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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 SuJ aL-;  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 r;.yz I  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 h,u, ^ r  
例题: Q^9_' t}X  
(1) _lJ!R:*  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, <s31W3<v  
 A                       B :1. L}4"gg  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. v!-/&}W)1  
   C         D 1Ti f{i,B  
答案: D In"ZIKaC  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. Y|F9}hj(  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 #?aPisV X>  
(2) e\`&p  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. 93 )sk/j  
   A  B      C         D bivuqKA  
答案: D JQ_sUYh~3  
应改为: color ~|D Ut   
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 9IdA%RM~mH  
Wa>}wA=v  
"+R+6<"  
第二章 形容词 T*/rySs  
#'nr Er <  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分  L^/5ux  
,B*EVN  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 MIeU,KT#U  
/Vx7mF:  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 htO +z7  
例题: kUL' 1!j7  
(1) /Y:sLGQLD  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. bI7Vwyz  
       A  B   C          D "b~+;<}Q  
答案:C [NjXO`5#]  
应改为:certain. %vn"{3y>rF  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 j1Y~_  
(2) XFVE>/H  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. y;m|  
  A       B         C   D B {n,t}z  
答案:C v ,i%Q$  
应改为:visual. 9R!atPz9  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 NR$3%0 nC6  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: { T/[cu<  
The man was awake. nmee 'oEw  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) 2lZ Q)   
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable }?$F}s-  
例题: r5S[-`s;  
(1) Y1 w9y  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means % "i(K@  
     A                 B        C ^`i#$  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. (q/e1L-S  
       D i'<[DjMDlm  
答案: D B6+khuG(  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 7uqzm  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) SBu"3ym  
(2) 5+0gR &|j  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also h%na>G  
 A              B               C H064BM  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. S&5&];Ag  
                 D Wx%H%FeK  
答案: A _#E 0g'3  
应改为:like Vi$~-6n&  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 IZ-1c1   
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. q s!j>x  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, G^|:N[>B  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, F@j Z ho  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: WF+99?75  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 np^N8$i:n  
如: two young American students .WJ YQi  
    my three red pencils z=\&i\>;Z+  
第二节 比较级 ?#G$=4;i  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: wh`"w7br  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; Xf]d. :  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 zV37$Hb  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), Ms#M+[a  
?pmHFlx  
X=&ET)8-Y  
考点一 含有标志词than 1W LXM^ 4  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, 1<@W6@]  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. 9ULQrq$?  
  She possesses more books than I do. CAWNDl4  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. dt]-,Y  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, nPl?K:(  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, I-*S&SiXjI  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 3z?> j]  
例题: u'DRN,h+  
(1) - %h.t+=U  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. nh>vixe  
(A) coolest I"<\<^B<  
(B) the coolest E6ElNgL  
(C) cooler Rtl"Ub@HV  
(D) the cooler osAd1<EIC  
答案:A ~Ea} /Au  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 WPMSm<[  
(2) ,T$U'&;  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. I d .nu/  
           A   B              C     D IueF x u  
答案:A IY\5@PVZ  
应改为:more m8hk:4Ae  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 3$>1FoSk  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: Fj3a.'  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, h2]P]@nW;W  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. c9 _ rmz8  
   (that 指代the population) P* BmHz4KL  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. L+i=VGm0  
   (those 指代 designs) |{NYkw  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) ,i`,Oy(BI  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may s$ `0yGmQ  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. c]o'xd,T8\  
例题: YZ8>OwQz2  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. O;jrCB  
(A) than do $Sip$\+*  
(B) that are having |3"KK  
(C) which have 21l;\W  
(D) that do #f]SK[nR  
答案:A !F'YDjTot  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 6 V=9M:  
SZ'R59Ee<  
考点二 (not) so /as…as Wt-GjxGi  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, #h ]g?*}OJ  
如:It is as good as it looks. qfm|@v|De5  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. Cnh \%OW  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 ndMA-`Ny,  
例题: PK iy5D*8p  
(1) :':s@gqr  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. 0 /U{p,r6`  
(A) possibly little nourishment h3 }OX{k  
(B) nourishment possibly little B W*rIn<?G  
(C) little as possible nourishment +iRh  
(D) little nourishment as possible t-bB>q#3>  
答案:D qu{&xjTH8  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. X\qNG]  
(2) =dYqS[kJW  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. yYA$I'Bm\  
(A) so early >U27];}y  
(B) the earliest `Eo.v#<  
(C) as early as n9ej7oj  
(D) so early that M!D3}JRm  
答案:C GH$pKB  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as =MDys b&:  
ope^~+c~\  
考点三 the same…as z_4J)?3  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, @Z:l62l=bE  
如:She looks just the same as before. =^,m` _1  
  I got the same feeling as you did. mGg+.PFsM  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 u>a5GkG.  
例题: "'?>fe\qG  
(1) _ZSR.w}j/  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, ]2qo+yB  
         A       B          C DT&@ ^$?  
shorter tails, and longer bills. t!7-DF|N  
            D z1X`o  
答案:B &`2)V;t  
应改为:as. $X,D(  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” :P0mx   
(2) /R wjCUf  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of LyFN.2qw  
  A                 B    p9{mS7R9T  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. #Ki[$bS~6  
   C          D aWF655Fs*  
答案:D ,.FxIl ]  
应改为:as =U?dbSf1*  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 ] >E s4 s  
D2~*&'4y  
考点四 the more…,the more… 3L}A3de'  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, V)N%WX G  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ?^\|-Gr  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. Qd3 j%(  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 5VU 2[ \  
例题: N qWdRU  
(1) .eVG:tl\  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 7WZ+T"O{I  
(A) the greater the need there is gc$l^`+M  
(B) greater need JDT`C2-Q  
(C) is there great need aAUvlb  
(D) the great need H"WprHe  
答案:A tK\~A,=  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, [ v*ju!  
7hPY_W y  
v` 1M[  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. xU`p|(SS-  
(2) {R6ZKB  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. R8'RA%O9J  
(A) the stress it is greater U # qK.  
(B) greater is the stress  *J`O"a  
(C) greater stress is tY4;F\e2|A  
(D) the greater the stress c{w2Gt!  
答案:D 0LJv'  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D S30%)<W  
u]UOSfn  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer R (n2A$  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, 2<}%kQ`  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. ?%[jR =w  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 3/eca  
例题: 5`p.#  
(1) ]:J$w]\  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio nAlQ7 '  
          A           B      a9Zq{Ysj  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. e$Pj.>-<=  
    C                           D c@L< Z`u  
答案:A S{T >}'y  
应改为:no longer. 7WzxA=*#  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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