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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 7 }>j [  
一、代词 IBb3A  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 {NXc<0a(  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 {M U>5\  
  主格、宾格、所有格 : m$cnq~h  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) G`PSb<h\oc  
0e9W>J9  
(二) 反身代词 mZ3i#a4  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 1HL}tG?+#  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) BbUZ,X*Y  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) o0&jel1a  
Pc C9)x  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  Bu">)AnN  
    A                 B    6tB-  
  a series of indicators that could help u& ?J+  
             C      *5]fjh{  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. :M9'wg  
    D /ZHuT=j1  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ,,S5 8\x  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 RN238]K  
iq-n(Rfw~  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 &10vdAnBRC  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 v' .:?9  
~b/lr   
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies >t7xa]G  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ^%-$8sV  
     A   B      C          D Fx 2 KRxk  
  Pacific. bPEf2Z G4  
|`_qmk[:R  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 b>=MG8  
db$Th=s[  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 xu(5U`K  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 4\4onCzuT  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 9KRHo%m  
\~d|MP}"F:  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined SkBa- *MC  
                       A   f@l$52f3D  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and >J^bs &j  
             B wx n D3  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. 3P~I' FQ  
   C       D -v .\CtpHv  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 `G&W%CHB  
r/'9@oM  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 1OK,r`   
        A     Ks . m5R  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John xr+K: bw  
   B        C      /uS(Z-@  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  'uS!rKkQlu  
      D jm0J)Z_"nr  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. *CZvi0&  
IXNcn@tN  
h\".Ty Sz  
(四) Who和which的区别 ['ol]ZJ  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 \GS]jhEtn  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ["|AD,$%  
n0g,r/  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who sc'QNhrW  
              A            B __r]@hY   
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. |6w.m<p  
   C                  D M-1 VB5  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 DqyJ]}|  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 /3->TS  
T- ID{ i  
(五) that和which的区别 qYv/" 1  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 {WUW.(^]G  
B5h-JON]-  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 6, \i0y5n  
              A        B Z*S 9pkWcF  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. >yFEUD:  
      C              D UH/)4Wg  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 v( D{_  
N<o3pX2i]  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 ~ l"70\&  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, U">J$M@  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when _"n1"%Ns  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. hNBv|&D#  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 'U ',9  
# D"TY-$.=  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly V\^rs41$;  
              A         B   ,ButNB v  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. y~'F9E! i  
         C      D d%_v eVIe  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 hR,VE'A  
H&jK|]UXoO  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  $3>k/*=  
  affected the way people in the United States----. jn vJ`7zFP  
   (A) living and working )\!_`ob  
   (B) they live and work 9EzXf+f  
   (C) live and work "j BrPCB 8  
   (D) to live and to work [tYly`F  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 P#-9{T   
GJz d4kj  
二、介词 B:S/ ?v  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 y1R53u`;L  
^FNvVbK|`  
(一) 介词搭配 M{I8b<hY  
u&Q2/Y  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those <#AS[Q[N  
    A         B   C      gwE#,OY*  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. SK f9 yS#  
                D ,'[L6 =#  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 1{@f:~ v?  
mU.(aL HW  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. u1K;{>4lx  
A       B     C  D vi?{H*H4c  
分析:B错改为be rich in :m*r( i3  
+Hx$ABH  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the N8a+X|3]0  
    A         B      C Pd-0u> k  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. L=Cm0q 3 v  
             D 3LXS}~&  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 4+&4  
V,t&jgG*  
I*c B Ha  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 cHN eiOF  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 lGHU{7j\  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. t(3<w)r2  
          A      B  C     D xEv]V L:  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 /H 3u^  
vbT"}+^Sh  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has \hGo D  
                 A  B     vY|{CBGbd  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on E`vCYhf{  
      C +EI+@hS  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. VQSwRL3B=  
      D R5 O{;/w  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 +E.}k!y  
T\;7'  
2、介词by aD yHIh8  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ;O7CahdF  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing qRXQL"Pe_l  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States L,!3  
    A         B       :e9}k5kdk  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. SQ*dC  
   C     D l| 1O9I0Gd  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 $dr=M (&  
t ;wfp>El  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils K$>C*?R  
   A                      x13t@b  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to B8Ob~?  
     B    C       D H(qDQqJHYy  
   supply moccasins and field rations. &,?bX])  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 oU }eAZj{  
r;3{%S._  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with c.5?Q >!+  
        A                *= ]hc@  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements :Ny.OA  
        B          C   JffjGf-o  
  that are often represented at symbols. h rfu\cI  
              D eKd F-;  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 :W'Yt9v)  
三、谓语动词 F Qtlo+3  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 Uj!3H]d  
①、主谓分割原则 C'bW3la  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Uloa]X=Im8  
     A     J }?F4  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. Lf+M +^l  
        B      C      D y%.^| G  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 XA`<*QC<  
ByR%2_6&  
②、与后者一致原则 b&k !DeE  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, x5q5<-#  
not only…but also NYwE=b~I  
w_-v!s2  
]MjQr0&M  
③、与前者一致原则 )bc0 t]Fs  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, C3|(XChqC  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ;m/%g{oV  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ZJev_mj  
     A      B  C     _8$arjx=  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. YEGRM$'`  
         D m'h`%0Tc  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is DgOO\  
H f}->  
④、就近原则 <dxc"A  
or, either…or, neither…nor, AH$D./ a  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are ?3ldHWa  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 7~@q#]U[  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 69)- )en  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 <Wgp$qt;  
D/1{v  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are }?zy*yL  
        A      B        Kj| l]'  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. OQt_nb#z`{  
    C              D k&-SB -  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 +{ Q]$b  
V gLnpPOQ  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 qV^Z@N+,  
There are five apples that are red. d{?X:*F  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 F91'5D,u0  
ttlFb]zZh  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets %3B0s?,I  
      A            IbFS8 *a\  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. WEgJ_dB  
   B   C    D  4[=vt  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 qx,>j4y w  
I<p- o/TP  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 DEj6 ky  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. M`6rI  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 Gw 4~  
n o6q3<re  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 >K<n~;ON|  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: R5_xli%  
a. there be 句型 <Lz/J-w  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 v<+5B5"1  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 QrmiQ]d*p  
]iP  +Y  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 7RE 'KH_$  
   A     B      C    D    v[P $c$Xi  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 'JA<q-Gn  
t|/{oAj  
zh{:zT)(1  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ? g7O([*[  
             A     B    -SF *DZ  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ak_&\'P  
     C         )21yD1"6  
  miles in width. \piHdVD  
     D  -p b>=@Yq  
分析:倒装句,are改为is 8v|?g8e3  
D' d^rT| H  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and G]DSwtB?D  
   A    B       C         71)DLGL  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film a,>`ab%>  
                    D qj$6/V|D  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. /*$B  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 Ug2^cgL  
#KFpT__F  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 klUW_d-  
fifty percent of + 名词 CVa?L"lK  
one percent of + 名词 :3oLGiL   
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: .66_g@1  
  one percent of my students + are A7eF.V&  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. M2{AaYgD  
il403Ae0  
这里要强调两个结构 2Pa Rbh{"  
half of =fifty percent 8D)I~ 0\  
most of + 可数名词 + are \H6[6*JuB  
most of + 不可数名词+ is ,sk0) {rW  
<0 %X:q<  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been "{1SDbwmMo  
   A       B         C   4Iq-4 IG(  
  found in central and eastern Canada. @xBw'  
           D X~#jx(0_  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 fc,^H&  
[Y %H8}  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized p3f>;|uh_  
                 A   B  qR X:e o  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. <* 4'H  
              C     D Y)7LkZO(y  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 qh]ILE87(  
DX H"`1[-  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 3P&K<M#\  
①、主要考察时间状语 6q8b>LG|  
L'KgB=5K&i  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. bVbh| AA  
   A        B  C     D +OTN n@!9  
H:x{qS4Si  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was HAHLF+k  
"j]85  
~Wox"h}(  
②、For和since的区别 InCJ4D  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 +)cjW"9  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 eX1<zzd  
  I has been a teacher for three years. -9(9LU2  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. VuiK5?m  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 yH:gFEJ:x  
)j^~=Sio.  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ]'%Z&1 w  
   A      B              555*IT3b  
  the primary responsibility of the president. >w}5\ 4j  
     C    D ux 7^PTgcO  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 foi@z9  
C'a%piX  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 6')pM&`t  
             A  B  C   <%~`!n,t0  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. /@!%/Kl  
            D O`pqS\H  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 x_yQoae  
"G+g(?N]j  
DviRD[+q"  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  !MNnau%O  
   A       B        C     D <EHgPlQn  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live *nj={Ss&  
5R?[My  
(三) 谓语的语态 ?m RGFS  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 !T<4em8  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: .h0@Vs  
①、prove &ml7368@  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 &:3uK`  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; )rqb<O  
4~bbng  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming ?aMV{H*Q*  
                      A   ks}J ke>  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be 'DDlX3W-  
    B                  C 6hW ~Q  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. h !yu. v  
                  D Hw(_l,Xf  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 zn=Ifz)#|  
=.sg$VX  
I 19 /  
②、Locate,Situate Q|gRBu  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 (pU@$H  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 b `7vWyp  
这两个词也可以用作被动 4=Wtv/ 3  
  My school was located near the river. n.323tNY  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 n B5:X  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. E6=JL$"  
   (A)locates f4h|Nn%;  
   (B)locating E/OJ}3Rf  
   (C)to locate c6;326aD q  
   (D)is located P_[A  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 ]z%X%wL  
XVlZ:kz  
③、表示需要概念的动词 )}G?^rDH(  
need, want, require等 kPt] [1jo  
BkH- d z  
My watch needed repairing 5)T=^"IHXi  
My watch needed to be repaired. JB_<Haj  
wU9H=w^  
④、表示人的情感的动词 (Ov{gj^  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 %X--`91|u  
J0 [^hH  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 j/oM^IY  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 FR7DuH/f)  
t,YnweH  
主动和被动技巧总结: d~G, *  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 ^ -*q  
86bRfW'  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 3y[uH'  
                 A      /8)-j}gZa  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, k^JV37;bl  
                 B j o7`DDb  
  power structures, and flood-control works along &gP/<!#  
                    C oCCTRLb02  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. <l:c O$ m  
                D s_/a1o  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 YqJ `eLu  
D?)^{)49  
四、非谓语动词 *2? -6  
K;,_P5J%  
(一) 分词 9AA_e ~y  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 @hb K  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 xT]|78h$   
Dc2U+U(J  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then aJ4y%Gy?  
   A U= Gw(  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. &| d6  
     B      C            D *ommU(r8  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning 7,.3'cCL^  
y<h~jz#hkq  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ; qQ* p  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in |5;: 3K+  
      A               B   *(?tf{  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. daX$=n  
               C         D MnQ4,+ji-  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 77]6_  
Dh4 EP/=z  
k)a3j{{  
一些动词后面必须用doing 6AA "JX  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 < s>y{ e  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, q#6K'=AC  
 advocate, suggest ) ]y^RrD  
 delay, quit U#X6KRZ~g  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, g]ct6-m  
 avoid, escape(逃避) Jn+k$'6 %#  
 spend+名词+doing; kf Xg\6uKc  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing $Y\-X<gRH  
d4r@Gx%BE  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their m|c5X)}-  
   A     B    C              D {'^!S" 9x  
  crops. <* vWcCS1  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 mDG=h6y"V  
S{l >|N2q  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 1c2zFBl.&  
               A        B }[2|86,G;  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. x3QQ`w-  
        C          D  &3:U&}I  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing b14WIgjsl  
Wb;x eG  
(二) 不定式 5TB==Fj ?  
A. 动词不定式的省略 h%0FKi^  
①、help后面可以省略to Z'V"nhL  
  help to do +Y9n@`  
  help sb. to do PAcbC| y  
Cbq|<p# #o  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid ?04$1n:  
              A      B   o(|fapK.  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. )2YZ [~3  
         C     D Y;B#_}yF  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 f:K3 P[|  
B|zVq=l~  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 F,NS:mE  
  make, $1ZF kw  
  let, ~=#jr0IZ  
  have sb. do sth 4hLv"R.  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. % QKlvmI"  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians sP` k{xG  
        A               B  M .J  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. #ozQF~  
   C     D \.AI;^)X@]  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know xdV $dDCT  
6 z2_b wo  
③、感官动词 ~p'DPg4  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe 45DR%cz  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 X"z!52*3]  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 .:(N1n'>1  
]B'H(o R<|  
VJ'bS9/T  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 VdfV5"  
(1)表示第一人 IY=CTFQ8lm  
the first woman to do sth. R8K ?! Z  
K7 N)VG  
(2)表示迫使的动词 G._E9  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do N`Q[OFe  
.^} vDA  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 5 Y|(i1  
     A                 B    EgY yvS)  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. /cN. -lEo%  
       C           D zs_^m1t1s  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 ?7:?OX  
_H (:$=$Q  
my|UlZ(qg  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 O(Tdn;1  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 6x _tX  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 1hT!~'  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 |,G=k,?_p  
  be apt to do fjh0Z i45  
KJf~9w9U  
(4)表示目的的名词, Q5N;MpJ-  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 \EC=#E(  
固定的句式: 3X,SCG  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. f4k\hUA  
the objective 目标 tluyx  
aim iQI $Y]Y7  
goal yM8<)6=  
reason理由 )L%i"=<Bdy  
function功能 fy(i<L Z  
intension意图 V=C@ocy Z  
@YMQbjbr  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing kr_!AW<.tz  
                       A  8w[nY.#T  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. r:&"#F   
           B          C     D aC&ZV}8of  
分析:the function to provide, A错 V`n;W6Q17  
bwm?\l.A  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure &d`z|Gx9  
                  A       ;bZIj` D(  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 'Gw;@[  
     B  Tu'/XUs;k  
  that make up various components of a living cell. eqyZ|6  
    C    D n>w/T"  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 v lD!YNy  
F=29"1 ._  
(5) 其他同根名词 fDn|o"  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 NdS6j'%B@7  
 attempt to do 企图 Y!kz0 ([  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Q/%(&4>'y  
 ambition, ">n38:?R  
 be ambitious to do  nC3U%*l  
 effort yW$ja|^ E  
fC_dSM[{c  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 93Yo }6>  
  A                    B   J {gqm  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. N F[v/S  
          C       D r|XNS>V ,$  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 UXXN\D  
)V^J^1  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great IeqJ>t:   
  A                   B   TU&t 1_6  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote.  ^KU:5Bn  
       C            D {(7D=\eU  
分析:efforts to register, C错 |5wuYG  
wl{Fx+<^3  
];waK 2'2  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 GfAt-huL(  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 g8yWFqE!T  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. f:k3j}&  
4]N`pD5  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 T/ CI?sn  
I am glad to see you. Mj &f7IUO  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. {4Q4aL(  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. rl^_RI  
zh$[UdY6  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 _wWh7'u~G  
It is difficult to decide. @WX]K0 $;  
C#X0Cn0ln  
)-824?Nl:  
五、句子的结构 Urhh)i  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 pR8]HNY0  
<lM]c  
(一) 主语的重复 ,UQ4`Mh^L  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 }%EQ  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any Y%$57,Bu n  
          A      B      CTt3W>'=+  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the *1V}vJvi  
          C          D 3OV #H%  
  League of Nations. 8 =Di+r  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 TL+a_]3@  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson >Qc0g(w  
4YkH;!M>ji  
`gy]|gS#b  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are KcVCA    
        A        B  y";{k+  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. ;$(a+?  
    C         D p^+k:E>U  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ecA[  
$O&P@8:Z  
(二)谓语的重复 wo84V!"A  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 o"t+G/M  
qt+vmi+~  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  r4jW=?|  
    A            B    z>NRvx0  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. {<&I4V@+  
         C   D $k*E^~qT  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 V@<tIui$  
13s!gwE)  
(三)谓语的缺少 {hK$6bD3^  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body R_.C,mR ?  
          A     B    ^V v7u@y  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 4p&qH igG  
         C               D .Nr}V.?57  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。  =w0Rq~  
'Wl) )lB  
(四)主句的重复 S1wt>}w0$  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 Fkj\U^G  
S #% 'Vrp  
H:4r6-{  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite -MJ6~4k2  
      A         B        C   15#v|/wI'  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. z m\=4^X  
     D O[3J Px  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 " lx}.  
2X;,s`)  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow <_8\}!  
        A   B       d"uR1 rTk  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. J:)Q)MT24:  
      C    D :,y V?E6]  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 C0z E<fl  
'C jcOI s  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 52/^>=t  
   A                     B  NtkEb :  
  names for towns, only George Washington ,'m<um  
      C lLxKC7b  
  is remembered in the name of a state. KR%p*Nh+C  
          D ;n00kel$  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 F=Z|Ji#  
六、比较级和最高级 ;S"^O AM  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 C^K?"800  
fxXZ^#2wX  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 4&!`Yi_1L  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which *I(>[m!  
      A               BC%t[H} >R  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. k+'Rh'>  
     B       C           D %L:e~*  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 G?&0Z++  
Q*ZqY  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 YU9xANi6  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. K:c5Yq^  
     A      B     C  D 7]@vPr;:  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 :-xp'_\L  
R}8!~Ma`|  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere pi q%b]  
     A       B     C   D A?ma5h  
  is the grizzly bear. =&U JFu  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 <oS2a/Nd  
o_t2 Z  
eA$9)K1GO  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 xqmP/1=NO  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 -d[9mS  
q*{i/=~  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ZtlF]k:MV  
   A           B  ?9mFI(r~  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. oil s;*q  
   C                 D AmM^&  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 1u:OzyJy  
{ .B^  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 8c3`IIzAS  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as mhH[jO)  
@OZW1p  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 #.$p7]  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 @ eqVu g  
the taller boy 5JK{dis]k  
KV k 36;$  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 PPU,o8E+  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed  :J`:Q3@  
          A            B [h""AJ~t  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is ~P 1(%FZ  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. yw41/jHF  
    C          D 5?kJ]:  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 1"RO)&  
\|BtgT*$b  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 h`-aO u  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, d^ L` dot  
  A  B         C     4.$<o/M  
  the Navajos form largest group. N&K:Jp  
         D }BlVL f%C  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 Pni  
{1li3K&0s  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, H{ p   
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language S75wtz)e  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the oFB~)}f<v  
5"%r,GMU  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many Uh'3c"  
            A      B         C fNPHc_?Ybj  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 2>Hl=bX  
            D W(Z_ac^e[  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 %W ~Kx_  
{P"$;_Y"<  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 3%{A"^S=}  
例如:my best friends K:gxGRE  
OJPx V~y  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial t}>6"^}U  
            A    B     C VC5LxA0{  
  and banking center. `[3Iz$K=  
        D VHwb 7f]gq  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 bO]^TRaiJ  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 pp@Jn dlg  
.lAqD-  
{XH!`\  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary n[8ju,=  
                 A          Z 6KM%R  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. OF J49X  
    B   C     D Wd#r-&!6j  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 OD7tM0Wn  
&6<>hqR^  
七、平行结构 9Jd{HI=  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 #=C!Xx&  
z(b0U6)qQ  
tkX7yg>`  
(一) 对等连接词 vVB8zS~l ,  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 95LZG1]Rb  
单一式: and, or ,but Z-X(. Q  
相关式: both…and, not … but, |s[kY  
     either …or, neither…nor dz@L}b*  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as -kFEVJbUyc  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, J m8{@D%  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also K"4m)B~@Y  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, :U;n?Zu S  
2..b/  
短语式: as well as *+|D8xp  
     rather than (而不是) xPMTmx?2  
     other than (除…之外) *nJy  
     instead of (代替) \AFoxi2h  
M~% ~y`D^  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 XG_h\NIL  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  6{Y3-Pxg  
       A     B   /zxLnT; 5  
  but he is now living in Detroit. |NuX9!S  
       C   D Mn$w_Z ?  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 u /PaXQ  
t6-He~  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics ]`@= ;w  
       A         B } U <T>0  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford +c4-7/kE  
  remained active in city and regional planning. EFpV  
          C    D  Pn?Ujjv  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 /mS|Byx  
(二)平行的内容 $glt%a  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 hd+(M[C<9  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of UqVcN$^b  
             A         B   x<&2`=  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, `Wc"Ix0  
         C            D d_t>  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. U(xN}Y ?  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 VTS7K2lBvX  
hA?Flq2QV  
Hlh`d N  
第二、名词单复数的平行 WG~ |sLg  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 .\Z/j  
o )\\(^ld  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, PhUG}94  
  A     B          C   JAt$WW{  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. V_' !#  
                 D   gu1:%raXd  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 .qd/ft2  
ig-V^P  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, "+0Yhr?  
                   A         B o*]Tqx  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 9+irf^D`O  
      C          D %-nYK3  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have \C{Dui) F  
QD8.C=2R  
第三、时态的平行 %yyvB5Y^  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated j ."L=  
                A     (7X|W<xT  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops Ux/|D_rlf  
                   B m{v*\e7 P  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. $a@T:zfe  
          C    D ZXJ]==  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 _ww>u""B~  
S3?B l'  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- e7_.Xr~[  
  spread from its home in Central America and 21T#NYfew  
  now grows throughout the tropics. ia9=&Hy])  
   (A) to be    (B) it   )X2 /_3  
   (C) the     (D) its ShIJ6LZ  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? o){\qhLp  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ; _K3/:  
k4E2OyCFoJ  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- hEh` cBO  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. /g]NC?  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised j&N {j_ M  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised u\A L`'v  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 nb~592u  
yg^ 4 <A  
第四、排列位置的平行 j[RY    
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. zl3GWj|?\7  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode b|DiU}  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  (&KBYiwr  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes QPyHos `  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes Y2TXWl,Jk  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 1KadT7<0}  
ujf]@L?  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: pSl4^$2XR  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 q&kG>  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 <'N~|B/yZ  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 4J{W8jX  
Ul Mc8z  
八、词序的颠倒 xdgbs-a)  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 { V$}qa{P  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 4g) $(5jI}  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage  z^o7&\:  
              A    B        2[CHiB*>  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. m^o?{ (K  
      C       D    7P:/ (P  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 wCEcMVT  
c{3P|O&.  
F*J bTEOn  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 }p>l,HD  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only wWVB'MRXB,  
          A      B     re fAgS!=q  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. k{ $,FQ4  
    C         D f{-,"6Y1  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 o]B2^Yq;x  
Jow{7@FG  
7|k2~\@q  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 r2\ }_pIj  
w>4( hGO  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were gNC'kCx0c  
          A   B     C    ]l}bk]  
  in what is now the United States. 3uL$+F  
    D \Rw^&;\1  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 } x Kv N  
,x utI  
所有的系动词分为三大类: +I@2,T(eG  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, 0x # V   
    is, remain, keep, stay, @9lGU#  
    lie, exit(表示位于) _TyQC1 d  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 i "aQm  
    become, turn, grow, 9t7 e~&R  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) orFB*{/Z  
MfraTUxIo/  
第三种,感官动词 _MTvNs  
    seem(好像是) oJZ0{^  
    look(看起来好像是)  nyZ?m  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste o3`0x9{  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 +A%zFF3  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe <)+;Bg  
    A               B     =nCV. Wf  
   to cause numerous deaths. UJ`%uLR~  
        C   D  DvTbt?i[  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 USXPa[  
xRF_'|e  
九、词性的混用 7N0m7SC  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 -./ Y  
>P6U0  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 r?x~`C  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; gIcPKj"8${  
^1ks`1  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high wDs#1`uTq  
          A        B      7RgnL<t~:8  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and &jDRRT3  
              C -Q!?=JNtQ  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. u[!Ex=9W  
          D .|K\1qGW0  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) @T-}\AU  
z<BwV /fH}  
S*rcXG6Q^  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 qj? I*peK)  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 A3zNUad;  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds hpticW|  
         A       B      z yI4E\  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to L^nS%lm  
          C        Vs[!WJ 7  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. <lLk (fC   
            D o-t!z'\lO  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 v aa Z  
Mq,_DQ  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, P^*gk P  
            A       Bb/aeLv  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of iAW oKW  
      B      C K#p&XIY,  
   urban Black people in the United States. {EupB?   
   D ]0: R^dHE  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 w@ 2LFDp  
]H<C Rw  
l@YpgyqaL  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 iJE|u  
表示时间有两种可能, `P4qEsZE>`  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 f:g<Bz=u)*  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 9P)<CD0  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 !ZV#~t:)  
aa1XY&G"!  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 0?t!tugG  
       A     B     ?8 C+wW  
  were made while the American Civil War. _.06^5o  
   C    D A1f]HT  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 Fk(0q/b  
S8vmXlD  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the Nmsb  
   A      B           C    e@,,;YO#4  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. +msHQk5#$m  
          D Q84KU8?d  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 |H_)u  
#CQ>d8&  
q%:Jmi>  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 %#QFu/l  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 |f?C*t',  
RLHe;-*b]I  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social -6tF   
                   A     NxX1_d  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. i)(Q Npv  
     B   C    D ^:)&KV8D|  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 ToJru  
}\*Sf[EMD  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples +tN-X'u##  
   A        B   C      gq@."wHU  
  easily under the stress of compression. \%Smp2K  
   D #129 i2  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 GQZUC\cB  
jw[ `_  
8say"Qz  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 6e*b;{d  
mDmWTq\  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine nz',Zm},  
    A         B I^|bQ3sor  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. ;i#gk%- 2  
          C            D 7@"X~C  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 m#eD v*  
a wK'XFk  
D/Wuan?yPN  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars,  k WtUj  
         A eBV{B70k  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. F1=+<]!  
   B      C      D Z9D4;1  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ^hgAgP{{  
@i h}x  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 `IoX'|C[h  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; |@HdTGD  
two hundred diligent students
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