词 Exo`Z`m`U  
Q)|LiCR,  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 0 Vgn N  
Q*J ~wuE2  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 7!840 :a?+  
\?ws0Ax  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 n|`):sP  
例题: v'~nABYH  
(1) eR 2T<7G  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. OL9C #er  
       A  B   C          D Z*Hxrw\!0  
答案:C l8d%hQVqT  
应改为:certain. bb_jD^  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 v{*X@)$  
(2) <"Cwy0V kp  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. :/[ZgreN6  
  A       B         C   D 7[ <sl35  
答案:C *A9{H>Vq  
应改为:visual. {3uSg)  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 8BH)jna`Qo  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: : MmXH&yR  
The man was awake. +rw3.d  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) !eoec2h#5  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable jmzvp6N$8  
例题: OQ*. ho  
(1) h GHzO  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means S_;:iC]B  
     A                 B        C r.5Js*VX!  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. % +"AF+c3r  
       D Y9ce"*b  
答案: D Y6DiISl  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) * rANf&y  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) 07Cuoqt2  
(2) J+|V[E<x  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also ;mxT >|z  
 A              B               C Vta;ibdeqW  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. Ri0+nJ6  
                 D Y }d>%i+  
答案: A CfnCi_=[`  
应改为:like 6FFv+{ 2^@  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 <W^~Y31:0  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. yYtki  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, Z|wDM^Lf  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, qz2d'OhmtH  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: e%>E| 9*u  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 (ajX ;/  
如: two young American students #Og_q$})f  
    my three red pencils 1'B?f# s  
第二节 比较级  >S/>2e:  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: C@W0fz  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; ]F#kM211  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 (<-0UR]%q;  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), /UAj]U  
ArM e[t0$  
4B(qVf&M  
考点一 含有标志词than !4 fL|0  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, ?-i&6i6Y  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. J],BO\ECH  
  She possesses more books than I do. ? ~8V;Qn  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. lPP7w`[PA  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, GM~jR-FZ  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, g5`YUr+3?h  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 C5FtJquGN)  
例题:  sj2+|>  
(1) u/WkqJvw#  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. J3vuh#  
(A) coolest dfce/QOV  
(B) the coolest *2Kte'+q  
(C) cooler R lu;l  
(D) the cooler _1QNO#X  
答案:A ygG9ht  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 {Gy_QRsp,  
(2) &kGSxYDk%  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. GfV9Ox   
           A   B              C     D YjT #^AH  
答案:A p*G_$"KpP  
应改为:more 3/ D fsv  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 6 AY%o nY  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: D!CGbP(  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, 0td;Ag  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. mvnK)R_  
   (that 指代the population) n=~?BxB  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. +4 dHaj6  
   (those 指代 designs) riz({  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) Oc1ZIIkh\  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may #HML=qK~  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. U]d+iz??b  
例题: LcXrD+ 1  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. fw5AZvE6$  
(A) than do mdwY48b  
(B) that are having W cnYD)  
(C) which have gS!M7xy  
(D) that do Zn/1uWO  
答案:A jWQB~XQY  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 a&&EjI  
DwI)?a_+  
考点二 (not) so /as…as D:f#  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, _=rXaTp  
如:It is as good as it looks. 8`+X6iZOQ  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. hPl;2r  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 HtMlSgx,8>  
例题: 7+ c?eH  
(1) #SL/Jr DZ  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. RD~QNj9,T  
(A) possibly little nourishment !-: a`Vs+  
(B) nourishment possibly little M 3^p,[9r#  
(C) little as possible nourishment AX6e}-S1n  
(D) little nourishment as possible CvlAn7r,@  
答案:D tEb2>+R  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. &H* F  
(2) jk)U~KGcg  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. 2H4+D)  
(A) so early 7GKeqv  
(B) the earliest Rb#?c+&#  
(C) as early as d@`yRueWiV  
(D) so early that 0\u_ \%[  
答案:C 3<B{-z  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as (/PD;R$b  
`lr\V;o!  
考点三 the same…as I#9A\.pO  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用,  Zuwd(q  
如:She looks just the same as before. 9'O<d/xj/  
  I got the same feeling as you did. HD Eqq  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 ob Uh+9K  
例题: -j<m0XUQ  
(1) tWD*uA b  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, L[<MBgF Kv  
         A       B          C ?DM-C5$  
shorter tails, and longer bills. 61CNEzQ  
            D nbhx2@Teqe  
答案:B LTG/gif[u  
应改为:as. F^KoEWj[H  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” -H{c@hl  
(2) d7P| x  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of $O7>E!uVD  
  A                 B    v||8Q\d  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. IN),Lu0K  
   C          D e$ E=n  
答案:D SbrBlP: G  
应改为:as 8%I4jL<  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 L<5go\!bV  
O zY&^:>  
考点四 the more…,the more… F6YMcdU  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, &&TQ0w&T  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. kQwBrb 4  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. hZ5h(CQ?"#  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 ?ZE1>L7e  
例题: pOpie5)7X  
(1) M%sWtgw(  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. D@FJVF7c  
(A) the greater the need there is ^~8l|d_  
(B) greater need B?$pIG^Mn  
(C) is there great need cPkN)+K  
(D) the great need !$f@j6.  
答案:A @tRq(*(/:  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, kMf]~EZ?  
3Q Zw  
>/eQjp?:  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. iVREkZ2SC  
(2) bxK1v 7  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. mdtq-v  
(A) the stress it is greater C$-IDBXK  
(B) greater is the stress y!)Z ^u  
(C) greater stress is K Ps 5? X  
(D) the greater the stress iK s/8n  
答案:D 39BGwKXb  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D -_4U+Cfmtl  
1wi{lJaz  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer PGOi#x  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, I.euuzBgA  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. =k 2In_  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 RL[?&L$7^%  
例题: &w- QMj M>  
(1) }2|>Y[v2j  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio ?Xx,[Z&  
          A           B      mh2t ' O  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. >u4%s7 v  
    C                           D hp@g iu7  
答案:A _iO,GT=J-  
应改为:no longer. $RuJm\f  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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