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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 .E~(h*NW  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 $W42vjr4  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 0Hw-59MK  
例题: Y'3}G<'%  
(1) M4L ktR-[  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, ,kp\(X[J  
 A                       B 9>#:/g/  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. ` C+HE$B  
   C         D uH^ PQ  
答案: D 5;TuVU.8Q  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. |m?vVLq  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 j?|* LT$%7  
(2) OAZ#|U   
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. tNmy& nsA  
   A  B      C         D jN+N(pIi.o  
答案: D 7C?.L70ZY  
应改为: color w*w?S  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 <;t)6:N\  
hvt@XZT  
dYojm1MQ  
第二章 形容词 D~&Mwsi  
dow^*{fqZ  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 9f}XRz  
6a>H|"P NE  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 )yb+M ez  
;ggy5?>Qu  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 88a<{5 :z  
例题: Hwe)Tsh e  
(1) TL)O-  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. gw3NS8 A+  
       A  B   C          D vh>{_ #  
答案:C fjDpwb:x)  
应改为:certain. K{ }4zuZ  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 2Q$\KRE  
(2) VKLU0*2R  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. ]~a_d)  
  A       B         C   D #Y,A[Y5jX  
答案:C %f[Ep 3D  
应改为:visual. >4![&&  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 e.6Dl_  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: B$`lY DqaG  
The man was awake. -%uy63LbHF  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) VvgN3e[  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable coB6 rW  
例题: 5(}H ?  
(1) }g,X5v?W  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 'rV2Bt,  
     A                 B        C JY4_v>Aob  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. 6dT|;koWbm  
       D \!X?zR_  
答案: D L/k40cEI^z  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) L+Nsi~YVq  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) \3 KfD'L  
(2) lgG8!Ja  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also !yCl(XT  
 A              B               C O`[]xs  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. $u,G Vq~  
                 D vXPuyR<J  
答案: A $wXih#7  
应改为:like u@"o [e':  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 2<.Vv\ =  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. )K.R\]XR  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, 0N1' $K$\  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, xDe47&qKM  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: .%hQJ{vf-^  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 ?lG;,,jc,W  
如: two young American students 6(5c7R#  
    my three red pencils 9t\ [N/  
第二节 比较级 <\xQ7|e  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: 'qlxAYw<f  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; Gm*Uv6?H?  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 R]fYe#!"  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), @>9A$w$H|a  
'v`~(9'Rcj  
K \m4*dOv  
考点一 含有标志词than >|S>J+(  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, I]UA0[8X  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. 0<"tl0p_  
  She possesses more books than I do. vD "_X"v  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. t;~-_{  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, Bzwx0c2VY8  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, <X9T-b"$h  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 )uu ww z  
例题: l+'`BBh*]  
(1) ]s}aC9 I  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. \Z8Y(]6*  
(A) coolest T=O l`?5  
(B) the coolest 3 pHn_R  
(C) cooler N_*u5mfQX  
(D) the cooler tgS+" ugl  
答案:A )OS>9 kFH  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 d"Ml^rAn  
(2) Udg & eEF  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. `mWQWx$V!  
           A   B              C     D y`T--v3mI  
答案:A [k}dES#  
应改为:more H{&a)!Ms  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 @DUN;L 4  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: @)S sKk|  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, P((S2"D<4  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. `mh-pBVD1  
   (that 指代the population) B=r]_&u-u  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. ID_|H?.  
   (those 指代 designs) m[//_TFf]  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) %D`^  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may h0&>GY;i  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. ?*(r1grHl  
例题: |SwZi'p  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 1D 3 dYVE  
(A) than do d "QM;9  
(B) that are having YMd&To0s  
(C) which have dlU JYI  
(D) that do q!u lE{ ^  
答案:A QE`:jxyad  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 ;C7BoHB9  
2^k^"<h5j  
考点二 (not) so /as…as =DQdPA\K  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, +S:u[x  
如:It is as good as it looks. Wfi:wCqZG  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. rTm>8et  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 3thG*^C 5  
例题: LRqw\fKk[  
(1) a{%52B"  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. `gBXeG2fn  
(A) possibly little nourishment wj";hAw  
(B) nourishment possibly little Hz;jJ&S  
(C) little as possible nourishment +0JH"L5!  
(D) little nourishment as possible )0 42?emn  
答案:D yC&b-y  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. eaZ)1od  
(2) I1}{~@  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. y[ rB"  
(A) so early cr=FMfhB  
(B) the earliest ~[ ks|  
(C) as early as G-Ml+@e>  
(D) so early that F%ylR^H>  
答案:C \I o?ul}za  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as }IalgQ(i  
fv 1!^CDia  
考点三 the same…as VEdnP+D  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, s+\qie  
如:She looks just the same as before. cO"Xg<#y  
  I got the same feeling as you did. =[tls^  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 =QxE-)v  
例题: GXv o't@N  
(1) tV}ajs  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, q.hc%s2?  
         A       B          C piM11W}|/  
shorter tails, and longer bills. ; 0_J7  
            D /j5- "<;.  
答案:B 3lrZ-k+S{  
应改为:as. fKK-c9F   
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” " ih>T^|  
(2) c%,6L<[  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of r7BH{>-  
  A                 B    \oZUG  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. Rb>RjHo S  
   C          D "jN-Yd,z  
答案:D ~esEql=Q3'  
应改为:as ~FrkLP  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 3[O =2  
YM/3VD  
考点四 the more…,the more… 9h0,L/;\  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, WuQ<AS=   
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. +mW$D@Pf  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. GBOmVQ $Hb  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 W[Ew6)1T  
例题: vrO$8* sy  
(1) {-]HYk  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 3&Zx*:  
(A) the greater the need there is {gHscj;SM  
(B) greater need >(4S `}K  
(C) is there great need -oT+;2\2  
(D) the great need Hh=::Bi  
答案:A \ #c+vfq  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, MxA'T(Ay  
qvT+d l3#[  
QgM_SY|Rj  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. naCI55Wx  
(2) u,9U0ua@;  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. uB"m!dL  
(A) the stress it is greater d?X6x  
(B) greater is the stress [|O6n"'  
(C) greater stress is :=7;P)  
(D) the greater the stress BQ)43Rr>  
答案:D _rh.z_a7w  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D 84\o7@$#  
Z`KXXlJ^i  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer d"a7{~l  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, Y[]t_o)  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. 5Cka."bQ  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 R@aT=\u+  
例题: IoX 9yGq  
(1) V]cY+4 Y  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 2 ~'quA  
          A           B      u`nn {C4D"  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. Vs(Zs[  
    C                           D L,GtIZkE  
答案:A J0plQDe  
应改为:no longer. {XW>:EU'N  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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