改错题常考要点 *gRg--PY%
一、代词 .),%S}
代词中主要讲解六个问题 Q
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(一) 掌握代词的几种格 g
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主格、宾格、所有格 PGZ .\i
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) Ezw(J[).C
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(二) 反身代词 ;n?72&h
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 R=ddQ:W6g
He killed himself. (他自杀了) q
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He killed him. (他杀了他) r:.5O F}
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating "5Oi[w&F5
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a series of indicators that could help 4Fhiac
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themselves to predict earthquakes. h_6QVab@
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 /C"dwh"``
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 F XJI,(:-
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 .zr2!}lB
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 B6r~4=w_
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies q,-bw2
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the @2Xw17[f35
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Pacific. 5`,qKJ
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 *IWO ,!
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 g[fCvWm#d
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: FEgM4m.(G<
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 s>d@=P>R
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined [/uqH
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the word“normalcy”to express social and #W[/N|~wx
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economic conditions they promised the nation. 2= FGZa*.
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 =N,9#o6^
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important +'
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John
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Keats, published the year of her death. )G6{JL-I
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. yVd}1bX
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(四) Who和which的区别 9[}L=n
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 F9(*MP|
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ihjs%5Jo%
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who L+y}hb
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. Z{"/Ae5]
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 TZ8:3ti
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 QiBo]`)%
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(五) that和which的区别 ,r\
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 r|2Y|6@
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it Gs^hqT;h
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. A.nU8
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 :l~^un|<2Y
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 F*""n
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, j>f
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when m~`d<RM/
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ;MH((M/AN
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which _XLGXJ[B
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly f;os\8JdM
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. >TZ 'V,
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 1Pya\To,m
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has +XL^dzN[|$
affected the way people in the United States----. Udj!y$?
(A) living and working GWb=X cx
(B) they live and work c3S}(8g5.
(C) live and work K&T[F!
(D) to live and to work b$7p`Ay
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 )\nKr;4MH
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二、介词 'mwgHo<u
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Ep>} S
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(一) 介词搭配 }57s
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 18*M
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. j
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 P8&BtA
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. [P:+n7= ,l
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分析:B错改为be rich in \v\f'eQ
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the 2}\/_Y6
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. )6!ji]c
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 VTUY#+3
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 o=]\Jy
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 VY#nSF`
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. A<szY92&5
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 -I0J-~#
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 4'~zuUs
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on "Snt~:W>
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 2MU$OI0|
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 y*#YIS56I
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2、介词by wg UgNwd1
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by po!bRk[4
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing /(u# D[
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ;XIDu6
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. Q?2GwN
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 lyD=n
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils %"Ia]0
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to P''>wjMH0
B C D 9|WV28PK:
supply moccasins and field rations. Lz&FywF-l
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 YB1Jv[
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with &`IJ55Z-)
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements tM|/OJ7
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that are often represented at symbols. T/PmT:Qg`
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 *P/DDRq(2
三、谓语动词 3Rhoul[S
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 Qv<p$Up6
①、主谓分割原则 ?kK3%uJy&
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, # w@FBFr@
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. zE Ly1v\"
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 <=Saf.
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②、与后者一致原则 D~FIv
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ma xpR>7`j
not only…but also 8>9MeDE
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③、与前者一致原则 bXeJk]#y
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 5|7<ZL
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中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 !*3]PZ25a(
例:The athlete, together with his coach and b%KcS&-6
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. e _(';Lk
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is @r^s70{}
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④、就近原则 zf]e"e
or, either…or, neither…nor, 4 aE{}jp1
单数名词+or+复数名词+are /;TtMQt
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is >5E1y!
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 #?`S+YN!q)
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ]t~'wL#Z
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ?D,j!Hy
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ujl?!
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 :yE0DS<_
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 eh>FYx(
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There are five apples that are red. k7{|\w%
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 Kv:Rvo
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets I;1)a4Xc4R
A }D?qj3?bj
carry a supply that last just a few seconds. #qUGc`
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 ,t;US.s([.
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 xG(iSuz
The rich are not always happier than the poor. s&'FaqE
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 Fa\jVFIQ
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Ml;`
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改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: l]#=I7 6
a. there be 句型 =F Y2O`%a
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ASrRMH[
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 U* c'xoP
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. |W$|og'wC
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is }%jpqip
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific zUNUH^Il
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ggitUQ+t;G
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miles in width. LH=^3Gw
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分析:倒装句,are改为is Q<g
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ?8?vBkz~
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film ?*yB&(a:8
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. :g'
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分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 MP<]-M'|<
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 aaw[ia_E L
fifty percent of + 名词 |HYST`
one percent of + 名词 jpS$5Ct
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: Njr;Wa.r+
one percent of my students + are -$:*!55:j
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. ys>n%24qP
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这里要强调两个结构 $F9w0kz:,*
half of =fifty percent 7CSz
most of + 可数名词 + are @ <2y+_e
most of + 不可数名词+ is JhwHsx/
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been `GY3H3B
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found in central and eastern Canada. TOKt{`2}
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 rw3tU0j
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized [OUV!o
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. =T26vu
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 2-N7%]h
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 WN%,
①、主要考察时间状语 <T)0I1S
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. D]aQt%TL
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was (jhi<eV
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②、For和since的区别 t\
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区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 .>[l@x"
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 oq,nfU
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I has been a teacher for three years. i<>%y*+@
I has been a teacher since 1996. ||TZ[l
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 oMLs22Do?
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became XRQ1Uh6
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the primary responsibility of the president. lc~c=17
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 a JjUy%
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of /4+Q;
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. SDS P
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 "[fPzIP9
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. lqh:c
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live NX(+%EBcA
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(三) 谓语的语态 HOH5_E>d
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 =N\$$3m?
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: Q7F4OS5b
①、prove nSQ]qH&4d
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 NRP)'E
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; a
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming sh` 3$ {
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be 4L`,G:J,;
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ^2%)Nq; O
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 QZ7W:%r(4
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②、Locate,Situate @V1FBw9S!@
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 +"WNG
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 4$N,|bt
这两个词也可以用作被动 2Q%M2Ua
My school was located near the river. (M{wkQTO
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ;O,&MR{;|n
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 67}8EV!/k
(A)locates v1}ijls
(B)locating ;"9Ks.
(C)to locate ~=HPqe8
(D)is located JW2f 6!b
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 XknNb{. r
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③、表示需要概念的动词 TI"Ki$jC
need, want, require等 >k=@YLj
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My watch needed repairing ix?Z:pIS0
My watch needed to be repaired. "av/a
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④、表示人的情感的动词 ?,hGKSC
move, annoy, surprise, please等 0CX9tr2J
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 @&Yl'&pn-R
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 YxU->Wi]G
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主动和被动技巧总结: ^y|`\oyqwN
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 L!ms{0rJ
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 4m~p(r
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, Y~lOkH[z
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power structures, and flood-control works along ~1,$
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. ,|UwZ_.
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 d,j)JnY3V
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四、非谓语动词 `<R^ZL,
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(一) 分词 nK]L0 *s
现在分词和过去分词的区别 bD1IY1
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 np7!y
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then 7V~
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. 5VLC\QgK^
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning C7
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ^36m$J $
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ]}N&I_
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. .h>tef
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living *Zk$P.]
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一些动词后面必须用doing WB>M7MI%
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 UhF+},gU
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, 3h>56{P
advocate, suggest <S` N9a
delay, quit .VfBwTh7q8
forgive(原谅),tolerate, 9A9yZl t
avoid, escape(逃避) hG%J:}
spend+名词+doing; I?IAZa)
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing "A%JT3
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their A@k`$xevVj
A B C D wT+b|K
crops. j692M.A
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 fp2.2 @
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, ^SH8*7l7
A B
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. A +J&(7N
C D &^!vi2$5}
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing (*\*7dIo
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(二) 不定式 kw Iw=8q~
A. 动词不定式的省略 #:n:3]t
①、help后面可以省略to [N4#R
help to do ,8MUTXd@ V
help sb. to do 8@Kvh|
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid nVVQ^i}`G
A B g1TMyIUt[
the habits that might shorten the lives. G`1FD
C D 0j)D[K
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 s;eOX\0
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 i{
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make, 2!+saf^-,
let, ?UGA-^E1
have sb. do sth $ 3/G)/A
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. ;Iu}Q-b*
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians hH|moj]
A B ,xeJf6es
to know when to play various parts of a composition. x&SG gl
C D O-D${==
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know l&f"qF?
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③、感官动词 &2EimP
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe L&WhX3$u
see sb do sth. 强调过程 cn~M:LW23
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 9J0JSy
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 LR5X=&k
(1)表示第一人 $ MN1:ih
the first woman to do sth. lLb"><8a
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(2)表示迫使的动词 C{r Sq
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ;6T>p
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis $i^#KZ}-WK
A B Ch~2w)HAA
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 8hK\Ya:mP
C D U0PQ[Y#\
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 }5 2]
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 )9.i'{{ 0
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 m3cO{
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be inclined to do倾向于做某事 phT|w
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be lieable to do 易于…的 OqaVp/,
be apt to do &rcC7v K9
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(4)表示目的的名词, Zi0B$3iOb
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 @213KmB.
固定的句式: 0nh;0Z
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. 8op,;Z7Y
the objective 目标 DQ<{FN
aim BRTM]tRZ
goal (#dwIBBFt
reason理由 dW32O2@-
function功能 6
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intension意图 AjTkQ)
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing O3?3XB> <
A 9^;)~ G
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. DE{tpN
B C D @E(_H$|E
分析:the function to provide, A错 6vx0F?>_
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure }mz6z<pJ_
A x6, #Jp
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds Y7|R vLWoP
B [7K-L6X
that make up various components of a living cell. '|zkRdB*Lq
C D MH"{N
"|
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 9]ga\>v
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(5) 其他同根名词 X3z$f(lF%)
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 %n^jho5
attempt to do 企图 J 8/]&Ow
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 7e{w)m:A
ambition, NTnjVU
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be ambitious to do !+&Rn\e%7
effort WUVRwJ 5
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation
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A B ?w{ lC,
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. g4NxNjM;
C D P
/BWFN1
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 ;.=ZwM]C
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great ]et4B+=i
A B $=7'Cm?
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. 5t`:=@u
C D *z2G(Uac
分析:efforts to register, C错 kC=e>v
K~j&Q{yws@
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 ]9xuLJ)
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 W/(D"[:l%
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. gW{<:6}!*
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 %M=[h2SN
I am glad to see you. v/n4Lp$W^
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. _ >)+
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yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. <p
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 nXgnlb=
It is difficult to decide. TO&ohATp
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五、句子的结构
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句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 {Y>5 [gp
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(一) 主语的重复 Lu.D,oP
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 \8Mn[G9TL
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any ?LJDBN
A B F`/
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compromises concerning the establishment of the g"k1
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C D k
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League of Nations. }ll&qb
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 RrFq"
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson 42`%D
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are :O`7kZ]=n
A B OT1
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. T:v.]0l~
C D )7$1Da|.
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 8Ld`$_E
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(二)谓语的重复 ,2t|(V*"&
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 b3/@$x<
z\S#P|;
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of fL0dy[Ch@
A B ~m/nV81
one or more sentences related to the same idea. i D6f/|g
C D `IP?w&k)
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 jL9g.q4^
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(三)谓语的缺少 :n#8/'%1
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body zd%n)jlwR
A B UL{+mp
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. =`MxgK +
C D U0ZT9/4
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 fwF&V^Dy
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(四)主句的重复 yH=Hrz:<eM
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 d4ga6N3'
#EG
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f
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite Arr(rM
A B C ?\Bm>p%+
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. !W\za0p
D {yzo#"4Oy
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 w@![rH6~F
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow /"J
3hSR
A B +6~y1s/B[
sweeps across the face of the Earth. '?Jz8iu-
C D
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分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ^)nIf)9}7
We`6# \Z X
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided ~D0e\Q(A
A B kEYkd@{
names for towns, only George Washington /;X+<Wj
C qg06*$%
is remembered in the name of a state. e"d-$$'e
D _x` oab0@
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 d)WGI
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六、比较级和最高级 oypF0?!m
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 >ufL RGL>
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ==Ah& ){4^
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which ^Q#g-"b
A BhzcimC)
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. 0sP*ChY5S
B C D xFScj0Y
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 v.6K;TY.
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 zq'KX/o
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. M nnVk=
A B C D 2{xf{)hO?
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 B'-n
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例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere NydF'N_1
A B C D ~,Kx"VK
is the grizzly bear. f;%=S:3
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ?s@=DDB\u
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 xz-?sD/xe
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 g!;a5p6
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ";Q}Gs}
A B C
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concepts of time and space than stage directors can. &3|l4R\
C D J|u_45<
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 Q"QZ^!zRl
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 6eQa@[.Q
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as g*;zVi
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 m[nrr6 G"
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 +t8#rT ^B
the taller boy n^Q-K}!T/
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 G%>{Z?!B
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Uka(Vr:
A B $U"pdf
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is Jo\karp
b
abundant, and humidity is moderate. yeLd,
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C D _FkH;MG WS
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they \F14]`i
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 =
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例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, !$p E=~1C
A B C I:M1
5
the Navajos form largest group. C3KAQU
D N7!(4|14
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 h
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, i^)JxEPr w
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language <CWOx&hr
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the {a,U{YJ\H
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many F1/BtGvQE
A B C Ej<`HbJ'Q
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. Ah;`0H
z;
D l4y>uZ>a
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 SqVh\Nn
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the rnC<
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例如:my best friends vofBS
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial W(EN01d \
A B C =cI> {
and banking center. w}
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D HBZtg
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 h5lngw
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 tdNAR|
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary JTTI`b2l_
A "sed{?
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. 0ej*0"Mq
B C D eY_BECJ+OO
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 #yOeL3|b'
.
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七、平行结构 pEY zB;
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 *Tq7[v{0*|
9L>ep&u)^
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(一) 对等连接词 uf`/-jY
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 @"afEMd
单一式: and, or ,but c22L]Sxo
相关式: both…and, not … but, 6G:7r [
either …or, neither…nor P?zL`czWd
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as -uB*E1|Q
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, L/,M@1@R
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also q^b12@.
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Kp[5"N8
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短语式: as well as M2M&L,/O
rather than (而不是) jNAboSf2Y
other than (除…之外) FwDEYG
instead of (代替) *-s':
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 ZU5; w
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, )Nl xW5
A B E\VKlu4
but he is now living in Detroit. {QIdeB[
C D >x${I`2w
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 ?aU-Y_pMe
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics p:Zhg{sF
A B B`|H}KU
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford 3_Mynop
remained active in city and regional planning. J_&G\b.9/
C D m"vWu0/#
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 _%<qZT
(二)平行的内容 -7m7.>/M
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 <X]dR
6FT
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of |]OI)w*
A B cnM`ywKW
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, 34qfP{9!N
C D fUB+9G(Bx
or yearly periods of light and darkness. Ce_l\J8G
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 j8ag}%
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第二、名词单复数的平行 %>,Kd6bdg
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 &(A'uX.>pr
5}`e"X
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, a`zw5
A B C oqy}?<SQ
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. \yY2 mr
D Dqm;twd>
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 >FReGiK$T
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, %s[
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w
A B >w|2 ~oK
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. #l_hiD`;r
C D 4z!(!J)
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have yx/.4DW1Ua
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第三、时态的平行 A{ a`%FAV
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated ^I6GH?19>e
A f}+8m .g2
with the imagist movement , but later develops H?j!f$sw
B
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her own thyme patterns and verse forms. =idZvD
C D ah0
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 %B-m- =gz
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- $nW^Gqwj]1
spread from its home in Central America and 1U~yu&
now grows throughout the tropics. Ems0"e
(A) to be (B) it hS+R/7
(C) the (D) its -WK
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? \9s x_
T
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow rgXD>yu(
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ----
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commercially for their meat and eggs. TGu]6NzyZ
(A) raised (B) and are raised ]*JH~.p
(C) raised as (D) are raised g\f
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分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 "N*i!h
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第四、排列位置的平行 6pY<,7t0
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 088"7 s
(A) Not only does rust corrode
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(B) Not only rust corrodes m kHcGB!~
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes x$Tf IFy
(D) Rust not only corrodes <<.%Gk
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 [p[C45d=<
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: Vm
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1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 B!zqvShF
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 j: /cJt
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 e3b|z.^ 8
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八、词序的颠倒 mFXkrvOf,
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 &i
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(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 ;5wr5H3
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage #-Ad0/
A B
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that can be given to any individual in the United States. WbP*kV{
C D c/\$AJV.H
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 KGoHn6jM
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 I{0bsTp;
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 2>bV+[@B
A B /P3s.-sL
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. ]9}T)Df'
C D AZTn!hrU
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 =!cI@TI
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 0fd\R_"d.
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were Y/1,%8n
A B C n_Ka+Y<
in what is now the United States. &MlBpI
D r4D6I,
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 F}lgy;=h
M5Twulz/w
所有的系动词分为三大类:
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第一种:表示保持某种状态, T"GuE[?a
is, remain, keep, stay, joN}N }U
lie, exit(表示位于) kH43 T
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 IHg)xZ
become, turn, grow, v0dFP0.;&
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) yO6
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Z-{!Z;T)z
第三种,感官动词 |
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seem(好像是) YORFq9a{R
look(看起来好像是) |m%M$^sZ}
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste P'Fy,fNg
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 8O]U&A@
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe NS
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A B vl@t4\@3
to cause numerous deaths. MGO.dRy_
C D bmAgB}Ior
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 /p
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f/b }X3K
九、词性的混用 G5Ci"0
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 wYf=(w\c
WRAW%?$
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 NEO~|B*oDU
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; %f;(
ISr~JQr
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high F.=uJdl.!
A B qD\%8l.]Z
mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and A*pihBo7
C 04;y%~,}U/
when they are in captivity they breed poorly. yT&