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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-25   

语法5

考点二 过去分词 }YW0?-G.$  
1. 过去分词作定语 z~Ph=1O>p  
与现在分词类似,过去分词作定语常可和定语从句替换, 通常表示被动的含义. ;>QED  
如:a theory derived from rich experience /ZqBO*]  
= a theory that has been derived from rich experience xT70Rp(2po  
a gas composed of four chemical elements Y:[WwX|  
= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements ePdM9%  
单个分词可放在被修饰词之前,如:distinguished guests, unexpected trouble xoF]r$sC8  
改错题中常考现在分词和过去分词的混用,关键看被修饰词和分词代表的动作是主动还是被动关系。 !`q*{Ojx  
例如: boiling water (沸腾的水,表示正在沸腾); boiled water(开水, 表示已经烧开) 4o8uWS{`  
2. 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别 nv1'iSEeOl  
有时一个动词词尾分别加上-ing和-ed就构成了一组同源现在分词和过去分词, 这样的例子在英语里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 这些由动词变化而来的分词已经被人们视为形容词了. 但是, 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语时有什么区别呢? P1;T-.X~&  
现在分词通常表示某个事物的特性, 通常用来修饰某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等; u3vBMe0v[  
过去分词通常表示人的感受或状态, 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦虑的神情) 6kuN)  
试比较: an interesting boy (一个有趣的男孩 - 让人觉得很有趣) Oe4 l` = 2  
    an interested boy (一个产生了兴趣的男孩 0JQy-hpF  
同样, 当同源现在分词和过去分词做表语时, 在意思上也存在同样的区别, 如: ;"SnCBt:>  
The results are very disappointing. (结果很让人失望) fI>>w)5  
We are very disappointed at the results. (我们对这样的结果很失望) LuY`mi  
例题: cE> K:3n  
(1) TWYz\Hmw  
The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States. :'?%%P  
(A) chartered 4[a?. .X  
(B) was chartered >C y  
(C) it was chartered # eqt{  
(D) to be chartered ;ZX P*M9  
答案:A `l@[8H%aw  
解释:本句主谓结构完整, 缺少的是主语的修饰成分, A构成过去分词短语作定语;B C 的动词结构与原句谓语冲突; D 不定式一般表示即将发生的动作, 与in 1785不符 r/1:!Vu(  
(2) fiz2544  
A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. 8v@6 &ras@  
      A      B              C     D S>}jsP:V  
答案:C au7%K5  
应改为:fixed :,"dno7OQ  
解释:fix是动词,不能修饰名词period, 依句意改为分词fixed, “一段固定时间” 6TJ5G8z_  
(3) )#k*K9[@  
Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons. pw{3I 2Ix  
(A) called xEQ2iCeC  
(B) to call j)ZvlRi,  
(C) is called ^@ s!"c  
(D) call as K y~ 9's  
答案:A -q' np0H  
解释:此句主谓完整, 句中又无连词, 需填的只可能是非谓语成分, A 是过去分词短语作定语, 等效于which is called, 符合题意. C D 属谓语结构, 与原句谓语冲突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通 I2kqA5>)j  
3. 过去分词作状语 6cz%>@  
过去分词也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的状语,常表示事件发生的背景或原因, (q`Jef  
如:Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake. L>+g;GJ  
  De }MP2)6  
" ] 0ER  
feated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages. 2uFaAAT  
特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致. 选择题中, 经常要求考生在分词状语部分填入合适的过去分词或现在分词. 到底选择哪种分词, 考生可以采取这样的作题方法: 首先根据“分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致”的原则确定状语部分的主语, 再判断这个主语和分词是什么关系, 若是主动关系则应该用现在分词, 若是被动关系则要用过去分词. k1Zu&4C\  
例题: A Ntp7ad  
(1) 6 GX'&z  
---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States. hh}%Z=  
(A) Founded v:1l2Y)g  
(B) Founding x n)FE4  
(C) To found y?O{J!U  
(D) Having founded z"o;|T:  
答案:A }l$M%Ps!a  
解释:分词部分的逻辑主语也应当是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之间是被动关系, 所以空格处应填入过去分词 UT[nzbG  
(2) ;y<)RM  
Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over 2n +j.  
    A                   B     C !jY/}M~F1  
  the next three year. }<7Dyn ,  
     D *E0+!  
答案:A x={t}qDS8  
应改为:Almost destroyed _Ptf^+  
解释:by是被动式的标志词, 动词destroy应用过去分词destroyed, 这样既表被动又构成句子的状语 GJWC}$#T Y  
y$s}-O]/-  
考点三 独立主格结构 FW#Lf]FJ  
独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式,对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致,而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性 toPA@V  
1、主要特征 Djx9TBZ5  
(1) 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构,分词与主语间是主谓关系, 0uzis09  
基本形式为:主语+现在分词或过去分词 j{V xB  
如:his heart bleeding G+4a%?JH  
  the baby crying w3Aq[1U0  
  the project completed L W_ Y  
      The school being over, the street was full of the students. oV ?tp4&  
      = When the school was over, the street was full of the students. .6!]RA5!=  
(2)切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构, %s$_KG!&  
比较:my mind wandering (独立主格); 1mOZ\L!m*  
My mind was wandering (主谓结构) SZg+5MD;X  
(3)独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致 (~-q}_G;Q  
如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn't utter a word. (独立主格) ./kmI#gaV  
对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致: SynxMUlA  
Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word. X X{:$f+  
2. 在句子中的作用 HG@!J>YaD  
独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间、条件,原因、伴随状态等 b9EJLD  
如:The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. (时间) 0'^? m$  
Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. (条件) OI %v>ns  
Time pressing, they had to work overtime. (原因) Y~=5umNSX  
The leaves rustling in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. (伴随) )%;#~\A  
例题: {eIE|   
(1) ] 5P{*  
  ----modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. v{H23Cfh:  
(A) If )t&|oQ3sVG  
(B) But \'E_  
(C) With &>I8^i  
(D)Once :KX/`   
答案:C  Ea\a:  
解释:句中主干完整, 主语是designers, 谓语是are attempting, 之后是不定式构成的宾语. 空白后 becoming 采取分词形式, modern offices是becoming的逻辑主语, 因此可确定需填入的词会与原句构成独立主格结构, 而不是从句, A B D可一次性排除, 其实此句除去空白处, 已是完整的句子, 类似句子如: The man entered the room, his hair flying in the air. i=o>Bl@f  
注意: 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由with引导, 如本例题. 1b6gTfU  
iCAd7=o  
第三节 动名词 H _3gVrP_  
动名词是动词的特殊形式,拼写类似现在分词,用法类似名词,具有与二者均不同的特点:动名词可作动词或介词宾语(分词不行)之后可以再接宾语(名词不行),它兼备了动词和名词的功能,故称作动名词 MLBZmM '  
考点一 动名词作宾语 ?N11R?8  
1. 许多动词不能接不定式作宾语,同时又需要动宾结构作宾语,此时动名词便可大显身手了,如:enjoy singing(喜欢唱歌), (Egykh>  
avoid looking me in the eye L@a-"(TN+  
miss crashing into the tree D>G&aQ  
Fancy meeting you here! (想不到在这里见到你了) q<hN\kBs  
常接动名词doing做宾语的动词有: "a,Tc2xk  
enjoy, mind, delay, avoid, consider, deny, miss, escape, fancy, suggest, insist等 B]*&lRR  
另外, 在一些固定用法当中, 也需要用动名词做宾语, 如: <V6#)^Or  
can't help doing, it's no use doing, it's worth doing, be busy doing, feel like doing等. N`iK1n4 X  
2. 有的动词既可以用动名词作宾语,也可以用不定式,两者意思区别不大, 如: like, begin, start, love, learn等, ;"Ot\:0  
如: She began playing piano when she was five. pY8+;w EI  
She began to play piano when she was five. )@K|Co  
但是对于remember, forget, try等动词来说,接不定式和接动名词意义不同, 如: ;V@} oD+  
How many people remember listening to the radio broadcast, "The War of the Worlds" { @-Q1  
(还有多少人记得听过无线广播-- The War of the Worlds) (表示已经听过了) .}Zmqz[  
I remember to listen to the radio broadcast, "The War of the Worlds" B;K{Vo:C  
(我想起来要听广播-- The War of the Worlds) (表示还没有听过) zG @ !(  
We must try to work this problem out. (我们必须尽力把这道题做出来)(表示努力,设法) PTePSj1N  
We can try doing it. (我们可以试着做它) (表示尝试) uO^{+=;A =  
动名词作介词宾语的情况更加普遍,详见第四章介词-介宾短语 p!Gf ^  
例题: j|[s?YJl  
(1) U| N`X54  
A mortgage enables a person to buy property without paying for it outright; thus more -%t0'cKn,  
      A      B      C qp{NRNkQ  
people are able to enjoy to own a house. 2j"%}&  
           D a"&Z!A:Z=  
答案:D =  Oq;  
应改为:owning 9J%>2AA  
解释:enjoy doing是固定用法,必须用动名词作enjoy的宾语 n `n3[  
NK4ven7/  
考点二 动名词作主语、定语或表语 /60[T@Mz  
和名词相仿,动名词可作句子的主语、表语或名词的定语 }pTj8Tr  
如:Meeting you is my pleasure. rmhCuY?f  
His job is driving a bus. '<}7bw}+c  
The opening ceremony will begin in five minutes. h)<42Y  
在简单句中, 只能有一个主语和一个谓语, 考试时经常会出现在一个简单句中主语部分不全或干脆没有主语部分, 需要考生将句子补全, 这时要注意的是主语部分只能是名词短语, 动名词短语或不定式短语, 而不能是动词短语或句子, 如: J}YI-t  
例题: BF_k~  
(1) z%AIv%  
---- by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating. 9iOlR=-*  
(A) Eliminate problems rxz3Mqg  
(B) The eliminated problems ~/#?OLj(T  
(C) Eliminating problems BT#>b@Xub  
(D) Problems are eliminated KYl^{F  
答案:C EjF}yuq[  
解释:此句只是主语部分不完整,可排除A,D; B与句意不符,只有C动名词词组合适,与scapegoating相呼应。注意by后面的短语表示一种方式、手段,而不是被动式的施动者 }(],*^'u-  
(2) ~::R+Lh(  
---- raw materials into useful products is called manufacturing. |knP  
(A)Transform vV'^HD^v  
(B) Transforming zk/!#5JtK  
(C) Being transformed 6X jUb  
(D) When transforming njX:[_&  
答案:B I{AU,  
解释:此句is之前是句子的主语,之后是谓语,空格处需要一个能接宾语raw materials的名词性结构,这正是动名词所具备的特点,因此答案非B莫属 1Efl|lV  
注意:有时需要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词,表示动名词的逻辑主语 XVLuhw i  
如:       Would you mind my turning off the radio? E*I]v  
I'm rather disappointed at Helen's putting on airs at the party. ,C&>mv xA  
She remembered Tom owing her ten dollars. B~aOs>1 S]  
此语法点题目中较少涉及,但有助于读懂题干 `kv$B3  
$oQsh|sTI  
第四节 助动词 v-gT 3kJ  
[.I,B tY+  
助动词没有独立的语义,主要作用是协助谓语动词表示时态、语态或构成疑问式、否定式等 X|QCa@Foe  
助动词和情态动词的共同特点是需要和其他动词搭配使用才有意义,而且句子的否定式和疑问式都可通过这两类词体现 ?.A|Fy^  
一、have/has (现在完成时), had (过去完成时) u7C{>  
这组助动词主要用来构成完成时态,形式为:have /has /had + 过去分词 oto od  
如:I haven't seen you for ages. vedMzef[@>  
  She had mentioned this before. 48ma&f;  
二、be iy#OmI>j  
be本身可作谓语动词,但在进行时中它是助动词,与现在分词搭配使用,缺一不可 vg.%.~!9  
如:She's watching a football match. bGi_", 8  
  He's looking for his favorite pet. 9v F2aLPk  
此外,be和过去分词搭配构成被动语态 >YBpB,WND  
如:The vicar was killed in a car accident. 0;h1LI)  
三、do/does (一般现在时), did (一般过去时) /h M>dkwu  
此组助动词用于构成疑问式或否定式 cO RMR!  
如:He doesn't feel like smoking at the moment. r^E]GDz  
  Did you meet the manager this morning? q-G|@6O  
四、will, shall, would V0 F30rK  
此组助动词用于构成将来时 !~N4}!X3du  
如:He won't be able to see you until an hour later. In c:t_  
  Mary promised she would pay you a visit soon. bQy%$7UmX,  
例题: 2E2}|: ||&  
(1) YU=ZZEVi  
The colors of a rainbow ---- arranged in the same order. Uo}&-$B  
(A) which are always uK:-g,;  
(B) and they are always K~8tN ,~&  
(C) always n6-Ic',;  
(D) are always ~{vdP=/WP  
答案:D :dguQ|e  
解释:空格前是句子的主语,之后是过去分词短语,空格处需要补全句子的谓语,A使原句只有从句无主句;B并列句的前一个分句无谓语;arrange与color是被动关系,C是主动式,可排除;只有D助动词are恰好与arranged构成句子的谓语 /HuYduGdP  
第五节 情态动词 = (gmd>N  
(Q5@MfK`  
情态动词有表示能够、愿意、请求等多种意思,比助动词用法要相对复杂些,TOEFL考试中,首先要记住语法上的要点,即情态动词之后必须接动词原形 q83~j `ZJ$  
常见情态动词有: e4Ox`gLa*p  
must, may, might, can, could, need, shall, should, ought to, will, would, dare, dared s!'A\nVV1$  
情态动词表示现在对过去发生的事的猜测、想法时应该用 (情态动词 + 完成时动词),表示“应当已经 / 一直……”,“想必已经 / 一直……”。使用不同的情态动词,存在着语气、意思上的区别。 r^A#[-VyNP  
must + 完成时动词:表示对过去事情的肯定性推测,意思为“一定”,“必定”。 6#)Jl  
It's ten o'clock now, they must have arrive in Beijing. e$EF% cKH  
(现在10点了,他们肯定已经到了北京。) Ejms)JK+  
He is quite tired, he must have been overworking last night. Y v>BOK  
(他太累了,准是昨晚加班了。) +&7Kk9^  
may/might /can/could + 完成时动词 %x6Ov\s2  
(1) 均表示不肯定的推测,注意与must 肯定语气的比较。 *?bk?*?s  
He is so depressed, I'm afraid that he might have failed in the test. #t@x6Vt  
(他心情这么沮丧,恐怕考试没有过。) eky(;%Sz  
(2) 另外表示责备“本来可以(而竟没有)之意。 28R>>C=R  
(3)注意cannot / couldn't + 完成时动词,表示对过去事情进行肯定性的否定推测,意思为“不可能干/做”,“肯定没有做……”。 A6N~UV*_  
He couldn't have finished the homework in such a short time. +lW}ixt  
他不可能在如此短的时间内作完家庭作业。 }xb_s  
should / shouldn't / ought to / ought not to + 完成时动词: g. ?*F#2  
用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,意思为“应该做而未做 / 不应该做却做了”(参考“虚拟语气”章节) WB r:|F+~s  
I should have brought the wallet with me. 我该带上钱包的。 ojx'g8yO  
He oughtn't to have been complaining about such a trivial matter. 他不应该为这件小事而抱怨不休。 $>r>0S#+\&  
needn't + 完成时动词;表示做了不必要的事,意思是“原本不必”。注意与cannot / couldn't + 完成时动词 进行比较。 'B3Wz a.  
You needn't have told him the matter. 你其实不必告诉他这件事。 ?+n&hHRg  
You couldn't have told him the matter. 你不可能把这件事告诉他了。 (/U)> %n  
区别于 would + 动词完成时,用于与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,表示对过去事情的假设。(参考“虚拟语气”章节) c6,s+^^  
If I had enough money on me, I would have bought the book. 如果我带的钱够,我就把那本书买下来了。 VW9>xVd4  
例题: #0bO)m+NZ  
(1) kS+r"e .TM  
A fish must constantly to gulp water in order to keep a current flowing through 2.LJp}>  
          A                B o)%-l4S  
its delicate gills. b96t0w!cs  
C D ]C16y. ~e  
答案:A mRhd/|g*  
应改为:gulp. d>%gW*  
解释:情态动词must之后用动词原形, 不能接不定式 d4Co^A&  
(2) 4$ Dt8!p0  
Before the retina of the eye can be examined, the pupil must to be artificially dilated. ,VNi_.W0  
 A       B       C       D K8HIuQ!=  
答案:D `$s)X$W?  
应改为:must be FXP6zHsV  
解释:must是情态动词, 直接接动词原形, 而不能接不定式 I|,pE**T  
the end. D \N \BD  
第六章代词 O 'k+7y  
-S"5{N73  
代词顾名思义,用来替代前面出现过的成分,以使语言简练、避免重复。 oZTgN .q  
代词种类繁多,包括人称代词(如:I, him)、物主代词(如:her, ours, their)、反身代词(如:yourself, themselves)、指示代词(如:that, these)、不定代词(如:every, any)、疑问代词、关系代词等。这里集中讲解人称代词和物主代词,其他类型的代词在其他章节中分别阐述 <9P4}`%)3  
{5^K Xj$B  
第一节 人称代词 j-7u>s-l  
>+cSPN'i>  
人称代词分为两类:主格和宾格,人称代词的格变化是TOEFL中的一个常考考点 1/B]TT  
?4XnEDA m  
考点一 主格 )4l>XlQ&  
主格代词分别是: #/Ruz'H1>  
第一人称:I , we(复数) lT2 4JhJ#  
第二人称:you(单复同) dsJm>U )  
第三人称:he, she, it, they(复数) 96d~~2p  
主格代词在句中作主语,填空题缺少主语时,有时填主格代词 H BH$  
  /<);=&[  
例题: HPrq1Qp K  
(1) j5Qo*p  
Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, ----communicate through facial expressions and by making noises. K]c4"JJ  
(A) however !b8uLjd;  
(B) they ui:=  
(C) furthermore V YZU eh  
(D) who H&#{l)  
答案:B rLU'*}  
解释:空白前分别是本句的从句和主句,主句中缺少主语, 只有B代词可独立作主语 b_TS<,  
(2) y<pnp?x4  
Every individual cell, whether its exists as an independent microorganism or is part of a !Uh2}ic  
                    A                 B        %Y]=1BRk}  
  complex creature, has its own life cycle. NQfYxB1Yr:  
   C                    D <3 TA>Dz  
答案:A %f j+70  
应改为:it fH\X  
解释:物主代词its不能与动词exist连用,应改为人称代词作从句的主语 -'`TL$  
%@Oma  
考点二 宾格 (-0ePSO G  
(1) 宾格代词分别是:  7Vu?  
第一人称:me, us(复数) -`+<{NHv\  
第二人称:you(单复同) lhH`dG D  
第三人称:him, her, it, them(复数) |F[=b'?  
例如:No one can jump over the channel except Mary and him (这里用宾格,而不能用he) X T[zj <&_  
(2) 宾格代词在句中作动词或介词的宾语,改错题中常误用主格代词作宾语,应改为宾格 ,HB2 hHD  
例如:I go out with her. (注意介词 with) ,1oQ cC  
Most of us came from village. (注意介词of后面必须用宾格) /AS aB  
例题: FOwnxYGVf  
(1) 7a4o1;l  
The texture of soil is determined by the size of the grains or particles that make up. x YfD()w<I  
          A       B       C     D )yG"^Ulu  
答案:D 59r_#(u o  
应改为:make it up @{hd{>K*  
解释:make up是及物动词词组, 需要宾语, 依句意加上宾格代词it, 指代soil G7GZDi  
(2) 7ZxaPkIu&%  
Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable ---- spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.  YZc>dE  
(A) they  =<}<Ny  
(B) to their 5U`ZbG  
(C) its 1'.7_EQ4T  
(D) them to @"-</x3o  
答案:D DdQ;Q5|  
解释:空格处需要及物动词enable的宾语, A是主格代词, 不能作宾语; B、C中的物主代词不能接动词spring; D中的them是宾格代词作宾语, 同时to与spring构成不定式, 作复合宾语 V7d) S&*V  
O7d$YB_'  
第二节 物主代词 t.T UmJ  
:bu>],d-8'  
物主代词用来表示所属关系,分为形容词性和名词性两类 Tm}rH]F&  
一、形容词性物主代词 aNcd` $0  
形容词性物主代词分别是: fyTAou6hI  
第一人称:my, our(复数) YB<*"HxM)}  
第二人称:your(单复同) Q;11N7+   
第三人称:his, her, its, their(复数) sUZX }  
形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,只能作名词的限定词,如:my watch, their coach 3@+b }9s8  
改错题经常误用其他类型的代词作名词定语,此时应改为形容词性物主代词 r{\1w t  
例题: I V%zO+  
(1) 7tUA>;++  
Mammals lose body heat to them environment in cold weather more quickly than in dr)YzOvba  
     A       B       C        D :NJ_n6E  
hot weather. 2M#M"LHo  
答案: B P-F)%T[  
应改为: their --;@ 2:lg{  
解释: 人称代词them不能修饰名词, 与其对应的物主代词their恰好作名词environment的限定词 vEf4HZ&w  
二、名词性物主代词 mxor1P#|  
名词性物主代词分别是: ? WJ> p  
第一人称:mine, ours(复数,我的东西,我们的东西) ^ ,m< 9  
第二人称:yours(单复同, 你的东西) +]=e;LN$0  
第三人称:his, hers, its, theirs(复数,它的东西,他们的东西) V5+SWXZ  
名词性物主代词相当于名词可单独使用作句子的主语、表语或宾语。 m/ #a0~dB  
例:   These pencils are theirs. (这些铅笔是他们的) UOQEk22  
    This book are yours. Mine is over there. (yours 做宾语,Mine做主语) h(WrL  
例题 fXrXV~'8  
(1) %%(R@kh 9  
For years, elephants were hunted for food and ivory, and as a result theirs numbers *s@Qtgu  
             A                B   C <ZU=6Hq  
have been greatly reduced. O=u1u}CP?  
       D Uj&W<'I  
答案:B 5 ae2<Y=  
应改为:their. h iNEJ_f  
解释:theirs 是名词性物主代词, 后面不能接名词, 形容词性物主代词才可以 7 |DHplI  
>0Q|nCx  
第三节 反身代词 wAnb Di{W  
2^?:&1:  
反身代词主要有: sz9L8f2  
第一人称:myself, ourselves(复数) `/Y{ l  
第二人称:yourself, yourselves(复数) !^Q.VYY  
第三人称:himself, herself, itself, themselves(复数) @ A)R_p  
还有一个oneself qJ0fQI\  
1. 在TOEFL考试中,经常混淆反身代词的写法,结尾的-self和-selves经常故意写错 3sd"nR?aX  
例题: O%r;5kP  
In Williamsburg, the capital of Virginia until 1780, people conducted themself much aZ\ UrV4 ,  
            A    B            C .*elggM  
like the gentry in London. eb*#'\~'  
9{:O{nl  
答案:C 4b:s<$TZ  
应改为:themselves ?&Pg2] g<  
2. 反身代词的用法 `9 {mr<  
可以用来做宾语: He hurt himself when he fell. L<fvKmo(fw  
可以用来做表语: He is not quite himself today. (他今天有些不舒服) JMTvSXr  
反身代词经常放在名词或者代名词的后面来进行强调, 表示“亲自”的意思 Un6/e/6,  
I myself do it. H{t_xL)k.  
I do it myself. %Ts PyiYl  
They made the research themselves. 0q&'(-{s1  
但是不能够说:Himself does it. 应改为: He does it. /EG~sRvl}  
       This is himself's book.. 应改为:This is his own book.. zq%D/H6J,  
3.TOEFL考试中经常会出现反身代词用错的时候,其中最主要的是Oneself j^`hzh3S  
例题: T 6~_Q}6  
The vanilla vine sends out tiny rootlets by which the vine attaches oneself to trees. A=kH%0s2p@  
       A    B            C   D \w'*z&`W9  
答案: D not YeY7wR  
应改为:itself. \cCV6A[  
Oneself 往往要跟one对应,例如: 8| $3OVS  
One should not livef for oneself alone. r#6_]ep}<'  
4.反身代词常和一些介词连用组成一些惯用语,了解它们对做题和阅读都大有帮助 &hk-1y9QS  
by oneself (单独、独自) aj}(E +  
He said that he could do it by himself. z.}[m,oTF  
For oneself: 为了自己 O-4 C+?V  
"kc/J*u-3  
  -J^(eog[6  
第四节 不定代词 1LJU r"6]  
K).n.:vYZ  
不定代词的用法区别在TOEFL中经常出现,这些区别对许多同学来讲比较容易混淆 (xq%  
一、比较both 和All EKp@9\XBC  
Both,either, neither都是在谈到两个人或者东西的时候用到 4WB-Ec  
Both of them are right. (他们两个人都对) $k$4% 7  
You can take either book.(两本书你可以任意挑一本) Zo {$  
Neither of them is going to get haircut. (他们俩谁也不愿意理发) u_).f<mUdF  
All of the books are worth to read. (三本书以上) \Y}3cE  
None of them is going to get haircut. (them指三个人以上) $O^v]>h  
I like any of them. (them指三个人以上) %r+vSGt;5  
二、None 和no J6jwBo2m  
None和no都用于否定的意思。但是None是“没有一个人或者没有一个东西”,在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、同位语等。而No是“没有”的意思,只能够当作形容词用,不能够作代词用。 $u/E\l  
None of them knew how to do it. (不能够说no of them) w eQYQrN  
No women are allowed to come in. vO;I(^Q  
三、another, the other, others, the others 'u` .P: u?  
1.在涉及到两个人或者东西的时候,任意取一个用one, 另外那个用the other(表示特指) >*wtbkU  
I have two computers; one is IBM, the other is Dell. LjU'z#  
2.涉及到三个以上时,任意取一个用one, 泛指另外一个用another nW|wY.  
Three people went to the meeting. One was a software programmer, another was a network expert, and the third was a college student. )3(;tT,$}^  
3.涉及到三个以上时,任意取一个用one, 表示特指其他的那些用the others或者用 `|Or{ih  
the other+名词 1 n%?l[o  
Two of them go to Canada, the others go to America. +,2Jzl'-  
(他们中两个人去了加拿大,其他人去了美国) W14 Vm(`N  
Two of the students go to Canada, the other students go to America. 1xc~`~  
第七章简单句 hkO sm6  
2On_'^O  
只包含一个主谓结构(一个主语+一个谓语)的句子称作简单句,是英文句子的基本形式。麻雀虽小,五脏俱全,简单句同样可以包括主语、谓语、宾语、状语、同位语等多种成分 .IJ_jt-^d  
6; Y0a4Ax  
第一节 主谓结构 -n0C4kZ2o  
5E0eyW  
考点一 一般主谓结构考法 r",]Voibd  
1. 主谓结构可谓是句子的核心与灵魂,完整的句子不能缺少主谓结构,即主语+谓语。 vS;1/->WD  
2. 填空题中大量涉及句子的主谓结构,这不仅适用于简单句,并列句和复合句也是同样的道理,无论是并列分句、主句还是从句都需要主语和谓语。 ``A 0WN  
解题的步骤: 要求首先确定句子的主谓结构,根据缺少的成分对选项进行排除和筛选 MC&\bf  
例题: M_LXg%  
(1) +ht| N[ P  
Traditionally, ----in New England on Thanksgiving Day. z_ =Bt  
(A) when served is sweet cider Ez{MU@Fk  
(B) when sweet cider is served b~BIz95   
(C) is served sweet cider dSCzx .c  
(D) sweet cider is served T}3v(6ew4  
答案:D {iG@U=>  
解释:此句只给出时间和地点状语, 需填入完整的主语和谓语作为句子的主干, A B 只有when引导的从句没有主句; C 上来就是is, 没有主语; D 由名词词组sweet cider和serve的被动式构成主谓语, 使原句成为一个简单句 O@iu aeEW  
(2) kbPE "urR  
A historical novel may do more than mirror history; ----future events. 4Z*U}w)  
(A) even influencing >]=j'+]  
(B) it may even influence irk*~k ?  
(C) may even influence I\ |  N  
(D) that it may even influence umLb+GbI4  
答案:B an2AX% u  
解释:分号可以连接两个语义并列的完整句子, 此句需填入一个主谓结构, 从而使分号后的句子完整. A不能作谓语, 且缺主语; C缺主语; D 构成从句, 无法与分号前的句子并列 1|8<H~&  
3. 主语多由名词充当,还可能是代词、动名词、不定式等 1b9hE9a{j  
如:He ran away. (此句中代词he是主语,ran away是谓语) E0oU$IB  
有的题目选项中无明显的主谓结构,往往需要考虑there be句式,严格的讲there be是倒装句,但由于它是固定句式,可视为主谓结构 !AJ]j|@VBd  
如:There are a lot of monkeys in the zoo vs 6,  
[_xyl e  
考点二 谓语动词 htP|3B  
1. 主谓结构十分重要,谓语动词则是要点中的要点,国不可一日无君,句子不可缺少谓语动词。象祈使句可以没有主语,但却少不了谓语动词。 w{ `|N$  
2. 一个句子当中可能出现多个动词形式,却未必而且往往不都是谓语动词,必须掌握确定谓语动词的方法,才能从容解题。 (Vg}Hh?p  
一般说来能够决定句子的时态、语态、语气的词就是谓语动词,如:studies, was known, is reading, has achieved, must be, can make等形式的动词肯定是谓语;单独的分词、不定式都属于非谓语形式,如:broken, ringing, to look after 8[ry |J  
例句: Having thought for a while, she decided to forgive the man caught stealing her diamond. ^/Sh=4=G  
此句中有四个动词结构,但只有decided是谓语形式,其他分别为分词作状语(having thought)、不定式作宾语(to forgive)、分词作定语(caught stealing) sCl$f7"  
3. 谓语专一原则 YxJD_R  
(1) 简单句中只允许存在一个谓语动词,其余动词必须是非谓语形式,如上面的例句。 bzi|s5!'<  
英文中切忌:两个谓语形式的动词直接连接(尤其是be动词不能和实意动词连用,is do是绝不可能出现的),或以逗号连接 H(Ms^8Vs~:  
(2) 确实需要多个谓语时需用连词, 或主从句形式加以连接(分号也可) &@3m -Z  
如: She looked and smiled. >6Lm9&}  
   He will give you some advice; he may even help you do it. 7m5Co>NkuK  
(3) 值得注意的是并列句中的每个分句及主从句中的每个简单句仍需遵循谓语专一原则。 z (c9,3  
牢记这一原则才可准确地排除干扰选项,找出句中的致命错误 ezTZnutZ  
例题: dPjhq(8 zU  
(1) ix Z)tNz  
In a representative democracy, the people election delegates to an assembly. ^+?|Qfi  
     A    B        C         D em2_pq9q  
答案:C K X]oE+:  
应改为:elect. V:bV ?lt  
解释:election是名词, 不能作谓语, 更不能带宾语delegates, 故改为动词elect. b~7drf  
(2) gdj^df+2F  
 Since 1971 the regional corporations set up in Alaska by Congress managing bdh(WJh%  
   A      B                    C >{Rb 3Z]  
everything from fishing to banking.   m(sXk}e;1  
            D o4=Yu7L  
答案:C r{+aeLu  
应改为:have managed. 8 |h9sn;P  
解释:分词managing不能单独作谓语, 句首的since提示应用现在完成时 & 7Q H^  
(3) /c+)C"  
The edible tube mushroom ----a cushionlike, moist cap that is light brown or darkish red. B94 &elu  
(A) which has M:ai<TZ]  
(B) to have k ~6- cx  
(C) having ]@xL=%   
(D) has _ py2kjA6  
答案:D J+<p+(^*v  
解释:此句已给出主语和由定语从句修饰的宾语,缺少谓语动词,只有D可单独作谓语 q"aPJ0ni'  
考点三 表语 .?#uxd~>  
系动词be作谓语时,与之搭配的部分被称作表语,表语多由形容词、名词担当,也可是介宾短语、不定式、分词或动名词等  5) lW  
如:He is a doctor. jv}=&d  
  It's fantastic. &^ I+s^\=  
  She was in hospital. V; 9 }7mw  
以上句子中a doctor, fantastic, in hospital就是表语 fCEz-TMW  
例题: StQ@g  
(1) ~y\:iL//E  
Quasars----emitting extremely intense radio waves and visible radiation. U|fTb0fB  
(A) starlike objects are <]#o*_aFP  
(B) starlike, they are objects $@87?Ab  
(C) are starlike objects kHU"AD} .  
(D) are they starlike objects jE U'.RBN%  
答案:C Kd{#r/HZ  
解释:此句缺少谓语,C由系表结构组成,原句中的分词短语恰好作表语的定语。A B 与原句主语冲突,也不符合同位语的要求;D中they和starlike objects重复   8Uj:  
(2) /(%Ig,<"JC  
Wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is ----in various forms. q`loOm=y  
(A) abundant H%.zXQ4}n  
(B) the abundance Wu{&;$  
(C) an abundant 3hJH(ToO  
(D) it abundant k&DGJ5m$.  
答案:A />Jm Rdf  
解释:空格处需要is的表语,B不可数名词abundance之前不应加the;C少名词;D多代词it; A形容词,恰好作表语 i]M"Cu*  
|9]PtgQv7  
第二节 状语 p +D=}O  
Qu_EfmN|  
句子中除了主谓结构外,还可能包含表示时间、地点、方式等内容的状语,通常由副词、介宾短语来承当。 v!!;js^  
如:At night, I don't go out very often., 此句中at night, very often都是状语 aiR5/ ZD  
介宾短语作状语是填空题的重要考点,若空格处或空格所在部分之后是完整的主谓句,且两部分之间多以逗号隔开,若选项中无从句结构或分词,此时空格处需填入介宾短语作状语。 9[f%;WaS  
例题: ;vUxO<cKFq  
(1) <UAP~RH{  
----irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. }@*I+\W/  
(A) Its $F1_^A[  
(B) Where its AgI>  
(C) Since its p)z-W(  
(D) Because of its n'3u] ~7^  
答案:D Z%;)@0~f  
解释:此句主干完整, 主语是the use of phenol as a general antiseptic, 谓语是has been largely discontinued, 逗号之前应是状语. A构成名词短语, 与该句主语发生冲突; B、C欲构成从句, 但缺少从句的谓语动词; D恰好构成表示原因的状语, 短语because of 之后常接名词或动名词表原因, 如: He failed the exam because of his carelessness. u7(];  
(2) x.G"D(  
----a child, sculptor Anne Whitney showed an eager intellect and artistic talent that her parents recognized and encouraged. ULTNhq R*n  
(A) Has been zze z~bv7:  
(B) It was while uA^hCh-js  
(C) She was -XLo0  
(D) As \L %q[  
答案:D \AHY[WKx  
解释:此句主干完整, 主语是sculptor, 谓语动词是showed, 之后是带有定语从句的宾语, 需填入状语. A、B、C 中的has been、was与showed相冲突, 违背谓语唯一原则. 介词词组As a child 相当于When she was a child. q'2`0MRa  
(3) p~FQcW'a~  
.----, snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting poison. >Pyc[_j  
(A) Contrary to general belief 'FqEB]gu  
(B) General belief contrary to :F9q>  
(C) Belief contrary to general v#Sj|47  
(D) Contrary belief general to OuNj:  
答案:A 'hy?jQ'|e  
解释:给出部分是完整的句子, 从选项中可见此处缺少状语, be contrary to是固定词组, 表示“与……相反”, 介词to后需接宾语, 只有A符合上述条件 E0T&GR@.  
第三节 宾语 Z/n3aYM  
S$\.4*_H\  
1. 若谓语动词是及物的,那么及物动词后面一定要接宾语。宾语大部分由名词和代词的宾格充当,也可是动名词、不定式等 W?=$V>)  
如:He found a ladybird in his pencil-box. A1=_nt)5  
  I don't want to disturb you. 5^b i 7J  
2. 宾语补足语 :b <KX%g  
有相当一部分动词的宾语之后还需要补足语,宾语和补足语之间逻辑上是主谓关系,补足语可由名词、形容词、不定式等构成。 RA} U#D:$i  
如:He found it necessary. k)|'JDm  
  He asks me to help her. 6<<'bi  
TOEFL集中考的是make及make possible: \WiqN*ZF  
make的宾语之后多接形容词作补足语,如:make…clear, make…possible;也可接名词,如:make…a man, make…a doctor i,([YsRuou  
make…possible的重考率较高,值得单独讲解,其实弄清了make possible的用法,也就不难举一反三了。 Yg[ v/[]  
牢记make possible的三种形式: ^l--zzO 8l  
1. make+名词+possible;  WN$R[N  
His financial aid makes this trip possible. is9}ePC7Xu  
2. make+possible+名词(名词短语较长时) A*a7\id!y  
His financial aid makes possible the poor Chinese student's entering of the world famous q Frt^+@  
university. B;SzuCW  
3. make it possible (for sb.)to do (见形式宾语部分) Ap% d<\,Z  
The father's hard labor makes it possible for the son to receive better education. A%h~Z a  
例题: r}ZLf  
(1) L{Q4=p,A  
 A microphone enables a soft tone to be amplified, thus making it possible the gentle |3 ;u"&(P  
           A      B        C P`p6J8}4  
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. Cca6L9%  
        D .F4oo=  
答案:C +mivqR~{{  
应改为:making possible =x=1uXQv5  
解释:make possible已有名词宾语renditions, 无需用形式宾语it, 宾语因较长而置于possible之后 c/b%T  
(2) EbG_43SV  
The United States Congress made Washington, D.C., ---- in 1800. ,>&?ty9o  
(A) after the government center wTHK=n\i  
(B) of the government center TP~( r  
(C) the center of government T}V7SD.  
(D) then the center of government &1*4%N@'  
答案:C 4Y`! bT`  
解释:空格处需要make的宾语Washington, D.C.的补足语,选项中只有C名词词组符合题意;D中的then是多余的 v$[ @]`  
EW ~*@H  
第四节 同位语 ;:AG2zE!  
}Vs~RJM)}  
同位语一般接在名词或代词后,对其进行补充说明,结构上和之前的词并列,多是主语和宾语带有同位语,有时同位语为表示强调可提前到主语之前。同位语主要由名词充当 uG2Xkj  
如:Let me introduce Miss Green, my next-door neighbor. (逗号后是同位语) g!p+rq_f  
The famous American poet, Whitman, is best remembered for his collection entitled Leaves of Grass. (Whitman之前是同位语) Z~duJsH  
填空题中若除去空格部分是完整的主谓结构,且空格与句子其他部分之间用两个逗号完全隔开或用一个逗号隔开一边,则空格处需要填入同位语或定语 UVc>i9,0  
例题: :5r:I[FFy  
(1) 'wCS6_K  
From 1946 to 1949, ----William Henry Hastie served as governor of the Virgin Islands. 3js)niT9u  
(A) the lawyer )EhTM-1  
(B) he was the lawyer @:S$|D~  
(C) the lawyer who \%w7D6dEZ  
(D) was the lawyer $.ymby  
答案:A O4lxeiRgC  
解释:给出部分主谓俱全,空白处只能是主语的修饰部分,A恰好构成同位语。B,D与原句主谓语冲突;C从句无谓语 F?}m8ZRv  
(2) B=Xnv*e  
The skyscraper, ----, is an architectural form that originated in the United States. k\4 g|Lya  
(A) is a tall commercial structure ^?H\*N 4  
(B) a tall commercial structure w k-Mu\  
(C) a tall commercial structure which #gxRTx  
(D) of which a tall commercial structure {. s]\C  
答案:B $=\oJ-(!@S  
解释:空格前是句子的主语, 空格后是谓语, 且空格两头都有逗号, 需填入的最可能是主语的同位语; A是谓语形式, 可先排除; C、D都使原句只有从句无主句; B是名词短语作同位语 ~0VwF  
(3) pKO T  Qf  
Plankton, ----, is the basic foodstuff for everything that lives in the ocean. -=-x>(pRW7  
(A) comprise both minute marine animals and plants sq8tv]  
(B) is the name given to minute marine animals and plants !1ie:z>s  
(C) the collective name for minute marine animals and plants yrxx+z|wR  
(D) minute marine animals and plants collectively that Z&~k]R0y  
考点:同位语 Hl%+F 0^?  
答案:C v :'P"uU;4  
解释:空格前后分别是句子的主谓语,以逗号隔开,空格处需要同位语或定语,A, B是谓语结构,可先排除;D使原句只有从句无主句;C是名词短语,恰好作主语同位语 asm[-IB2u  
词汇:plankton: 浮游生物, collective name: 总称, minute: 微小的 /u " cl2|  
]1/W8z%  
第八章并列句 &(z8GYBr  
S>/I? (J  
由两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构构成的句子称为并列句,各并列分句间用and, but, so, or等连词连接,可以是并列、转折、因果、选择等关系 =$:4v`W0(  
= y,yQO  
第一节 并列连词 aT`02X   
t<KEx^gb  
一、并列连词 -r6(=A  
1. 最典型的并列连词有:and, but, or, so, yet, for &gKP6ANx2  
I have studied English for almost 12 years, yet my spoken English is still very poor. yK @X^jf  
I was going to the cinema, but I lost my way. %8z+R m,Ot  
  We cann't get there at time for we have been out of gas. ;GSfN  
`Tm8TZd66  
2. 固定搭配使用的并列连词: ^{6UAT~!R  
not only…but (also),       not only…but…(as well),       both…and, K|Ij71  
either…or,                   neither…nor,        too…to,  q)zu}m  
such(…)as,                   the same….as,                   between…and \fQgiX  
as well as(注意和副词as well相区别),       (not) so…as lHj7O &+  
as… as,        not so much A as B(与其说A不如说B) J^<j=a|D  
so/such a … that HzO0K=Z=R0  
例句: Jn^Wzn[q  
1. The Empire State Building, once America's tallest, is now surpassed by both the Sears Tower in Chicago and the World Trade Center in New York. Z{R=h7P  
2. Clocks not only measure and tell time but also serve as decoration in homes and other buildings. tM?I()Y&P  
3. A jewel is an ornament fashioned from precious metals or stones, either alone or in combination. 01SFOPuR%(  
4. The boy is too young to lift this box. DrVbx  
5. According to psychologists, a person's attentions is attracted not so much by the intensity of different signal as by their context, significance and information content. ,2:L{8_L  
并列连词的固定搭配是改错题的重要考点,因此上述搭配必须浑熟于心, H 29 _ /  
例题: 0,i+  
(1) A`r$fCt1Vi  
 According to cognitive theories of emotion, anger occurs when individuals believe 9M-]~.O  
   A wxr}*Z:ZMa  
 have been harmed and that the harm was either avoidable and undeserved. ph$&f0A6Xc  
   B         C     D 1>O0Iu  
答案:D {t IoC;Y  
应改为:both. fPuQ,J2=  
解释:both...and...是固定搭配, 表示两者都, either应与or搭配,表或者 FL_ arhrqD  
(2) ,:Y=,[n  
Providence, Rhode Island, is a busy manufacturing city and seaport, as well the ^/RM;`h0  
              A       B        C f~(^|~ZT  
state capital. TY{?4  
   D 5;KT -(q~  
答案:C "r `6c 0Z  
应改为:as well as the. Z;> aW;Wt  
解释:as well as固定词组, 表示也……,as well也有此意, 但只能修饰动词, 多放在句尾 looPO:bo^  
(3) 98%a)s)(a  
 Too much electric current may flow into a circuit as a result either of a fault in the '&L   
   A         B                 C Z( clw  
 circuit and of an outside event such as lightning. $F'~^2  
    D @X / =.  
答案:D _\V{X}ftqa  
应改为:or %Zi,nHg8  
解释:either… or…为固定搭配, 表示或者, 或是. jC }u>AB  
_:z;j {@4  
第二节 平行结构 hFF&(t2{^  
j1C0LP8  
平行结构作为考点的出题率奇高,平均每套题中都有2-4道题目,因此必须引起高度重视。平行结构指的就是并列成分,不难理解和掌握。只要形成对and, or等词的敏感,牢记上面的固定搭配使用的并列连词(both…and, as well as 等),一看到这些词就首先考虑平行结构,无论作填空还是改错都是行之有效的方法。 (TK cSVR  
平行结构可能是并列的名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、谓语动词、分词等 ,}xC) >  
例题: 6Yi,%#  
(1) 4 w  
During most of this century, A. Philip Randolph struggled for Black rights in the Wh&Z *J  
  A                          B t jBv{  
 United States and becomes an important figure in the labor movement. %-zH]"Q$  
          C        D 2FtEt+A+'  
答案:C :=KGQ3V~eK  
应改为:became. PDiorW}]k  
解释:and连接两个并列谓语, 前者是过去时(struggled), 后者应相呼应使用过去式。 )FiU1E  
注意:在同一个时间背景下(本题中是During most of this century ),平行结构连接词所对应的动词必须采取一致的时态 }LVE^6zyk  
(2) I Q`aDo-V  
Classicism as a doctrine seeks what is universally truth and good. kxiyF$ 9  
         A  B         C  D '<j p.sZQ  
答案:C 6#-; ,2i  
应改为:true. CHSD 8D  
解释:and连接两个并列表语, 词性必须相一致, good是形容词, 此处truth也应该用形容词true。 = ft$j  
注意:平行结构连接词所对应的各个连接单位的词性必须相一致,再如例题4 H$'kWU*l  
(4) lY8Qy2k|  
 It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effective than to employ flowery *8HxJ+[,[  
     A                B     C uy28=B E  
 but vague expressions that only obscure one's meaning. .}opmI  
   D ) x $Vy=  
答案:B :D7 !6}%  
应改为:effectively. Icb;Yzt  
解释:句中and连接的是几个修饰动词write的副词, 它们的结构应是平行的. effective是形容词, 无法与simply, directly并列使用 745PCC'FK  
(5) %6?}gc_  
Before pioneers cleared the land for farms, cities, and road, forests covered about 40 e 2&i  
 A                    B      C %5w)}|fw  
percent of what is now the state of Illinois. 1Vvx@1  
    D MH(g<4>*  
答案:B UYLI>XSd  
应改为:roads JG$J,!.\  
解释:and连接作为for的并列宾语,和farms, cities平行的应是复数名词roads *38\&"s4_  
注意:平行结构连接词所连接的名词,其单复数形式必须相同,除非有的式可数名词,有的是不可数名词。 Y)5}bmL  
(5) tV%\Jk),  
Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and ----, was born in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867. 'v5gg2  
(A) reforming society [^P2Kn  
(B) social reformer &?pAt30K:  
(C) who reformed society jt*@,+e|  
(D) her social reform <\NXCUqDpo  
答案:B 8`<GplO  
解释:and连接的是主语Lillian D. Wald(人名)的两个并列同位语, public health nurse 是形容人的名词词组, 需填的部分应与其一致, A属分词词组, C属定语从句,D虽是名词词组, 中心词是reform,它们均不符合题意. ~)(Dm+vZ  
注意:平行结构连接词所连接的几个单位在结构上,形式上应该尽量一致,比如上题的 VUhu"h@w%  
public health nurse and social reformer, 都是形容词修饰名词。 再如例题6 oDK\v8w-  
(6) )f|6=x4  
Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than eastern Nebraska is VNfx>&`  
 A              B   C      D 3j#F'M)s{  
答案:D /pEki g7M  
应改为:Nebraska does :a`m9s 4  
解释:题目中实际上是两个句子在用than连接进行比较, 它们比较的内容是receives the snow, 因此D中应该用does而不是is 来代替前面的receives s)=7tHoqB)  
第三节 并列句中的省略 WR%iUO40  
rZ7 Ihof  
并列句中当后面的分句与前面有相同部分时可进行省略,以避免重复,省略时前后要尽量保证结构的平衡 ^h J ,1{o  
如:I major in history and my brother in chemistry. C\K--  
  He was eager to win her heart, but didn't know how. tcZ~T  
TOEFL中有少量题目涉及这一语言现象 p5ihuV,   
例题: '-qc \6UY  
(1) 0>Nq$/!  
The photoperiodic response of algae actually depends on the duration of darkness, ----. |\ L2q/u  
(A) the light is not on R8)"M(u=l  
(B) and not on light ^} #!?" Y  
(C) but is not on the light #(G&%I A|;  
(D) is not on light 8 B5%IgA  
答案:B !h ~\YE)  
解释:空格前是句子的主谓语, A, D可先排除;正确的搭配是depend on, 而不是is on, C也有误;B是省略了的并列句,相当于and does not depend on light, 符合语法 * bK@A2`  
(2) a;sZNUSn  
Nebraska has floods in some years, ---- H'.d'OE:I  
(A) in others drought ]Ea6Z  
(B) droughts are others OWzIea@  
(C) while other droughts Z:{ Z&HQC  
(D) others in drought  AHb   
答案:A jEadVM9  
解释:空格前是完整的主谓句,逗号不能连接句子,故主谓结构B可先排除;C从句少谓语;D语义不明;A是简略的平行结构,相当于and drought in others (other years) ] Yy Sf  
uQlVzN.?  
-p }]r  
第九章 主从复合句 (46)v'?  
rm7UFMCR6i  
由两个或两个以上有依存关系的主谓结构形成的句子称为主从复合句,从句必然在主句中充当语法成分,如定语、宾语、状语、同位语、主语、表语等。 l)Hu.1~  
注意:句子不可以只有从句没有主句 ScD9Ct*):C  
   从句一般由特定的引导词引出,有些从句除去引导词是完整的主谓结构,如:状语从句、部分宾语从句、同位语从句等;而有些从句引导词在从句中充当语法成分,如:定语从句、部分表语和主语从句、部分宾语从句等 -Y6JU  
wFD .3!  
第一节 定语从句 u|C 9[(  
sQkP@Y  
在句中充当定语的句子就叫做定语从句,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,修饰从句的先行词。 NNT9\JRv_  
考点一 先行词 5BZ5Gl3  
先行词严格的讲不是从句的一部分,但由于它是从句修饰的对象,对从句引导词的选择、从句谓语的数都起着决定作用,直接影响到定语从句的主谓一致问题 Ok@5`?08  
例如:如果先行词是the girl,表示人,则引导词应是who或whom或that, 从句谓语必须是第三人称单数形式; px*MOHq K  
She is the girl whom I saw in the zoo yesterday. )`)cB)s  
   She is the girl who sells computer. 0bor/FU-d  
如果先行词是the goods, 则引导词是that或which, 从句谓语是第三人称复数形式 JGtdbD?Fw  
Do you get the photos that I sent last week. v{9eEk1  
例题: c09uCito  
(1) >y?$aJ8ZV  
 A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets carry a supply that last just a Bn.8wMB  
     A                 B  C    D 7-^d4P+|g  
few seconds. *+ 7#z;  
答案:D o,29C7Ii  
应改为:lasts )Z62xK2  
解释:last 是定语从句中的谓语, 需要与先行词, 即从句的逻辑主语一致, a supply 是单数, 所以last 要加s. M8h9i2  
(2) `0L!F"W  
Resin is a substance that ---- in water. 4 1Ru@  
(A) does not dissolve $+tkBM  
(B) do not dissolve  qwN-VCj  
(C) not dissolving u~K4fP  
(D) not dissolved zEu* q7  
答案:A ~ ^K[pA ?  
解释:此句主句是系表结构,表语substance由that引导的定语从句修饰, 空格处需要从句的谓语,C和D都是分词,无法独立作谓语,首先排除;substance是单数,依据从句主谓一致原则,动词也应是单数,故A正确 "2 Kh2[K  
s)}C&T$Y.  
考点二 关系代词 5[0n'uH  
大部分定语从句都由关系代词引导,主要的关系代词包括:that, who, which, whom, whose, 8^O|Aa$IF:  
其中可以代替人(指先行词)的是:that, who, whom; oM< 9]jK}  
代替物的是that, which; P5[.2y_qM  
whose之前既可接人又可接物,但必须和名词搭配使用。 xC|7"N^/  
关系代词在从句中必须承担语法成分,可作从句的主语或宾语: eOS#@6U=u  
作主语的关系代词是:that, who, which, whose,它们在从句中不可省略; g4Tc (k#  
作宾语的是:that, whom, which, 它们在从句中可省略 ^)X^Pcx  
注意:在作主语的关系代词中whose是唯一可和另一名词连用的 Yk:\oM   
作从句主语的句子,如: =E{1QA0  
She's got a parrot that / which can speak “hello”. Pj^6.f+  
He' the man who /that takes charge of this department. fk=_ Y  
Have you noticed the lady whose hair has gone grey? /']Gnt G.  
作从句宾语的句子,如: 2nk}'HBe  
Is she the one (whom /that) you're looking for?(for之后不要加her) hMdsR,Iq   
Show me the book (that /which) you read just now.(read之后不要加it) PX+$Us  
例题: x#U?~6.6  
(1) o [_ {\  
Jackie McLean's recordings have shown that he is one of the few jazz musicians 68d(6?OgW  
                          A gJ:Z7b  
 who style of playing has kept pace with the evolution of modern jazz. Z>'.+OW  
  B     C            D evq *&.6\  
答案:B >!?u8^C  
应改为:whose. }]kzj0m  
解释:who引导定语从句时, 不能同时修饰名词, 需改成whose ^,@Rd\q  
(2) 2UA h^i-^  
 A hologram is a pattern usually made on film in that can create a three-dimensional V 9][a  
            A       B    C /=i^Bgh4  
 image of a scene. Xrc0RWXB8  
  D o^biO!4,  
答案:B (eFHMRMv~  
应改为:film that MX]<tR`  
解释:定语从句中缺少主语,应该用关系代词that单独引导 "4zTP!Ow  
(3) !Hxx6/  
 Hurricanes are severe cyclones with winds over seventy-five miles an hour who :voQ#f=  
              A              B   C Bzw~OB{!=J  
 originate over tropical ocean waters. fU8 &fo%ER  
     D gM '_1zs U  
答案:C Quqts(Q)+  
应改为:which 9Y3_.qa(.  
解释:用于代替人的关系代词who不能指代winds, 应改为which >iDV8y  
+' QX`  
考点三 介词前置于关系代词 lo5,E(7~h  
当关系代词作句中介词的宾语时,介词可以前置于关系代词,此时关系代词不能省略,而且只能用which或whom. KQ9~\No]  
如:This is the road by which we came. P|Dw +lQj  
  That is the man about whom we have heard so much. |L 11?{ K  
注意:先行词为the way的定语从句中in which习惯上可以省略 eF823cH2x_  
          This is the way (in which) I make the problem out. bx#GOK-  
例题: %4*-BCP  
(1) N7v7b<6  
And ideal is a standard ---- people judge phenomena. HZX(kYV  
(A) how kj{z;5-dl  
(B) of E_[|ZrIO&*  
(C) by which dDK4I3a  
(D) for it ;'~U5Po8  
答案:C G:7HL5u  
解释:空格前后都是主谓结构,可知需填入从句引导词,B, D可先排除;依句意应构成定语从句,故选C >4 4A  
(2) WhQK3hnm  
In reorganizing the curriculum of Mt. Holyoke College in the late1800's Elizabeth Mead laid the foundation ---- the modern college rests. bFD vCF  
(A) is which @~,&E*X! .  
(B) on which +m8CN(c  
(C) which is on 6[b'60CuZL  
(D) on it AqnDsr!  
答案:B ?y_W%og W  
解释:空格前后都有主谓结构, 显然空格处需要从句引导词, A、D可先排除, 从句已有主语college, C也肯定不对, 只有B是正确的定语从句, 其中词组rest on中的介词前置于关系代词which }tJR Bb  
RdaAS{>Sk  
考点四 关系副词 ldk (zAB.  
定语从句还可以由关系副词when, where或why引导,关系副词在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语 g^ .g9"  
如:Have you ever been to the house where he used to live? (where=in which) &.^(, pt  
I could hardly forget the day when my uncle passed away. (when=on which) mUSrCU_}  
Tell me the reason why I am fired. (why=for which) s 2F<H#  
例题: :x88  
(1) w1U2cbCr/  
The knee is the joint----the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 9bu}@#4*  
(A) when jEU`ko_  
(B) where RBuerap  
(C) why 0#Ivo<V  
(D) which @>:V?  
答案:B  \EI<1B  
解释:空白处前后都包含主谓结构, 句意上后句是对前句joint一词的解释, 可推知需要填入定语从句引导词, 又因从句中主谓宾语俱全, 可知缺少的是表地点的关系副词, 那末A、C、D 均可排除 0n dk=V  
(2) Yx#?lA2gx  
Members of a nation's foreign service represent that country's interests abroad and f wE b  
                 A            B O2;iY_P7lV  
report on the conditions, trends, and policies of the country which they are stationed. lQ&"p+n  
  C                      D  fhw J  
答案:D X 8/9x-E_  
应改为:country where they oyw*Z_9~  
解释:关系代词which未在从句中作任何成分,不符合语法,依句意应改为表地点的关系副词 n1XJ uc~  
考点五 定语从句类别 LK>A C9ak<  
定语从句可分为限定性和非限定性两种,其主要区别为: FT'2 J  
1. 非限定性定语从句中,引导词和先行词之间需用逗号隔开。 W0-KFo.'  
2. 非限定性定语从句中,引导词一般不用that, "%zb>`1s  
在修饰人时用who, whom, whose kz!CxI (  
He had three children, all of whom had graduated from college. +4 W6{`  
在修饰物时用 which qQN|\u+co  
3. 限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分,去掉会造成句意不清;而非限定性定语从句只是补充说明的作用,有无对句意影响不大,翻译时常译作独立的句子,而不是定语 LC>bZ!(i#  
对比下列句子: ~SzHIVj:6  
He refused to reveal the man who had beaten him black and blue. (man是特定的) Q$bi:EyJXc  
I no longer live in Beijing, where air pollution did great harm to my health. PP*',D3  
(Beijing是众所周知的,无需限定,若限定则意味着世界上有不止一个北京) |7# S0Ca@  
TOEFL考的基本都是限定性定语从句
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