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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 q$" u<  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 jnp~ACN,  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 ^x O](,H  
例题: >WLX5i&  
(1) Gn 9oInY1  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, O/#3QK  
 A                       B PzKTEYJL  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. =p.avAuSn  
   C         D bQ3<>e\%B  
答案: D JR `$t~0t  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. F?2UHcs  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ^?Xs!kJP  
(2) 9RlJf=Z#H  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. ~`Bk CTT  
   A  B      C         D &Pme4IHtm  
答案: D ++b[>};  
应改为: color *ilh/Hd>  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 eV}"L:bgJ  
*yT>  
L ,A+"  
第二章 形容词 tUH?N/qn  
0e0)1;t\  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 O'98OH+u  
fWJpy#/^*K  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 ?0:]% t18  
&=)O:Jfa  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 z0LspRaz  
例题: !{+CzUo@  
(1) j|pTbOgk%  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. bj@sci(1?  
       A  B   C          D #%QHb,lhl  
答案:C MuMq%uDA"  
应改为:certain. `PAQv+EYz  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 Q(-&}cY  
(2) s i2@k  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. |*JMPg?zI  
  A       B         C   D P^"RH&ZQJ  
答案:C 36{OE!,i  
应改为:visual. ^BLO}9A{P  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 `w#VYs|k  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: v\dQjQu8m  
The man was awake. ynM:]*~K  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) 7~+Fec`Ut*  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable =&08s(A  
例题: TaSS) n  
(1) <eMqg u  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means GdUsv  
     A                 B        C ``< #F3  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. u-&V, *3l  
       D PEEaNOk 1b  
答案: D R98YGW_ dT  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 'kj q C  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) *~ IHVU  
(2) Q e+;BE-H  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also 8D`+3  
 A              B               C i/-IjgM"-  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. |MKR&%Na  
                 D 0~ nCT&V  
答案: A  kSEA  
应改为:like W=A0+t%XC  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 RQWUO^&e^  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. MOB4t|  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, N[O .p]8  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, T rh t2Iv  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: V<|N}8{Z2a  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 A4(L47^  
如: two young American students R5QW4i9  
    my three red pencils )|v  du  
第二节 比较级 j%3 $ytf|p  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: 2X' H^t]7  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; [V_mF  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 5K9W5hA:D  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), jA?[*HB  
qU6!vgM&  
b/*QV0(  
考点一 含有标志词than 3F;0a ;[  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, |mG;?>c)  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. a9lYX*:  
  She possesses more books than I do. D_<B^3w )  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. \4$Nx/@Q}  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, n5xG4.#G  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, 6flO;d/v  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 @.cord`  
例题: g-#eMQ%J  
(1) rA<J^dX=C  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. 4V@0L  
(A) coolest /Tl ybSC1  
(B) the coolest 5r8 [ "  
(C) cooler .w\4Th#  
(D) the cooler }1CO>a<  
答案:A jc6~V$3  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 $+e(k~  
(2) K'e!BZm6Q  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. #9"lL1  
           A   B              C     D @AG=Eq9<o  
答案:A D0f7I:i1  
应改为:more _jkJw2+s\  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 5.0;xz}#y  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: &U.y):  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, =|-xj h  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. T^ xp2cZ  
   (that 指代the population) K1<l/ s  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. YR l4?}r2  
   (those 指代 designs) y;9K  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) U8g?   
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may mW_A 3S5  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. S;vZXgyN?  
例题: lgAE`Os  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. [iSLn3XXRX  
(A) than do hi]\M)l&x  
(B) that are having Q([g1?F9*  
(C) which have |4Q><6"G  
(D) that do 8J9o$S e  
答案:A inGH'nl_  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 RzSN,bL R  
`Sj8<O}  
考点二 (not) so /as…as L/cbq*L  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, -3b0;L&4>x  
如:It is as good as it looks. ~RE`@/wQ]  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. Y!s/uvRI  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 & l|B>{4v  
例题: ~yf5$~Z  
(1) CUw 9aH  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. tbk9N( R  
(A) possibly little nourishment .g&BA15<F6  
(B) nourishment possibly little n#]G!7  
(C) little as possible nourishment |s`q+ U-  
(D) little nourishment as possible Ox43(S0~  
答案:D ~d5{Q?T)  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. Yc5$915  
(2) ;NPb  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. {5z?5i ?D  
(A) so early cE]kI,Fw,M  
(B) the earliest Hm^p^,}_x  
(C) as early as SI(8.$1  
(D) so early that Rx<pV_|H,  
答案:C nMbV{h ,  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as ^ pR&  
LtvyWc`  
考点三 the same…as Mo<p+*8u:  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, 6%xl}z]o  
如:She looks just the same as before. t-Fl"@s  
  I got the same feeling as you did. y@z #Jw<  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 : R&tO3_F  
例题: eK@Y] !lz  
(1) F y@D&j  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, ljCgIfZ_4  
         A       B          C u!S{[7 FY  
shorter tails, and longer bills. #,;k>2j0  
            D Q&LkST-i  
答案:B mnia>; 0H  
应改为:as. j?(QieBH  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” wDG4rN9x  
(2) ij),DbWd  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of PrcM'Q  
  A                 B    h^)2:0#{I  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. S'e2~-p0F  
   C          D Lsz`nD5  
答案:D ( FRf.mv{  
应改为:as \NqC i'&  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 J@fE" )  
\4[Ta,;t  
考点四 the more…,the more… {mQJ6 G'ny  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, $9~1s/('  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. GwULtRa/  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. |<0@RCgM  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 ,d+mT^jN  
例题: ^q` *!B 9@  
(1) YovY0nO  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. NsHveOK1.  
(A) the greater the need there is /WfxI>v  
(B) greater need v2'J L(=  
(C) is there great need h(-&.Sm")H  
(D) the great need CmOb+:4@K  
答案:A 8E+l; 2   
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, %-Z~f~<?  
*@nUas 2"  
i`$rzXcS  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. [4 j;FN Fa  
(2) 3XtGi<u  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. MVdx5 ,t  
(A) the stress it is greater v"+E Bfx  
(B) greater is the stress $NH Wg(/R@  
(C) greater stress is ?xZmm%JF  
(D) the greater the stress r.;iO0[/  
答案:D W)cLMGet  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D tqCg<NH.!m  
5QJL0fc  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer bf/loMtD  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, Yur)_m  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. N-E`go  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 {W<-f?  
例题: dy?|Q33Y"  
(1) wt S*w  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio {C6;$#7P  
          A           B      )fc"])&8  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. e622{dfVS  
    C                           D M) XQi/  
答案:A 4 GW[ GT  
应改为:no longer. 1iL xXd  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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