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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 ]p_@@QTC  
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第一章 名词 wn)J XR  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 %/9 EORdeH  
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第一节 可数名词 q$aaA`E%  
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考点一 单复数 I4&::y^ C  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 Yv:55+e!|  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 sJ]taY ou  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) A45A:hqs  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 b$Vz2Fzx  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: :>+s0~  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ~i`>adJ:  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories A<W 6=5h  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives Nj?/J47?,  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs jAud {m*T  
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例题: %rxO_  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. ZcaX'5} !S  
   A         B           C       D ;&ASkI  
答案:A / z}~zO  
应改为:Flowers hcyM6:}  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 0Q^Ikiv   
A\#iXOd  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic *cEob b  
   A               B   C          D AZmb!}m+d  
pain. 9ksE>[7  
答案:A qM.bF&&Go  
应改为:Doctors eGX %KT"O  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 =MvjLh"s  
考点二 复数形式特例 f/V 2f].  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 Ovj^IjG-`  
1.单复数词形相同 HvVts\f  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 0)m(;>'70  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: VP6ZiQ|  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises &cu lbcz  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula zF`c8Tsx])  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena m o:D9  
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: .<Zy|1 4  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), w.0qp)}  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), /jRRf"B  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: Oj^,m.R  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) r3\cp0P;s  
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5 不规则的名词复数 di>cMS 4 c  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice ^/U|2'$'>E  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet YWxc-fPZ  
G^` 1]?  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 ~>+]% FPv  
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例题: x*Y@Q?`>5W  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading yfC^x%d7G  
       A            B           C nVI! @qW  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. p^'3Odd|O  
            D 1rDqa(7  
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(2) [mPjP%{=@  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed &[ ;HYgp  
  A      B           C           |H! 9f ZO  
feet. m:/ wG& !  
 D Vl2XDkhq  
答案:D $O*O/ iG  
应改为:foot T N!=@Gy  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 tT79 p.z B  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 P:N1#|g  
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第二节 限定词 Cj?L@%"  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: Y}vr>\  
1.之后肯定接单数: bk\yCt06y;  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. -k7X:!>QHC  
例句: Each of them has two books. Zw~+Pb  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) ,yTjU{<"  
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2.之后肯定接复数: 3dDX8M?  
these, those, many, such, other, YXI'gn2b#  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), bN3#{l-`  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several 25&J7\P*  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of +EAT:,  
eBJUv]o %  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc +d%L\^?F  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 .YZgOJi  
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考点一 否定限定词no k`x=D5s\  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: SM^-Z|d?  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.  3S&U!  
No one is here. CV{r5Sye  
h/,${,}J  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: `w.AQ?p@  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; .T*GN|@$!  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 E.iSWAJ(w  
~QZ"Z tu  
例题: VG>vn`x>a  
(1) 8x[YZ@iM-  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. bTSL<"(]N  
(A) none Ia'ZV7'  
(B) no >~\89E 02  
(C) not % r iK+  
(D) nor 1LY8Ma]E  
-`Y :~q1  
答案: C wI5Yn h  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 ~j'l.gQb  
p\ Lq}tk<  
(2) :h1pBEiH  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when v0Ir#B,[H  
A                B           C |D.O6?v@  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. _xLHrT!y  
        D =KT7nl  
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答案: A X o{`]  
应改为: No &J !aw  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 CD0VfA>Z  
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考点二 their等物主代词 *x>3x Qq&  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars *XWq?hi  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 C_LvZ=  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. A*tKF&U5  
这里用their 而不用 the #?B%Ja% ;W  
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例题:  st 'D  
(1) |3? 8)z\n  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten y}08~L?2  
              A      B        C _KD5T4FZR  
the lives. ;PyZ?Z;  
 D k#:2'!7G  
rp7W }P+uU  
答案: D b.2J]6G  
应改为: their M*pRv  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 o5aLU Wi-  
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(2) YW; Hk1  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any qO`qJ/  
      A        B              C & GWkq>  
specific way. #Tp]^ n  
    D >P. 'CU  
o'%e I  
答案: B o!&W sD  
应改为: its 8rbG*6  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 eR!G[Cw-  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 >E"9*:.^a  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 _`a&9i &  
$R^lo $(  
例题: Lu>H`B7Q"  
(1) 2'{}<9  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or b7h+?!H]R  
        A        B        C et$uP  
relating those objects. H }b\`N[nr  
 D t;#Gmo  
t%+$" nP  
答案: B RIhOR8 )  
应改为: is a set ^b53}f8H  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 %cW;}Y[?P  
v$$]Gv(  
(2) [BXyi  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. T{ -2fp8r[  
A       B     C           D H=. K  
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答案: D k:P$LzIB  
应改为: responses NfF~dK|  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few S;}qLjT  
|NEd@  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 JE)J<9gf  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) *]{=8zc2  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) :dDxxrs"  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 BLW]|p|1:  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 v>at/ef  
lO&cCV;  
考点一 不定冠词a / an =>YvA>izE  
aQh?}=da  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: BkT-m'I?  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university (rMZ  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour KnFQ)sX^  
tw86:kYEz  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). .93S>U<_  
YOKR//|3  
例题: xOM_R2Md  
(1)       'Q`C[*c  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever HPTHF  
   A                 B           C Zsk?QS FE  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. tGqQJT#mr7  
                 D )"-fHW+fy  
答案: B有错 ?.j,Bq5At  
应改为: puzzle. TnxU/)  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle &%}6q]e  
(2) 1!f2*m  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a dh?S[| ='  
   A        B       C          D 4)E|&)-fu8  
question of physiology and of culture. J 5- rp|  
答案: D有错 RSFJu\0}N  
应改为: day *XOS.$zGz  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day >eu `!8  
(3) gTuX *7w  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the bWUS9WT  
  A      B       C -P* xyI  
nonprofessional metal worker. *<?XTs<  
    D 1=ip ,D  
答案: C b_ypsGE]5!  
应改为: still a practical Xv8fPP(  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 Gk{W:866  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 q?1yE@th  
例题: Ys)+9yPPn  
(1) U~Xf=f_Q$  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. Mo~ki"9.  
   A     B    C           D vB=;_=^i 1  
答案: A ::0aY ;D2  
应改为: An emotion v?FhG b~1  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an ;Sy/N||  
(2) 6xyY+  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine c{^i$  
   A    B                       C 7&=-a|k~  
chemically with other atoms. Lf[G>0t&n  
         D zoJ_=- *s  
答案: A };i&a%I|  
应改为: an atom sg+ZQDF{x  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an 44Q6vb?  
r9+E'\  
考点二 定冠词the ROPC |  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: f37ji  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: sM #!Xl;  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower VfQMFb',o  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: %~][?Y ><  
the first woman, the nineteenth century fui4@  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby |\i:LG1  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: -iY9GN89c  
the largest city, the most advanced technology /'R UA  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: ZM dM_i?  
the development of the watch, 7( yXsVq  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: 6U;Jg_zS  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun #H'sZv  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: _fVh%_oH1  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: 8#X?k/mzU  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) ,[Dh2fPM,  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the [ c ~LY4:  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) ,ma Aw}=  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: %E4$ZPSW  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) ^U-vD[O8  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: Nm H}"ndv+  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… A6@+gP<  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: 7V9%)%=h|  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed EpFIKV!  
乘车的词组: g_rA_~dh  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), nU=f<]S=  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) I>< 99cwFI  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), x:f|3"\s  
打球的词组: XA&tTpfJE  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball _9}x2uO~  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. 4f@havFIJ  
例题: :0J-ek.;  
(D)       ef;& Y>/  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. JL" 3#p}  
(A) it was the ,xAM[h&  
(B) that the $Nt=gSWw5  
(C) there was a '_TJ"lOZ  
(D) the yS:IRI.  
答案:D eHF(,JI  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 &J5-'{U|0  
(2) c~^]jqid]  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of Y\z^\k  
           A            B P-E'cb%ub  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. )$gsU@H -  
     C      D %#S"~)  
答案:D ijZydn  
应改为:of 94qHY1rp  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 )CwMR'LV  
(3) *uI hxMX  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to :o.x=c B  
  A      B              C    ZZ]OR;8  
nineteenth century. uDy>xJ|  
  D m>Z\ rqOK  
答案:D iS:PRa1  
应改为:to the nineteenth 3G%XG{dg  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the {d?4;Kd  
第四节 不可数名词 _ RT"1"r  
s5 zGg] 0  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 Zs3]|bUR  
[)J49  
抽象名词如: 9(N)MT5F  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: v'bd.eqw  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), ?;.1fJU>  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), Jc"$p\ $-  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) -}N\REXE  
还有表达学科类的名词如: D|Ihe%w-  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, rmg";(I  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) %<ptkZK#  
LO$#DHPt  
物质名词如: _OknP2E  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), 2=/g~rp*  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) wsb=[$C  
O275AxaN  
wJeqa  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 )q]j?Z.  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, C!/8e (!N  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), \")YKN=W  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) 1:;&wf   
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 Bn#HJ17/#  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice T`'3Cp$q  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, ?j4,^K3  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 %yuIX OJ  
例题: 4qSS<SqY  
(1) G`9F.T_Z^)  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and /wxxcq  
       A      B    C          D LWb}) #E  
trade. 5W]N]^v  
答案:C \$HB~u%dr  
应改为:advertising O*n%2Mam  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 _8b>r1$  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 ={i&F  
HG3>RcB  
考点二 限定词 @ H`QLm  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: |xgCV@  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) j &G~;(DY  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 (b 2^d  
例题: +q=jB-eIx  
(1) 7/OOq=z  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear !RUo:b+  
        A              B         C 6exlb:  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. FivaCNA  
                     D xo 'w+Av  
答案:D <sFf'W _3{  
应改为:little. z` ?xS  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little ~ V- o{IA  
(2) "u]Fl+c  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge np >!lF:  
      A                    B <fxjj  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. :@8.t,|  
           C         D Z6AU%3]  
答案:B l3|>*szX  
应改为:much evidence 9*Tw x&  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 dZYJ(7%  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 KIY_EE$?  
例如: J& SuUh<  
a lot of students , a lot of money %7wzGtM]ps  
the rest of the students, the rest of money cCKda3v!O  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. juYt =  
uOUw8  
第五节 所有格及of结构 J; Xz'0  
Sh6 NgO  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 "Ksd9,J\b  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, .z7f_KX^  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office xT( .#9  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , u}0t`w:   
如: the students' union, the ladies' room HY#("=9< h  
例题: a2)*tbM 9\  
(1) ATewdq[C  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. l{ { #tW  
(A) of the drop zMg^2{0L  
(B) the drop's sW`iXsbWM>  
(C) drop of LYKm2C*d  
(D) drops their Ek\Zi#f<  
答案: (B) YWd(xm"4  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 aq**w?l  
(2) cl8Mv  
Over a very lar J sdEA  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. M/ \~  
(A) occurs P l ,M>IQ  
(B) will occur Q'LU?>N)/  
(C) can occur $(hZw  
(D) occurring _J`M>W)8  
答案:D ?q7Gs)B=^'  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 E$baQU hKS  
o W [-?  
考点二 of结构 *V+fRN4 W  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) <Z wEdq  
如: the title of the passage +%^xz 1m  
例如: {K}+$jzGVt  
(1) ~'Hwszp b  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names |9@;Muq;  
          A     B     C }'JPA&h|  
of some works years after their completion. `8*$$JC  
       D _TiF}b!hi  
答案: C qyC"}y-  
应改为: paintings Ro69woU  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 MsiSC  
(2) vOU -bF%u  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and 36z{TWF  
      A         B     C         D GQQ6 t  
spinal cord. #=c%:{O{4R  
答案: B 0Oq1ay^  
应改为: stimulation 6I<`N  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 o@-cT`HP  
1U!CD-%(  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 hvwr!(|W  
N_U D7P1  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 ?M);wBe(  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 6 kk(FVX  
例题: hi%>&i*  
(1) 9hQ{r 2  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. |b'AWI81D  
(A) was a major collection f3O'lc3  
(B) that a major collection  d p].FS  
(C) a collection was major /$KW$NH4z  
(D) a major collection 2P*O^-zRp  
答案: (D) f sMF46  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 B RT2=}A  
(2) rx<fjA%  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of +Aq}B jD#  
    A         B        C     D I[/u5V_b'  
medieval alchemists. !q?}[E2  
答案:A mi+I)b=  
应改为:beginnings. wiZK-#\x  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 *Zln\Sx  
6Yu8ReuL  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 %%#zO Z  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 %NuS!v>  
例题: 7_LE2jpC,5  
(1) 1]"b.[P>  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. 2KU [Yd  
(A) new dance, the twist Y,{Xv  
(B) twist, was the new dance gC?k6)p$N  
(C) twist, the new dance that ]Kd:ZmJ  
(D) new dance is the twist Ood&cP'c  
答案: (A) JA&w"2X*E  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 w%htY.-  
(2) +=*ZH `qX  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep FXIQS'  
     A                B        UGIyNMY  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. >qOhzbAH{<  
 C               D %@LVoP!@!  
答案: D {epsiHK@tK  
应改为: promise. SJL?( S*  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 ;s{rJG{inG  
jGId)f!)  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 `6'fX[j5  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, Q\}5q3  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. m)&2zV/Q  
例题: |#"<{RS+w  
(1) ">|fB&~A  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. .(D-vkz'  
(A) that institutes w18kTa!4@  
(B) while instituted >%t"VpvR  
(C) was an institution GC.   
(D) an institute Fq:BRgCE  
答案: (D) //xxSk  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 n"* A.  
(2) ?FJU>+{">  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. ><+wHb  
(A) is the great modern choreographer w!7Hl9BW  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers ry0P\wY}  
(C) that the great modern choreographers R!5j1hMN`  
(D) the modern choreographers were great Z)?B5FF  
答案:B :T.j;~  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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