考点二 过去分词 -L>xVF-|:1
1. 过去分词作定语 E:/G!1
与现在分词类似,过去分词作定语常可和定语从句替换, 通常表示被动的含义. NKf][!bi
如:a theory derived from rich experience 0PO'9#
= a theory that has been derived from rich experience 1Y!"C
a gas composed of four chemical elements +X6xCE
= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements |fnP@k
单个分词可放在被修饰词之前,如:distinguished guests, unexpected trouble m`CcU`s
改错题中常考现在分词和过去分词的混用,关键看被修饰词和分词代表的动作是主动还是被动关系。 }z:g}".4
例如: boiling water (沸腾的水,表示正在沸腾); boiled water(开水, 表示已经烧开) ]7" W(
2. 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别
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有时一个动词词尾分别加上-ing和-ed就构成了一组同源现在分词和过去分词, 这样的例子在英语里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 这些由动词变化而来的分词已经被人们视为形容词了. 但是, 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语时有什么区别呢? 5>+>=)*
现在分词通常表示某个事物的特性, 通常用来修饰某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等; ov&4&v
过去分词通常表示人的感受或状态, 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦虑的神情) ;/?M&rX
试比较: an interesting boy (一个有趣的男孩 - 让人觉得很有趣) !wy
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an interested boy (一个产生了兴趣的男孩 d#E]>:w9
同样, 当同源现在分词和过去分词做表语时, 在意思上也存在同样的区别, 如: A_3V1<
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The results are very disappointing. (结果很让人失望) ,>% 2`Z)
We are very disappointed at the results. (我们对这样的结果很失望) EUH&"8
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例题: (n:d
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(1) m?cC 0(6
The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States. 6\>S%S2:
(A) chartered iq'hel
(B) was chartered 0G`_dMN
(C) it was chartered |hBX"
(D) to be chartered d,kh6'g2@
答案:A g-`HKoKe
解释:本句主谓结构完整, 缺少的是主语的修饰成分, A构成过去分词短语作定语;B C 的动词结构与原句谓语冲突; D 不定式一般表示即将发生的动作, 与in 1785不符 wBz?OnD/D
(2) c\"t+/Z
A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. k L\;90
A B C D +vOlA#t%Z
答案:C k"_i7
应改为:fixed :pj00
解释:fix是动词,不能修饰名词period, 依句意改为分词fixed, “一段固定时间” qxS=8#-`(
(3) ~uy{6U{&I
Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons. $|+q9o\
(A) called | R MIV
(B) to call o5=1
(C) is called WAr;g?Q8
(D) call as X(sHFVU+
答案:A kA3nhBH
解释:此句主谓完整, 句中又无连词, 需填的只可能是非谓语成分, A 是过去分词短语作定语, 等效于which is called, 符合题意. C D 属谓语结构, 与原句谓语冲突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通 MmUtBT
3. 过去分词作状语 Ay?KE{Qs '
过去分词也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的状语,常表示事件发生的背景或原因, ZlaU+Y(_[
如:Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake. 7{<:g!
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feated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages. A4;EtW+F
特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致. 选择题中, 经常要求考生在分词状语部分填入合适的过去分词或现在分词. 到底选择哪种分词, 考生可以采取这样的作题方法: 首先根据“分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致”的原则确定状语部分的主语, 再判断这个主语和分词是什么关系, 若是主动关系则应该用现在分词, 若是被动关系则要用过去分词. 0\fV'JDOR
例题: F3BWi[Xh
(1) \:>GF-Z(
---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States. "},0Cs
(A) Founded l!r2[T]I@7
(B) Founding WhPwD6l>
(C) To found &T7|f!y
(D) Having founded b.=bgRV2{x
答案:A ahezDDR-.i
解释:分词部分的逻辑主语也应当是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之间是被动关系, 所以空格处应填入过去分词 gz{~\0y
(2) 61qs`N=k
Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over QGv$ ~A[h
A B C rHS;wT
the next three year. -e#~CE-
D &