改错题常考要点 8{wwd:6
一、代词
=)M/@T
代词中主要讲解六个问题 q}`${3qQ3
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 wxR,OR
主格、宾格、所有格 ^1S!F-H4\
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) NO7J!k?
"Q}#^h]F
(二) 反身代词 p#ol*m5wE
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ^nT/i
.#_
He killed himself. (他自杀了) 9A/\h3HrJ
He killed him. (他杀了他) Jv>gwV{
?x$"+,
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating y~B
h
A B 0ZT5bg_M
a series of indicators that could help :}Xll#.,m
C :=}US}H$
themselves to predict earthquakes. K{x\4
D Qiua
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 q-
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 KX76UW
_K`wG}YIE
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 4H,`]B8(D
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 Lrta/SU*
2"0es40;0
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies NE"@Bk
cm
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Z8# (kmBdB
A B C D qOe+ZAJ{%N
Pacific. .Obw|V-
xe#FUS
3
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 O;z,qo X
~?D4[D|sB
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 dq7x3v^"ZG
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: ~o82uw?
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 5\N(PL
?HTjmIb
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined M9Cv
wMi
A ks3`3q 7
the word“normalcy”to express social and &+a9+y
B O!zV)^r
economic conditions they promised the nation. pM^9c7@!:
C D ~res V
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 *meZ8DV2DH
O?NeSx1
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 8MK>)P o)
A x9$` W
work is not poetry, but his biography, John k]W[`
B C @En^wN
Keats, published the year of her death. Scp7X7{N
D \X<bH&x:z
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. z3`-plE
*7*lE"$p
A:>01ZJ5S+
(四) Who和which的区别 #%`|~%`{:
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 1)9sf0LyU
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ]P#XVDn+;
8j Mk
)-
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 7x#Ckep:I
A B 09dK0H3(
account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 4S,`bnmB
C D hD\rtW
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 pR
`>b 3
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 lFa02p0
nFE4qm
(五) that和which的区别 M54j@_81pX
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 6726ac{xz
`1'6bp`Z
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it Rz(QC\(
A B Dp
vk\t
would affect society could not have been foreseen. A~Y^VEn
C D d_4T}%q
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 +lJG(Qd
>"gf3rioW
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 SeHagKA
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, $"0
M U
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when r;>*_Oc7g
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. /E
Bo3
`
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which M(jgd
Wi[ ~fI8^!
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 20vXSYa~
A B >wb'QzF:
reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ktj]:rCkF
C D Yiry["[]Q
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 cs T2B[f9D
$Z|ffc1
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has 7:9.&W/KE
affected the way people in the United States----. m-H-6`]
(A) living and working ._8KsuJG
(B) they live and work ZQ)>s>-
(C) live and work Y]{
>^`G
(D) to live and to work v3}L`dyh3
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 Mr?Xp(.}G
T^T[$26
二、介词 ^xh}I5
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 L,mQ
Sp7ld7c
(一) 介词搭配 q-]`CW]n
_@
*+~9%8p
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those Q -MQ9'
A B C A-,up{g
in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. k$
H%.l;E
D F;gx%[$GX
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 )K,F]fc+O
u:m]CPz
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ua5OGx
A B C D |tv"
B@`
分析:B错改为be rich in HPb]Zj
t
5'V6nv
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ,z;ky5Ct
A B C *uo'VJI7_,
alternation of periods of light and darkness. TjHwjRa
D &VV~%jl;k
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 @+9<
O0
D\[h:8k
:>TEDy~O%
(二) 最重要的两个介词 YO}1(
m
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 9lGOWRxR)
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. hSFn8mpXT
A B C D mt5KbA>nU
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ,Z{d.[$
z]2]XTmWs
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has )(tM/r4`c&
A B ~v'3"k6
starred in stage, television, and film productions on vfl5Mx4
C Ya;9]k8,
both sides the Atlantic Ocean. es>W$QKlo
D K]j0_~3s
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 `
ORECg)
E\IlF 6
2、介词by x7vctjM|
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by Q>R>R*1.j
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 0TmR/uUT
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States
1~l
I8
A B M/q E2L[y
can be performed from a justice of the peace. B 9T!j]'
C D E[O<S B
I
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 C=s1R;"H
f]G>(V=i
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils \=0Vuz
A &f7fK|}
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 0vVV%,v
B C D f8SL3+v
supply moccasins and field rations. xB@|LtdO9;
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 @ JvPx 0
eL4NB$Fb
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with f>s?4
A n.sbr
operations on sets of numbers or other elements +3a?`Z
B C M\Gdn92pd
that are often represented at symbols. y$3;$ R^
D Ug:\
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ,jC3Fcly
三、谓语动词 ~GuMlV8
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 5OO'v07b
①、主谓分割原则 XxDaz1
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ;SwMu@tg
A CiR%Ujf
America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. `fNG$ODL
B C D ,+g&o^T
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 xAu/
i5
>+}$1
②、与后者一致原则 @Kf_z5tm:
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, Z4){
7|~a
not only…but also zE)~0v4
hk/!
'd
6{,HiY
③、与前者一致原则 ?:|-
Dq,
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, P/JK $nb
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 A:y.s;<L0
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ,Rx{yf]k
A B C -`f04_@>d
several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. M(d6Z2ibh
D hUz[uyt
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is q!f1~ aG
OG3/-K 8R
④、就近原则 CC;! <km
or, either…or, neither…nor, NNG}M(/V
单数名词+or+复数名词+are g(O;{Q_
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is $6F)R|
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 tn|,O.t
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 :Vg}V"QR
*n(> ^
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are Px5t,5xT8
A B Gg\G'QU
amazingly complex for single-celled animals. w(1Gi$Z(Q)
C D ED$DSz)x
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 "Lh
ni
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 kC$&:\Rh
There are five apples that are red. ,jy*1Hjd
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 b'ml=a#i0
{dPgf
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets g8ES8SM
A ql5x2n
carry a supply that last just a few seconds. <-UOISyf
B C D
'?o9VrO
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 *jzLFuWIG
vMSW$Bx ;
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 y?30_#[dN
The rich are not always happier than the poor. G>T')A
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 __p_8P
+rNkN
:/L
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Jx-wO/
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: ++[5q+b
a. there be 句型 BOf1J1
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 5 HV)[us
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 w#G2-?aj
kpfwqHT
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. [JTto!Ih$
A B C D Uhh
l3%p
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ^9"KTZc-*
>tRHNB_
00vBpsZj2;
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific v:ER4
A B ce
p$_Ja
Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 2BB<mv
K4
C ,8K'F
miles in width. A{,n;;
D ~o15#Pfn/
分析:倒装句,are改为is l\q}
|o
CyM}Hc&w
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and J?712=9
A B C {E,SHh
Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film QocQowz
D W3pQ?
presented on the five-story-tall screen. \SYvD y]
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 `
ti8-
r4knN
2:
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 -Wjh* *
fifty percent of + 名词 sB7" 0M
one percent of + 名词 6}&^=^-
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: C|e+0aW
one percent of my students + are Lx+`<<_dJ
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. "n- pl
!EFBI+?&
这里要强调两个结构 YF[$Q=7.
half of =fifty percent ?JqjYI{$
most of + 可数名词 + are ,{<Fz%
most of + 不可数名词+ is __)qw#
P/aDd@j
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been )/%S=c
A B C ?y_awoBd1
found in central and eastern Canada. w~-X>~ }
D yh!B!v'
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 p {C9`wi)
VD;j[~/Z
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized ?aJ6ug
A B IK?]PmN4}
in the United States are for foods and beverages. JD&U}dJ
C D 22vq=RO7Z
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 [$:@X V(
9.-47|-9C
(二) 谓语动词的时态 @XBH.A^7r
①、主要考察时间状语 FNJ!IkuR
9HKf^+';n
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 4WG=
m}X
A B C D Lh!z>IWjOG
y< ud('D
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was Y- ~;E3(
85C#ja1&