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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 6SYQRK  
一、代词 ? dWfupO{  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 ;n-)4b]\  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 Fx^e%":@ip  
  主格、宾格、所有格 =1rq?M eX  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) f zu#!  
(-V=&F_  
(二) 反身代词 a@1 r3az  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 (-lu#hJ`&r  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) aFI?^"L  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) 8,E#vQ55}(  
&9Vm3 X  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating   (h"Yw  
    A                 B    4JF8S#8B  
  a series of indicators that could help 8QFn/&Ql$B  
             C      @$5!  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. Z;/"-.i  
    D p[Z'Fl  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ` ,B&oV>  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 HvITw%`  
.3(=U Q  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 yPKDn.1  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 ^k&T?uU  
Y(>]7  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies \wmNeGC2  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the L{>XT  
     A   B      C          D #y~`nyg%|  
  Pacific. 48.2_H<  
&} b'cO  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 cJ 5":^O  
F,CQAgx  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 WMB~? EDhv  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: /rd6p{F  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 *iSsGb\M%  
Jo1=C.V`Y  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined jW6~^>S  
                       A   a#X[V5|6Q  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and \h6_m)*H4  
             B CtbmX)vE  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. HYgq@47$[  
   C       D w < p  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 6:i(<7  
7Rr(YoWa  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important [((P ,v*  
        A     Mn(:qQo^&`  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John wU_e/+ 0h  
   B        C      Xj.Tg1^K"  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  }E$^!q{  
      D @dAc2<4  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. lz X0B&:  
wm|{@z  
qp>O#tj[  
(四) Who和which的区别 }6} Gj8Nb  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 [E_6n$w  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 7g3vh%G.  
-~eNC^t;W  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who Kx?3]  
              A            B l)`bm/k]V  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. $x]'6  
   C                  D 92+LY]jS  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 )BudV zg  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 # /t^?$8\\  
jdV  E/5  
(五) that和which的区别 "exph$  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 &AH@|$!E  
PiXegh WH  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it jx a?  
              A        B QkUq%}_0  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. <*0^X%Vf\  
      C              D t8 g^W K  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ?B@(W(I  
j` Fsr?]/  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Q+gd|^Vc9  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ~{'.9  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when w;}pebL:  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. F,EcqM'f  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which R"#DR^.;  
^yg`U(  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Ss+e*e5Ht  
              A         B   v.H00}[.  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. !q;EC`i#  
         C      D OoTMvZP[  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 B'>(kZYMs  
2[: *0 DV#  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  $EHAHNL?Lx  
  affected the way people in the United States----. B;?)   
   (A) living and working KW|X\1H  
   (B) they live and work 4.2qt  
   (C) live and work pJ-/"Q|:i  
   (D) to live and to work 3\WLm4  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 FglCqO}  
LM }0QL m?  
二、介词 eU?SLIof[{  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 "mr;!"LA  
]etLobV  
(一) 介词搭配 (NrH)+)J!a  
{tn%HK">  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ~jMdM~}  
    A         B   C      lSU&Yqx  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. }<`Mn34@  
                D Rr+Y::E  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 sXxF5&AF0  
@*jd.a`  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. g(m3 &  
A       B     C  D 2}:scag  
分析:B错改为be rich in xb$eFiQ  
Fn0Rq9/@  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the -~T?xs0_  
    A         B      C c!"&E\F  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. "QA <5P  
             D DPR=Xls  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 eKV^ia  
E ?(+v  
;,GE!9HW  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 uTY5.8  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ._JM3o}F  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. )u~LzE]{_  
          A      B  C     D J2VhheL`J  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ;7CE{/Bq.p  
Vh1{8'G Q  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 8;>vgD  
                 A  B     }WXO[ +l  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on j<w";I&Diz  
      C 7@"J&><w!  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. v~i/e+.h>y  
      D M;*f(JY$  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 v#i,pBj  
Ym IVtQ  
2、介词by 3D>syf  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by 7A@GN A  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing y)N57#e  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States V~p/P  
    A         B       :X7"fX  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. DEEQ/B{  
   C     D "{-jZdq'  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 MzLnD D^  
h3y0bV[g=  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils kd^CZ;O  
   A                      W.b?MPy]  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to R5=2EwrGP  
     B    C       D Z}74% 9qE  
   supply moccasins and field rations. Ul#||B .c{  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 eZ+pZ q  
w~EBm=v_>  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ir^%9amh  
        A                ^gx`@^su  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements KDD_WXGt~  
        B          C   oGz-lO{lt  
  that are often represented at symbols. +R LHe]9&  
              D [_ W#8{  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 (3kz(6S  
三、谓语动词  O_@  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 et[n;nl>V  
①、主谓分割原则 x>MrB  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, I75>$"$<  
     A     + ;u<tA  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. zq ;YE  
        B      C      D >jI( ^8?  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 uA]Z"  
0< i]ph  
②、与后者一致原则 h>>KH*dQ  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, @2H"8KX  
not only…but also 7R W5U'B  
%mLQ'$  
Y`$dtg {  
③、与前者一致原则 p(B> N!:  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 92y<E<n  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 <_X`D4g]XO  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 5\hJ&  
     A      B  C     L< 3U)Gp  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. .9r+LA{  
         D HoA[U T  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is #Av6BGM|,  
k 4|*t}o7  
④、就近原则 $F> #1:=v<  
or, either…or, neither…nor, ;%u'w;sgq  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 6]`XW 0{C  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is .m',*s<CMQ  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ,:RHhg  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 H)#HK!F6f  
TQ-V61<5  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are rgth2y]  
        A      B        Jxyeh1z qB  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. Z^P]-CB|6A  
    C              D *RM?SE6;  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 RL0#WBR  
qx#k()E.U  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 &.1F \/]k  
There are five apples that are red. p#-;u1-B  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 o;.6Y `-fJ  
;QMRm<CLV  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets F%Te0l  
      A            M$|r8%z1  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. >.P/fnvJ  
   B   C    D 6 [q<%wA  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 tS$^k)ZXip  
>U.)?>G/dt  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 J;?#Zt]`L  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. [&6VI?  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 wUnz D)  
+ ?z=,')  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 fc}G6P;3{  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: l4 @  
a. there be 句型 O26'|w@$  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 &&(^;+  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 P>*B{fi^  
7d44i  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. RyI(6TZl  
   A     B      C    D    v() wngn  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is IK:F~I  
?CaMn b8  
[| \Z"   
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific %kod31X3<  
             A     B    5PaOa8=2f  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 RW4}n< 88  
     C         W%3<"'eP  
  miles in width. d&!;uzOx  
     D  xq U@87[_  
分析:倒装句,are改为is `k^d)9  
h($XR+!#  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and wt8?@lJ"/  
   A    B       C         ("G _{tVU  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film z0@{5e$#Y  
                    D Hr?_`:  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. aP#nK  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 =Nyq1~   
mes/gqrJ1I  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 \`FpBE_e)  
fifty percent of + 名词 NuL.l__W  
one percent of + 名词 *wSz2o),  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: z5V~m_RO  
  one percent of my students + are _TGv"c@V  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. OMl<=;^:|  
!>n^ ;u  
这里要强调两个结构  BZ'63  
half of =fifty percent kYwV0xQ  
most of + 可数名词 + are g>@T5&1q *  
most of + 不可数名词+ is D-v}@tS'  
r5k{mV+  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been T>$S&U  
   A       B         C   nm8XHk]  
  found in central and eastern Canada. xcVF0%wVC  
           D &8w MGahp  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 q_J)68BR  
53g(:eB  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized P+9%(S)L3  
                 A   B  h;+bHrKji  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. UWf@(8  
              C     D "\CUHr9k  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 K6..N\7  
9'{i |xG  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 (^U 8wit/  
①、主要考察时间状语 8|U-{"!O ?  
6 _Cc+}W  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. o 9?#;B$  
   A        B  C     D hFiJHV  
x5Z(_hU  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was #rps2nf.j  
fG`<L;wi  
=Z t7}V  
②、For和since的区别 vgyv~Px]AW  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 &B c$8ZR  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 *~b}]M700  
  I has been a teacher for three years. Iu=n $H  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. Wh7}G   
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 bS2)L4MQY  
:Qekv(z  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became >'MT]@vez  
   A      B              ;vkk$ -  
  the primary responsibility of the president. =]Vrl-a`^  
     C    D %1jlXa  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 9NPOdt:@  
ymr#OP$<S  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of ! ,v!7I  
             A  B  C   { d*?O  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 7c7:B2Lq  
            D P+/6-CJ  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 !92zC._  
+o*&JoC  
8h=Rfa9  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  9-6E(D-ux  
   A       B        C     D YH .+(tNv  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live +| OrV'  
}o  {6  
(三) 谓语的语态 THXG~3J<  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 2dpTU=K4  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: 6%8,OOS  
①、prove J-3%.fX,  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 1TIP23:  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; CKau\N7T  
Jd0I!L  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming YlP8fxS  
                      A   .V.x0  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be  E qc,/  
    B                  C Z 8yt8O  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 6k%Lc4W  
                  D 0Ia8x?80V  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 *>%tx k:)  
?~_[/  
LaolAqU  
②、Locate,Situate F]4JemSjK  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 ( ;(DI^Un8  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ~$ FgiW  
这两个词也可以用作被动 S~+er{,ht4  
  My school was located near the river. wm<`0}  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 {*jo,<4ee  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. zP(UaSXz/  
   (A)locates l2lyi  
   (B)locating 3{j&J-  
   (C)to locate /`b(} m  
   (D)is located c<c"n'  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 >Y\$9W=t  
@VVDN  
③、表示需要概念的动词 U/|;u;H=  
need, want, require等 +"HLx%k  
C72! ::o  
My watch needed repairing i7UE9Nyl*  
My watch needed to be repaired. P t)Ni  
k-`5T mW  
④、表示人的情感的动词 W_sAk~uK/  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 6*({ZE  
Zc<fopih  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 Q#2gjR r  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 ~ }g"Fe  
s:fy *6=[Z  
主动和被动技巧总结: D_W,Jmet  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 ycr\vn t  
mg)ZoC  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the iLyJ7zby  
                 A      ju AUeGT  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, =WYI|3~Cz  
                 B _eE hIQ9  
  power structures, and flood-control works along Y~j )B\^{  
                    C a IA9rn  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. *s" dCc  
                D ,hV}wK!  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 [ ; $(;  
Buue][[  
四、非谓语动词 /tu+L6  
is2OJ,  
(一) 分词 6^Q Bol  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 POl[]ni=>  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 !D_Qat  
D(m2^\O[  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then f*{~N!g  
   A h^tU*"   
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. ["N)=d|LS  
     B      C            D mihR *8p  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning \KGi54&Y  
' \&t3?;  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 y" (-O%Pe  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in /O@dqEbc  
      A               B   {GTOHJ2  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. :$>Co\D  
               C         D aQMUC6cPM@  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living @Qlh  
 <|Pw*L$  
vp"b_x1-  
一些动词后面必须用doing :r{;'[38  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 N,iYUM?  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, pCE,l'Xa  
 advocate, suggest ) r8yt}  
 delay, quit GW]b[l  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, yX%Xjo__*t  
 avoid, escape(逃避) XS L*e  
 spend+名词+doing; <"93  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing j~|pSu.<  
O?6ph4'  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 7Vn;LW  
   A     B    C              D !9B`  
  crops. :sf(=Y.qA  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 (1t b  
&YSjwRr  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, *8ZaG]L  
               A        B kw%vO6"q(  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. ?)8OC(B8q  
        C          D s+EJXox w  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing _(qU%B  
=54"9*  
(二) 不定式 \:'|4D]' I  
A. 动词不定式的省略 ^an3&  
①、help后面可以省略to Y(qyuS3h~*  
  help to do ceW,A `J  
  help sb. to do ]*M VVzF  
*0*1.>Vg  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Yv!r>\#0S  
              A      B   P5qY|_  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. M%\=Fb  
         C     D <b5J"i&m  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 -0 e&>H%  
q1|! oQ  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 `8.Oc;*zu  
  make, g9rsw7  
  let, fsA-}Qc  
  have sb. do sth 1L4-hYtCj  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. jkN-(v(T  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians nB8JdM2h{  
        A               B cAL*Md8+  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. uoryxKRjc~  
   C     D :~% zX*   
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know "#3p=}]  
U&(TqRi,  
③、感官动词 'QMvj` -  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe kW 7 $  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 M_ GN 3  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 tW=,o&C=  
#?V7kds]  
09r0Rb  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 )=PmHUd  
(1)表示第一人 <+/:}S4w)  
the first woman to do sth. ,rO>5$w.  
|, Lp1  
(2)表示迫使的动词 nVK`H@5fw  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do VkD 8h+)  
,^>WC G  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis <f') ]  
     A                 B    lwhVP$q}  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. V*|#j0}b  
       C           D fV\ eksBF  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 RjOQSy3  
ckZZ)lW`*  
>`@c9 m  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 z;74(5?q  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 EZz`pE  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 %U4w@jp  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 ,z*-93H1  
  be apt to do l5 FM>q  
`!K!+`Z9  
(4)表示目的的名词, _;M46o%h  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 t]j4PNzn  
固定的句式: Ky qFeR  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. j.5;0b_L^  
the objective 目标 :=0XT`iY  
aim -quWnn/  
goal <MPoDf?h  
reason理由 <Bmqox0  
function功能 mp{r$tc  
intension意图 \[-z4Fxg|'  
NWGSUUa  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing /pa8>_,~  
                       A  _>/T<Db  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. 4/Vy@h"A3  
           B          C     D s 4Mi9h_  
分析:the function to provide, A错 dXe. 5XC  
Vs)%*1><  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure I& ` >6=)  
                  A       A5lP%&tu(  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds pY3N7&m\:  
     B  ~okIiC]#  
  that make up various components of a living cell. ) OqQz7'  
    C    D 2Qoj>Wy{  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 a=55bEn  
]g>@r.Nc  
(5) 其他同根名词 =,aWO7Pz  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 F4m Q#YlrS  
 attempt to do 企图 xLE+"6;W  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 brQkVt_)EE  
 ambition, ;x[F4d  
 be ambitious to do  ]~,V(K  
 effort xHml" Y1  
+ *YGsM`E9  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation a0"gt"q A  
  A                    B   ." m6zq  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. z.H*"r  
          C       D \ B~9Ue!  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 K>kMKd1  
q%4l!gzF3  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great lu^ c^p;  
  A                   B   5 zlgmCGow  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. +$)C KC  
       C            D i<g|+}I  
分析:efforts to register, C错 }2Lh'0 xY  
fhu- YYJt  
8#%p[TLj  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 G "jKYW  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 eNlE]W,=  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. a;Ic!:L  
PUB|XgQDY:  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 &* 4uji  
I am glad to see you. "(}xIsy  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. e~r%8.Wm  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen.  M/5e4b  
 :GC <U|p  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 8<$6ufvOv  
It is difficult to decide. MN2#  
f>JuxX\G  
'kc_Ov VA  
五、句子的结构 g$~3@zD  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 05:`(vl  
c/ wzV  
(一) 主语的重复 9Ot;R?>(  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ^RG6h  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any ;$@7iL  
          A      B      (veGztt  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the SsDz>PP  
          C          D 2O {@W +Mt  
  League of Nations. ~= HN30  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 5O&6 (Gaf  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson ^ _JD 7-g  
3ik   
>2`)S{pBD  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are K1Nhz'^=D  
        A        B  T[s_w-<7$  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. ,FX;-nP%  
    C         D r00waw>C\  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 !<]%V]5[_  
`pzp(\lc  
(二)谓语的重复 XJsHy_6  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 >/1N#S#9  
STs~GOm-  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  ?"PUw3V3lB  
    A            B    8Wid.o-U  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. %(Sy XZ  
         C   D X>2_G ol!  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 < i*v  
xRW~xr2h@  
(三)谓语的缺少 KgX~PP>  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body %TxFdF{A  
          A     B    0/S|P1!b  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. B#AAG*Ai8  
         C               D !HL7a]PB  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 BKfcK>%g  
n;Tpf<*U  
(四)主句的重复 g}0}$WgH:  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ] o tjoM  
$[5ihV$u  
4m$nVv  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite f:\jPkf'  
      A         B        C   /8@JWK^I{  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. S*Scf~Qp  
     D G+ PBV%gE[  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 JLm0[1Lzd  
mb~w .~%  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow +Sv`23G@  
        A   B       |;ycEB1  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. 9d^o2Y o  
      C    D G^!20`p:  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 NmYSk6kWJ  
dQ@ e+u5  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided zz 7 m\  
   A                     B  b+yoD  
  names for towns, only George Washington @4Z>;  
      C A>(m}P  
  is remembered in the name of a state. ;H /*%2  
          D _C~e(/=z  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 q0{KYWOvk  
六、比较级和最高级 1U.se` L  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 96T.xT>&  
dN\Byl(6  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 Mz# &"WjF  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which zM"OateA  
      A               &G7JGar  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. %sP C3L  
     B       C           D D oX!P|*  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 6 /gh_'&  
&Z/aM?  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 xCF k1%qf  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. _Sy-&}c+ +  
     A      B     C  D oh:q:St  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 5p}Y6Lc\j  
*Uie{^p?  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere uFOxb}a9v  
     A       B     C   D &$tBD@7  
  is the grizzly bear. ZQ9!k* ^  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 W!8g.r4u+,  
oGx OJyD  
(g xCP3  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 zJWBovT/  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 h!ZEZ|{  
_"_ W KlN  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with X> :@`}bq  
   A           B  Hq[d!qc  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. _+YCwg  
   C                 D |ybW  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 4V9D PBh  
{i y[8eLg  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 lb ol+O65  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as Wm$( b2t  
8Kt_irD  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 cZI )lX  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ..6 : _{wg  
the taller boy Qg;A (\z  
a)=WDRk  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 jjbBv~vs  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed 0yr=$F(]s  
          A            B FJKW=1 =,  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is 5('_7l  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. p>4$&-  
    C          D H~E(~fl  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they ',j'Hf  
?#?[6t  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 BqC, -gC  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, RB<LZHZI  
  A  B         C     6}^0/ 76^,  
  the Navajos form largest group. ( ,1}P  
         D 08AC 9  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 S!Ue+jW  
3|zqEGT*  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, )R $+dPu>  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language lxoc.KDtR  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the hNBv|&D#  
'U ',9  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many # D"TY-$.=  
            A      B         C wuE]ju<  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. "&?F 6Pi  
            D nN" Y~W^k  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 #g[jwl'  
kG_ K&,;@  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the N: 'v^0  
例如:my best friends WccTR aq  
z-fP #.  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial H~%HT l  
            A    B     C Nq'Cuwsp  
  and banking center. pQ%~u3  
        D q<(yNqMKP  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 {<0=y#@u  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 am.}2 QZU  
HqNM31)  
3YT>3f!\  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary 7U68|\fI!  
                 A         5BKga1 Q  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. - JOtvJIQI  
    B   C     D D?;8bI%"  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 |9>?{ B\a  
1SIhW:C  
七、平行结构 l`c&nf6  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 d |5V"U]W;  
! bbVa/  
$s$j</.q  
(一) 对等连接词 q]Y [W1  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词  d(PS  
单一式: and, or ,but nXHU|5.I  
相关式: both…and, not … but, H9'Y` -r  
     either …or, neither…nor <aps)vF  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as !DsKa6Zj  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, ;/gH6Z?  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also 5Y<O  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Vk%[N>  
b+/XVEsr  
短语式: as well as +$Q.N{LV  
     rather than (而不是) pqmb&"l  
     other than (除…之外) 5!WQ  
     instead of (代替) v:otR%yt  
.48Csc-  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 m$nT#@l5bH  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  @0}Q"15,I  
       A     B   5 9$B z'LY  
  but he is now living in Detroit. V %k #M  
       C   D ut26sg{s(  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 J:6wFmU  
_86pbr9  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics Ej c%D SG  
       A         B "#7~}Z B  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford W)WL1@!Z  
  remained active in city and regional planning. y$6m| 5  
          C    D  FPM @%U  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 C.SG m  
(二)平行的内容 QwaCaYoh  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 M4hzf  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of tI651Wm9  
             A         B   ! Jh/M^  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, qJq49}2  
         C            D Mm7l!  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. hoy+J/  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 R"Ol'y{  
wps`2`z  
i <KWFF #  
第二、名词单复数的平行 FD?!bI4  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 p-]vf$u  
3+6s}u)  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, eow6{CD8  
  A     B          C   !<!5;f8  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. " P A:  
                 D   Cx>iSx  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 cID{X&or  
VgfA&?4[  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, {J`Zl1_q  
                   A         B Wj2s+L7,  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. I@ dS/  
      C          D 3QL I|VpO  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have Rs@2Pe$3  
P,xI3U< q  
第三、时态的平行 ICSi<V[y1  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated 7P}&<;5zD  
                A     1+;Z0$edxz  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops  6?-vj2,  
                   B O+vuv,gNi  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. N?`-$C ]  
          C    D <^j,jX  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 B%HG7  
><o dBM-  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- ZJev_mj  
  spread from its home in Central America and zUg-M  
  now grows throughout the tropics. YEGRM$'`  
   (A) to be    (B) it   =,B44:`r  
   (C) the     (D) its DgOO\  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? 8,0p14I5;  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow 1`1U'ibhe  
8r@_b  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- o#V}l^uU=  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. ]qZs^kQ  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised -3 .Sr|t  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised N%Gb  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 (UW V#AR  
a6AD`| U8  
第四、排列位置的平行 RY=B>398:  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. qx3@]9  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode m[~fT(NI  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  ~>:uMXyV2t  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes |l)z^V!  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes p8CDFLuV  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 wO6 D\#  
s+{)K  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: 9sQ7wlK  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 rPf< 8oH  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 K.k%Tg[ ~  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 hV,)u3  
9$)I=Rpk =  
八、词序的颠倒 |G^w2"D_Z  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 k+ Shhe1  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 F@</Ev  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage Z_iVOctP  
              A    B        .xnJT2uu'  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. _.b^4^[  
      C       D    `cee tr=  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ~4e4G yx c  
m0*bz5  
WvV!F?uqZ  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ''Lf6S`4X~  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only |$AoI  
          A      B     "UUzLa_  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 9|y?jb5im  
    C         D 3zdm-5R.b  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 ozF173iI  
O7&6]/`  
[FhFeW>  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 AXK6AZjX  
s/' ]* n  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were puE!7 :X7  
          A   B     C   &x= PAu  
  in what is now the United States. YzasT:EZN  
    D NT3Ti ?J,  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 E@uxEF  
~57.0?IK  
所有的系动词分为三大类: S.^/Cl;aj  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, m]XG7:}V0  
    is, remain, keep, stay, ,\2w+L5TD  
    lie, exit(表示位于) )I/K-zj  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 2m! T .$  
    become, turn, grow, 1/hk3m(C  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) VB(S]N)F^  
Qv v~nGq$  
第三种,感官动词 Q^p> hda  
    seem(好像是) 3G r:.V9=  
    look(看起来好像是) oM<Y o%n  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste  ,m"0Bu2  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 `XmT)C  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe -D?-ctFYj^  
    A               B     /8$*{ay  
   to cause numerous deaths. ke~S[bL%-  
        C   D  F4o)6+YM   
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 liU/O:Ap  
y,YK Mc  
九、词性的混用 J/-&Fa\(  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 ,.Sd)JB'  
:<"b"{X"  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 xllk hD4F  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; cVR#\OM  
\NgBF  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high "3\C;B6I  
          A        B      Q,AM<\S  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and 3Mlwq'pzD  
              C OS.oknzZZ  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. z}gfH|  
          D qR X:e o  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) {&qB!axj  
/&T"w,D  
Gv$}>YJ  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 R, J(]ew  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 L'KgB=5K&i  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds >&`S$1 o  
         A       B      B(z?IW&  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to SFaG` T=  
          C        4?vTuZ/ M  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. /Ayo78Pi  
            D eX1<zzd  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 [!Jd .zm  
P_:~!+W,  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, #+ <"`}]N  
            A       ;n"Nv }<C  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of /xu#ZZ?8F_  
      B      C QUSyVp{$  
   urban Black people in the United States. $!Pm*s  
   D ;hcOD4or  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 10C,\  
=D@+ _7\?  
<$8`]e?I  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 (8$; 4q[!  
表示时间有两种可能, '%} k"&t$i  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 ,$xV&w8f\"  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, Jh)x_&R&Q  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 qVpV ZH!  
;#goC N.  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence >;9+4C<z0  
       A     B     .>.B  
  were made while the American Civil War. 1_aUU,|.  
   C    D <x^Ab#K"  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 )nI}KQJ<  
LZ ?z5U:  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the B]""%&! O  
   A      B           C    `o;E  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. DF>LN%a~  
          D oXQzCjX_   
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 AD** 4E  
de&*#O5  
}#0i1]n$D  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 #2XX[d%  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 Xqz\%&G  
D; @nrj`.  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social 8~~*/oCoJt  
                   A     s\CZ os&  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 5\?\ |*WT  
     B   C    D ; E!(W=]*F  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 \Y4>_Mk  
\E!a=cL!  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 323zR*\m  
   A        B   C      }u>F}mU a  
  easily under the stress of compression. eL vbPE_  
   D _gGI&0(VM  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 vz[-8m:f  
X q"_^  
+i @r-OL   
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 fW'@+<b  
xYgG  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine 6r x%>\UkS  
    A         B z`?{5v -Qs  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. ~"Kf +eFi  
          C            D @jKiE%OP  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 0G`FXj}L  
@AvDV$F  
9L"Z ~CUL  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, a/n KKhXaM  
         A RSK~<Y@]q{  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. &sbKN[xM  
   B      C      D t7t?xk!2  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 |qn`z-  
&pL.hM^  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 6 aE:v R2  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; yR`X3.:*]  
two hundred diligent students
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