考点四 名词(词组)作定语 8O7JuR
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 wVPq1? 9
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 sv[)?1S
例题: bZi>
(1) W t8 RC
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, <ya3|ycnS
A B l|&nGCW
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. 7!%cKZCY
C D mA4v 4z
答案: D o#T,vu0s
应改为: distribution/ distributing. #v`G4d
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 b'ew
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(2) C ]#R7G
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. N7jAPI@a\i
A B C D GWhb@K
答案: D O|OPdD
应改为: color oACE:h9U
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 L$jRg
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第二章 形容词 P
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 ha(hG3C
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 H%/$Rqg
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 *EDzj&
例题: Ds-%\@p
(1) S#ven&
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. tBf u{oC
A B C D K7y}R%QF
答案:C ~fS#)X3 D
应改为:certain. +]AE}UXZoh
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 U"ga0X5
(2) )"q2DjfX*
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. kiXa2Yn*(d
A B C D 45_zO#
答案:C uT=sDWD:
应改为:visual. PAqziq.
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 578Dl(I#)
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: H p1cVs
The man was awake. MEo+S
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) $<T)_g
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable S__ o#nf`%
例题: 8XT
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(1) _tYt<oB~%
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means Vg2s~ce{
A B C ogPxj KSI
of on-the-spot, alive reports. /Bb\jvk-E
D o6svSS
答案: D g*8s
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应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) N=|w]t0*yc
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) Q%@l`V)Rs
(2) 0xH$!?{b
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also B9+oI cO
A B C 4R^'+hy|?
gather data from documentary and oral sources. Mc{1Cdj
D )LnHm
答案: A 3``$yWWg
应改为:like 2)mKcUL-
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 )D(XDN
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. hcM 0?=
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, -6Cxz./#yS
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, E7y<iaA{~
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: jtl7t59R
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 -rU *)0PR
如: two young American students *bwLih!}H
my three red pencils b8T'DY;~
第二节 比较级 ~/
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英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: d(R3![:
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; ]xV7)/b5G
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 RYmk6w!w
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), 5a-8/.}cP
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考点一 含有标志词than ^d-`?zb
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, 7?B]X%
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. R (4 :_ xc
She possesses more books than I do. T4._S:~
He is more intelligent than I expected. Rl<~:,D
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, #^#N%_8
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, CEZ*a 0}=
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 6-<,1Q'D
例题: N2=gSEY
(1) 5qB>Song
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. >.QD:_@:
(A) coolest jbfMTb4
(B) the coolest O*!+D-
(C) cooler e-\J!E'1F
(D) the cooler W<v?D6dFq
答案:A v"=^?5B
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 prhFA3
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(2) *#dXW\8qu
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. Y
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A B C D A0o6-M]'0
答案:A Vg&`f
应改为:more 6e/ 2X<O
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 F(}d|z@@
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: n"d~UV^Uw
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, xlv:+
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. s%;18V:pi
(that 指代the population) <fWho%eOK
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. {#0B~Zr
(those 指代 designs) ${0Xq k
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) +#,t
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may 'xvV;bi
probably contribute more to the success of a play. #li;L
例题: )"=BbMfhu
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. E+UOuf*(
(A) than do BqKD+
(B) that are having X
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(C) which have Nbuaw[[iz
(D) that do E&GUg/d
答案:A >c8zMd
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 >LwAG:Ud
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考点二 (not) so /as…as
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比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, |#f
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如:It is as good as it looks. rL&585
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. f+1)Ju~
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 0ot=BlMu
例题: VCkhK9(N
(1) ukzXQe;l1
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. bXC
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(A) possibly little nourishment 6pxj9@X+
(B) nourishment possibly little W5EB+b49KM
(C) little as possible nourishment b;Q
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(D) little nourishment as possible (E\7Ui0Q
答案:D 'hg, W]
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. eWW\m[k]}
(2) ) l0=jb
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. 33s
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(A) so early gj$
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(B) the earliest H:a(&Zb
(C) as early as {SCwi;m
(D) so early that CYes'lr
答案:C Q0Dw2>~_K
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as /8
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考点三 the same…as
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此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, mVP@c&1w?
如:She looks just the same as before. 0Eo*C9FP~
I got the same feeling as you did. OI::0KOv
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 $NT{ssh
例题: uRxo,.}c
(1) MJ4+|riB
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, A
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A B C y*2:(nI
shorter tails, and longer bills. =uMoX
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答案:B )LKutN?tBy
应改为:as. u2@:[:Ao
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” $:{uF#
(2) qIuY2b`6
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of GbBcC#0
A B }9:d(B9;
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. g.iiT/b
C D f*aYS
答案:D #L`@["
应改为:as _ ?xORzO
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 T%VC$u4F
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考点四 the more…,the more… '>@evrG
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, Z ZX|MA!
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. l]uF!']f
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. k-*H=km
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 OLXG0@
例题: "6FZX~]s!
(1) zL+jlUkE
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ?|
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(A) the greater the need there is \h!%U*!7{
(B) greater need kL*
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(C) is there great need |p-, B>p!
(D) the great need O>IY<]x>L
答案:A h'|{@X
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, U_K"JOZ
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. W.'#pd
(2) _)"-z
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The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. )+OI}
(A) the stress it is greater .D!0$W mOZ
(B) greater is the stress iVu
(C) greater stress is YC8wo1;Y!
(D) the greater the stress NTbmI$(
答案:D ="Zr. g~8
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D `*g(_EZsS
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer ywTt<;
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, q^; SZ^yW5
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. * ?x$q/a
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 B52n'.
例题: lqe|1vN
(1) VHyH't_&s
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 3`.*
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A B 2[
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. p!B&&)&db
C D n_QSuh/Wn
答案:A _N)/X|=~s
应改为:no longer. m#1>y}
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer