改错题常考要点 7}>j [
一、代词 IBb3A
代词中主要讲解六个问题 {NXc<0a(
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 {MU>5\
主格、宾格、所有格 :
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名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) G`PSb<h\oc
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(二) 反身代词 mZ3i#a4
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 1HL}tG?+#
He killed himself. (他自杀了) BbUZ,X*Y
He killed him. (他杀了他) o0&jel1a
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating Bu">)AnN
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a series of indicators that could help u&?J+
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themselves to predict earthquakes. :M9'wg
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ,,S5 8\x
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 RN238]K
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 &10vdAnBRC
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 v' .:?9
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies >t7xa]G
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ^%-$8sV
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Pacific. bPEf2Z
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 b>=MG8
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。
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Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 4\4onCzuT
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 9KRHo%m
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined SkBa- *MC
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the word“normalcy”to express social and >J^bs &j
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economic conditions they promised the nation. 3P~I'FQ
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 `G&W%CHB
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 1OK,r`
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John xr+K:
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Keats, published the year of her death. 'uS!rKkQlu
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. *CZvi0&
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(四) Who和which的区别 ['ol]ZJ
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 \GS]jhEtn
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ["|AD,$%
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who sc'QNhrW
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. |6w.m<p
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 DqyJ]}|
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 /3->TS
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(五) that和which的区别 qYv/"
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介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 {WUW.(^]G
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 6,
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. >yFEUD:
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 v(
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 ~l"70\&
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, U">J$M@
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when _"n1"%Ns
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. hNBv|&D#
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 'U
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly V\^rs41$;
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. y~'F9E!
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 hR,VE'A
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has $3>k/*=
affected the way people in the United States----. jn vJ`7zFP
(A) living and working )\!_`ob
(B) they live and work 9EzXf+f
(C) live and work "jBrPCB
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(D) to live and to work [tYly`F
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 P#-9{T
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二、介词 B:S/
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介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 y1R53u`;L
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(一) 介词搭配 M{I8b<hY
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those <#AS[Q[N
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. SKf9
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 1{@f:~
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. u1K;{>4lx
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分析:B错改为be rich in :m*r(i3
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the N8a+X|3]0
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. L=Cm0q 3v
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 4+&4
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 cHN
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1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 lGHU{7j\
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. t(3<w)r2
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 /H 3u^
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has \hGoD
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on E`vCYhf{
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. VQSwRL3B=
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 +E.}k!y
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2、介词by aD
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ;O7CahdF
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing qRXQL"Pe_l
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States L,!3
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. SQ*dC
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 $dr=M(&
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils K$>C*?R
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to B8Ob~?
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supply moccasins and field rations. &,?bX])
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 oU }eAZj{
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with c.5?Q>!+
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements :Ny.OA
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that are often represented at symbols. hrfu\cI
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 :W'Yt9v)
三、谓语动词 F
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(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 Uj!3H]d
①、主谓分割原则
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例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Uloa]X=Im8
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. Lf+M
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 XA`<*QC<
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②、与后者一致原则 b&k !DeE
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, x5q5<-#
not only…but also
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③、与前者一致原则 )bc0 t]Fs
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, C3|(XChqC
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ;m/%g{oV
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ZJev_mj
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. YEGRM$'`
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is DgOO\
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④、就近原则 <d xc"A
or, either…or, neither…nor, AH$D./
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单数名词+or+复数名词+are ?3ldHWa
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 7~@q#]U[
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 69)- )en
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 <Wgp$qt;
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are }?zy*yL
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. OQt_nb#z`{
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 +{
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 qV^Z@N+,
There are five apples that are red. d{?X:*F
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 F91'5D,u0
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets %3B0s?,I
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. WEgJ_dB
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 qx,>j4yw
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致
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The rich are not always happier than the poor. M`6rI
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 >K<n~;ON|
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: R5_xli%
a. there be 句型 <Lz/J-w
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 v<+5B5"1
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 QrmiQ]d*p
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 7RE
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 'JA<q-Gn
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ?
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ak_&\'P
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miles in width. \piHdVD
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分析:倒装句,are改为is 8v|?g8e3
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and G]DSwtB?D
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film a,>`ab%>
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. /*$B
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 Ug2^cgL
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 klUW_d-
fifty percent of + 名词 CVa?L"lK
one percent of + 名词 :3oLGiL
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: .66_g@1
one percent of my students + are A7eF.V&
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. M2{AaYgD
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这里要强调两个结构 2PaRbh{"
half of =fifty percent 8D)I~
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most of + 可数名词 + are \H6[6*JuB
most of + 不可数名词+ is ,sk0)
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been "{1SDbwmMo
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found in central and eastern Canada. @ xBw'
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 fc,^H&
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized p3f>;|uh_
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. <*4'H
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 qh]ILE87(
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 3P&K<M#\
①、主要考察时间状语 6q8b>LG|
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. bVbh| AA
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was HAHLF+k
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②、For和since的区别 InCJ4D
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 +)cjW"9
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 eX1<zzd
I has been a teacher for three years. -9(9LU2
I has been a teacher since 1996. VuiK5?m
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 yH:gFEJ:x
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ]'%Z&1 w
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the primary responsibility of the president. >w}5\4j
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 foi@z9
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 6')pM&`t
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. /@!%/Kl
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 x_yQoae
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. !MNnau%O
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live *nj={Ss&
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(三) 谓语的语态 ?mRGFS
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 !T<4em8
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: .h0@Vs
①、prove &ml7368@
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 &:3uK`
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; )rqb<O
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming ?aMV{H*Q*
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be 'DDlX3W-
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. h
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 zn=Ifz)#|
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②、Locate,Situate Q|gRBu
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 (pU@$H
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 b `7vWyp
这两个词也可以用作被动 4=Wtv/
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My school was located near the river. n.323tNY
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语
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例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. E6=JL$"
(A)locates f4h|Nn%;
(B)locating E/OJ}3Rf
(C)to locate c6;326aDq
(D)is located P_ [A
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 ]z%X%wL
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③、表示需要概念的动词 )}G?^rDH(
need, want, require等 kPt] [1jo
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My watch needed repairing 5)T=^"IHXi
My watch needed to be repaired. JB_<Haj
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④、表示人的情感的动词 (Ov{gj^
move, annoy, surprise, please等 %X--`91|u
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 j/oM^IY
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 FR7DuH/f)
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主动和被动技巧总结: d~G, *
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 ^ -*q
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 3y[uH'
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, k^JV37;bl
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power structures, and flood-control works along &gP/<!#
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. <l:c O$ m
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 YqJ
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四、非谓语动词 *2?-6
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(一) 分词 9AA_e
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现在分词和过去分词的区别
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①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 xT]|78h$
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. &|d6
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning 7,.3'cCL^
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ; qQ* p
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in |5;:
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. daX$=n
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 77]6_
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一些动词后面必须用doing 6AA"JX
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 <
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mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, q#6K'=AC
advocate, suggest ) ]y^RrD
delay, quit U#X6KRZ~g
forgive(原谅),tolerate,
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avoid, escape(逃避) Jn+k$'6%#
spend+名词+doing; kf Xg\6uKc
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing $Y\-X<gRH
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their m|c5X)}-
A B C D {'^!S"9x
crops. <*vWcCS1
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 mDG=h6y"V
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 1c2zFBl.&
A B }[2|86,G;
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. x3QQ`w-
C D &3:U&}I
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing b14WIgjsl
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(二) 不定式 5TB==Fj ?
A. 动词不定式的省略 h%0FKi^
①、help后面可以省略to Z'V"nhL
help to do +Y9n@`
help sb. to do PAcbC|y
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid ?04$1n:
A B o(|fapK.
the habits that might shorten the lives. )2YZ [~3
C D Y;B#_}yF
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 f:K3 P[|
B|zVq=l~
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 F,NS:mE
make, $1ZFkw
let, ~=#jr0IZ
have sb. do sth 4hLv"R.
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. %
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例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians sP`
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A B M .J
to know when to play various parts of a composition. #ozQF~
C D \.AI;^)X@]
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know xdV $dDCT
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③、感官动词 ~p'DPg4
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe 45DR%cz
see sb do sth. 强调过程 X"z!52*3]
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 .:(N1n'>1
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 VdfV5"
(1)表示第一人 IY=CTFQ8lm
the first woman to do sth. R8K?!Z
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(2)表示迫使的动词 G._E9
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do N`Q[OFe
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 5 Y|(i1
A B EgY yvS)
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. /cN. -lEo%
C D zs_^m1t1s
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 ?7:?OX
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 O(Tdn;1
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 6x_tX
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 1hT!~'
be lieable to do 易于…的 |,G=k,?_p
be apt to do fjh0Z i45
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(4)表示目的的名词, Q5N;MpJ-
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 \EC=#E(
固定的句式: 3X,SCG
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. f4k\hUA
the objective 目标 tl uyx
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goal yM8<)6=
reason理由 )L%i"=<Bdy
function功能 fy(i<L
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intension意图 V=C@ocyZ
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing kr_!AW<.tz
A 8w[nY.#T
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. r:&"#F
B C D aC&ZV}8of
分析:the function to provide, A错 V`n;W6Q17
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure &d`z|Gx9
A ;bZIj`D(
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 'Gw;@[
B Tu'/XUs;k
that make up various components of a living cell. eqyZ|6
C D n>w/T"
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 v
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(5) 其他同根名词 fDn| o"
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 NdS6j'%B@7
attempt to do 企图 Y!kz0
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decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Q/%(&4>'y
ambition, ">n38:?R
be ambitious to do nC3U%*l
effort yW$ja|^E
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 93Yo}6>
A B J{gqm
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. N
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C D r|XNS>V ,$
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 UXXN\D
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great IeqJ>t:
A B TU&t 1_6
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote.
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C D {(7D=\eU
分析:efforts to register, C错 |5wuYG
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 GfAt-huL(
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 g8yWFqE!T
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. f:k3j}&
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 T/
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I am glad to see you. Mj
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I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. {4Q4aL(
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. rl^_RI
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 _wWh7'u~G
It is difficult to decide. @WX]K0$;
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五、句子的结构 Urhh)i
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 pR8]HNY0
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(一) 主语的重复 ,UQ4`Mh^L
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 }%EQ
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any Y%$57,Bu n
A B CTt3W>'=+
compromises concerning the establishment of the *1V}vJvi
C D 3OV
#H%
League of Nations. 8
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分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 TL+a_]3@
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson >Qc0g(w
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are KcVCA
A B y";{k+
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. ;$(a+?
C D p^+k:E>U
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ecA[
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(二)谓语的重复 wo84V!"A
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 o"t+G/M
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of r4jW=?|
A B z>NRvx0
one or more sentences related to the same idea. {<&I4V@+
C D $k*E^~qT
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 V@<tIui$
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(三)谓语的缺少 {hK$6bD3^
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body R_.C,mR ?
A B ^V v7u@y
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 4p&qH igG
C D .Nr}V.?57
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。
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(四)主句的重复 S1wt>}w0$
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 Fkj\U^G
S #%
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite -MJ6~4k2
A B C 15#v|/wI'
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. z
m\=4^X
D O[3J Px
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 "
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow <_8\}!
A B d"uR1rTk
sweeps across the face of the Earth. J:)Q)MT24:
C D :,y V?E6]
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 C0zE<fl
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 52/^>=t
A B NtkEb :
names for towns, only George Washington ,'m<um
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is remembered in the name of a state. KR%p*Nh+C
D ;n00kel$
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 F=Z|Ji#
六、比较级和最高级 ;S"^O
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比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 C^K?"800
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 4&!`Yi_1L
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which *I(>[m!
A BC%t[H} >R
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. k+'Rh'>
B C D %L:e~*
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 G?&0Z++
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 YU9xAN i6
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. K:c5Yq^
A B C D 7]@vPr;:
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 :-xp'_\L
R}8!~Ma`|
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere pi q%b]
A B C D
A?ma5h
is the grizzly bear. =&U JFu
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 <oS2a/Nd
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 xqmP/1=NO
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 -d[9mS
q*{i /=~
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ZtlF]k:MV
A B ?9mFI (r~
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. oil s;*q
C D AmM^&
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 1u:OzyJy
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 8c3`IIzAS
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as mhH[jO)
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 #.$p7]
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 @
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the taller boy 5JK{dis]k
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 PPU,o8E+
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed :J`:Q3@
A B [h""AJ~t
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is ~P
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abundant, and humidity is moderate. yw41/jHF
C D 5?kJ]:
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 1"RO)&
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 h`-aO u
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, d^
L`dot
A B C 4.$<o/M
the Navajos form largest group. N&K:Jp
D }BlVL
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分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 Pni
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, H{
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一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language S75wtz)e
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the oFB~)}f<v
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many Uh'3c"
A B C fNPHc_?Ybj
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 2>Hl=bX
D W(Z_ac^e[
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 %W
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 3%{A"^S=}
例如:my best friends K:gxGRE
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial t}>6"^}U
A B C VC5LxA0{
and banking center. `[3Iz$K=
D VHwb 7f]gq
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 bO]^TRaiJ
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 pp@Jn
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary n[8ju,=
A
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formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. OFJ49X
B C D Wd#r-&!6j
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 OD7tM0Wn
&6<>hqR^
七、平行结构 9Jd{HI=
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 #=C!Xx&
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(一) 对等连接词 vVB8zS~l
,
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 95LZG1]Rb
单一式: and, or ,but Z-X(.Q
相关式: both…and, not … but, |s[kY
either …or, neither…nor dz@L}b*
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as -kFEVJbUyc
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, J
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not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also K"4m)B~@Y
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, :U;n?Zu
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短语式: as well as *+|D8xp
rather than (而不是) xPMTmx?2
other than (除…之外) *nJy
instead of (代替) \AFoxi2h
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 XG_h\NIL
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, 6{Y3-Pxg
A B /zxLnT;
5
but he is now living in Detroit. |NuX9!S
C D Mn$w_Z
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分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 u /PaXQ
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics ]`@= ;w
A B }U <T>0
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford +c4-7/kE
remained active in city and regional planning. EFpV
C D Pn?Ujjv
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 /mS|Byx
(二)平行的内容 $ glt%a
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 hd+(M[C<9
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of UqVcN$^b
A B x<&2`=
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, `Wc"Ix0
C D d_t>
or yearly periods of light and darkness. U(xN}Y?
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 VTS7K2lBvX
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第二、名词单复数的平行 WG~
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但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 .\Z/j
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, PhUG}94
A B C JAt$WW{
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. V_'
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D gu1:%raXd
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 .qd/ft2
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, "+0Yhr ?
A B o*]Tqx
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 9+i rf^D`O
C D %-nYK3
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have \C{Dui)F
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第三、时态的平行 %yyvB5Y^
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated j . "L=
A (7X|W<xT
with the imagist movement , but later develops Ux/|D_rlf
B m{v*\e7P
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. $a@T:zfe
C D ZXJ]==
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 _ww>u""B~
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- e7_.Xr~[
spread from its home in Central America and 21T#NYfew
now grows throughout the tropics. ia9=&Hy])
(A) to be (B) it )X2/_3
(C) the (D) its ShIJ6LZ
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? o){\qhLp
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ;_K3/:
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- hEh` cBO
commercially for their meat and eggs. /g]NC?
(A) raised (B) and are raised j&N {j_M
(C) raised as (D) are raised u\AL`'v
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 nb~592u
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第四、排列位置的平行 j[RY
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. zl3GWj|?\7
(A) Not only does rust corrode b|DiU}
(B) Not only rust corrodes (&KBYiwr
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes QPyHos`
(D) Rust not only corrodes
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分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 1KadT7<0}
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: pSl4^$2XR
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 q&kG>
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 <'N~|B/yZ
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 4J{W8jX
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八、词序的颠倒 xdgbs-a)
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 {
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(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 4g)
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例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage
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A B 2[CHiB*>
that can be given to any individual in the United States. m^o?{
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C D 7P:/ (P
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 wCEcMVT
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 }p>l,HD
例:Certain types of computers work properly only wWVB'MRXB,
A B re fAgS!=q
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. k{
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C D f{-,"6Y1
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 o]B2^Yq;x
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 r2\}_pIj
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were gNC'kCx0c
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in what is now the United States. 3uL$+F
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 } x
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所有的系动词分为三大类: +I@2,T(eG
第一种:表示保持某种状态, 0x#
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is, remain, keep, stay, @9lGU#
lie, exit(表示位于) _TyQC1 d
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 i "aQm
become, turn, grow, 9t7 e~&R
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) orFB*{/Z
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第三种,感官动词 _MTvNs
seem(好像是) oJZ0{^
look(看起来好像是) nyZ?m
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste o3`0x9{
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 +A%zFF3
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe <)+;Bg
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to cause numerous deaths. UJ`%uLR~
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 USXPa[
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九、词性的混用 7N0m7SC
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 -./Y
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 r?x~`C
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; gIcPKj"8${
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high wDs#1`uTq
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and &jDRRT3
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. u[!Ex=9W
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) @T-}\AU
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 qj?
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后面加宾语当然要用动名词 A3 zNUad;
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds hpticW|
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to L^nS%lm
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. <lLk(fC
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 v aa
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, P^*gk P
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of iAWoKW
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urban Black people in the United States. {EupB?
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 w@2LFDp
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(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 iJE|u
表示时间有两种可能, `P4qEsZE>`
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 f:g<Bz=u)*
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 9P)<CD0
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 !ZV#~t:)
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 0?t!tugG
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were made while the American Civil War. _.06^5o
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 Fk(0q/b
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the Nmsb
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. +msHQk5#$m
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 |H_)u
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 %#QFu/l
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 |f?C*t',
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social -6tF
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. i)(QNpv
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples +tN-X'u##
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easily under the stress of compression. \%Smp2K
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 GQZUC\cB
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 6e*b;{d
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine nz',Zm},
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article that gives personal comments on current events. ;i#gk%-
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 m #eD v*
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars,
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. F1=+<]!
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ^hgAgP{{
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 `IoX'|C[h
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; |@ HdTGD
two hundred diligent students