考点四 名词(词组)作定语 mS0udHod
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 Ks}Xgc\
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 fA89|NTSUh
例题: <oz!H[!
(1) )Pv9_XKJ
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, fw[y+Bi&
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A B aN(|'uO@
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. $v Z$'(
C D &?h,7
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答案: D MeUaTJFEB
应改为: distribution/ distributing. (dv]=5""
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ,*7d
(2) +E1h#cc)
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. KgR<E
A B C D gynh#&r
答案: D 'e6WDC1Am(
应改为: color E4hLtc^
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解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 2,*M|+W~
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第二章 形容词 8Ac:_Zg
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 f!JS= N?3
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 IC7M$
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等
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例题: v\{!THCSh
(1) ->V<DZK
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. k`N^Vdr
A B C D j*vYBGD
答案:C b1($R[
应改为:certain. y_?Me]
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 pJtex^{!:
(2) X93!bB
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. bR)(H%I
A B C D .yEBOMNZ
答案:C tw9f%p
应改为:visual. PGoh1Uu
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 N=7pK&NHSG
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: ^\S~?0^m
The man was awake. Ptdpj)oi&Q
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) |Ur"&
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这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable jJPGrkr
例题: Fkd+pS\9g~
(1) ^0\
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means #$8% w
A B C m3/O.DY%0
of on-the-spot, alive reports.
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答案: D '$ t
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 4p,EBn9(
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) %2{%Obp'
(2) #W.#Hjpp
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also {ix?
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A B C (G;lx
gather data from documentary and oral sources. !u[eaLxV
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答案: A <(fRn`)PT
应改为:like #(N+(():
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 TE7nJ gm
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. deV
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如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, ?IqQ-C)6D
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, _M`--.{\O[
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: IID-k
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 W_\5nF
如: two young American students )f[
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my three red pencils L\xk:j1[
第二节 比较级 v4`"1Ss,K
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: '$ =>
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; 1Z+8r
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 -w}]fb2Q>
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), Bn#?zI
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考点一 含有标志词than m.#
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1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, (_mnB W
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. mS$j?>
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She possesses more books than I do. k;AD`7(=
He is more intelligent than I expected. ; >hNt
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, *4Thd:7 `
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, v
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空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 [YF>:ydk
例题: v5!d$Vctu
(1) DBW[{DE
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. a
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(A) coolest ]/[FR 5>
(B) the coolest V
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(C) cooler Zd^rNHhA
(D) the cooler y I HXg#
答案:A :~b3^xhc^
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 2iY3Lsna
(2) f=(?J
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Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. iV5yJF{ZH
A B C D q+H%)kF
答案:A 1tEgl\u\
应改为:more I
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解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 oX#Q<2z*
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: m'Amli@[
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, N=4G=0 `ke
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 0t^M3+nc
(that 指代the population) %q/62f
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His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. oibsh(J3
(those 指代 designs) **w!CaqvY
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) N|8P
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如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may K,Ef9c/+K
probably contribute more to the success of a play. l7XUXbYp&=
例题: 6_J$UBT
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. |jQ:~2U|
(A) than do gy,ht3
(B) that are having ZOft.P O
(C) which have ]mo-rhDsM
(D) that do ]9YJ,d@J
答案:A )<oJnxe]
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装
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考点二 (not) so /as…as T_i:}ul
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, HTVuStM8
如:It is as good as it looks. *EOdEFsR/
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. dU6ou'pf
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 OP~HdocB
例题: ge,H-8'Z
(1) P?8GV%0$
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. aDq5C-MzG
(A) possibly little nourishment iWRH{mK
(B) nourishment possibly little ,`wXg
(C) little as possible nourishment +1Vjw'P
(D) little nourishment as possible 6BY-^"W5`
答案:D
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解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. #hW;Ju73
(2) I[=j&rK`
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. &J55P]7w
(A) so early 9iXeBC
(B) the earliest =7-9[ {
(C) as early as d{rQzia"mV
(D) so early that *Nw&_<\9Q
答案:C uG?_< mun
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as 3Dg,GaRk
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考点三 the same…as >C7r:%
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, 5 elw~u
如:She looks just the same as before. U3 */v4/
I got the same feeling as you did. CJ(NgYC h
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 s<*XNNE7
例题: j H19k}D
(1) f_[<L
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, &?VQ,+[<
A B C J+[_Wd
shorter tails, and longer bills. Ks=>K(V6
D q/4YS0CqE
答案:B el2bd
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应改为:as. AP
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解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” z."a.>fPaO
(2)
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Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of =jSb'Vu|
A B b}0,\B%
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. MHSs!^/g5
C D EPS={w$'s
答案:D gfsI6/Y
应改为:as *_R]*o!W'
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 r;>*_Oc7g
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考点四 the more…,the more… f:ZAG4B
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, Wi[ ~fI8^!
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. 20vXSYa~
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. R>,:A%?^b5
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 D_/^+H]1
例题: :/:.Kb
(1) ^\\Tx*#i
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. D@.tkzU@E
(A) the greater the need there is BDVHol*g
(B) greater need Jj,U RD&0R
(C) is there great need #[zI5)Meh
(D) the great need (WK&^,zQn
答案:A `9)t[7
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, *GxTX3i}vc
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 2R=DB`3
(2) A;/-u<f
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. p!sWYui
(A) the stress it is greater x%+aKZ(m)
(B) greater is the stress $ "E).j
(C) greater stress is \2ZPj)&-E
(D) the greater the stress ]xX$<@HR
答案:D }-~X4u#
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D {Z
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer ZKQG:M~|
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, 9:`(Q3Ei
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. -8r
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 z "+Mrew
例题: AtF3%Zv2
(1) Mk=mT3=#
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio UB 6mqjPK
A B 'XzXZJ[
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level.
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答案:A |1ST=O7.LH
应改为:no longer. :6zG7qES3
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer