一、举例处 gyC^K3}
(1)举例子：句子的作用是为了支持论证作者的观点，这些例子往往与作者的观点和结论有很大的关联，具有重大的意义，因此也成为了考试出题点。这种题目在文章中的线索非常明显，一般都带有如下的标志性词汇：for example、for instance、take … as anexample、as、such as、like 等。举例子作用通常有三个：第一、证明论点，论点在前;第二、引出话题或得出结论，话题和结论在后;第三、通过对比突出强调事物的某一方面。 V R"8
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【例题1】 H]BAW *}
① If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, puttingthe reputation of the target company at risk. ② In such acase, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, andthe learning curve has been steep. ③ Toyota Motor, forexample, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this yearwith a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such asTwitter and the social-news site Digg. "s
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34. Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of ?J<T
[A] responding effectively to hijacked media. \F[
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[B] persuading customers into boycotting products. Cgo9rC~]
[C] cooperating with supportive consumers. Ex 6o=D2
[D] taking advantage of hijacked media. E
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(2)列举：所谓列举是指通过一些表示顺承关系的词语逐项列出一些事实或者观点，标志性的词汇包括First、Second、Third…; Firstly、Secondly、Thirdly…Finally; First of all,、Then、In addition、Further、Furthermore、Besides、Moreover… 针对这一考点的题目通常考查文章细节，有时候也涉及对文章内容的推理判断。出题形式最多的往往是“是非判断题”。 `y'aH
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【例题2】 R+s1 [Z
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men ofimpressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or solearned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman,lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There menwrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old Worldaudiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. O5O.><RP
38. The early ministers and political leaders in MassachusettsBay__________. q=njKC
[A] were famous in the New World for their writings N^lAG"Jao[
[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs *=TYVM9
[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World zb>;?et;)
[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England # J]~
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二、因果关系处 ]Ym=+lgi
因果句通常是作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方。英语句子存在前因后果和前果后因，考生一定要弄清楚谁导致谁。出题者为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会把含有因果关系进行颠倒，将“因变成了果、果变成了因”，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止混淆。表示因果关系的词语有： TQ?#PRB
(1)原因because、because of、so、for、since、as、result from、originate from、derive from;base、basis、reason,、above all、after all等。 h <)yJh
【例题1】 g#}tm<
① The defining term ofintelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests arenot given as often as they used to be. ② The test comes primarilyin two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the WechslerIntelligence Scales (both come in adult and children's version)。③ Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usuallygiven only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstoresand the World Wide Web. ④ Superhigh scores like vosSavant's are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statisticalpopulation distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mentalage by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. ⑤ Otherstandardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and theGraduate Record Exam (GRE)， capture themain aspects of IQ tests. $]1qbE+
28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high asvos Savant's because 4j^bpfb,
[A] the scores are obtained through different computationalprocedures. L $SMfx
[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now. >4~#% &
[C] vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat. <}cZi4l'
[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed. [EE
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(2)结果：thus, therefore,consequently, in consequence, as a result; lead to, attribute to, result,consequence, result in, cause等。 p.5e:
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【例题2】 ZL,6_L/
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use ofsubstances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine tobe sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of asubstance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess willproduce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substancedependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more andmore of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by theappearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance isdiscontinued. ** n y!
61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from________. ]=|P <F
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time >P<'L4;
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes m d_g}N(C
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment ofdiseases WU7c F81$
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms hVkO%]?
(3)有时候文章中虽然没有出现表示因果关系的标志性词语，但是句与句在逻辑关系上也存在着因果关系，这个时候考生就需要自己进行仔细判断和推理。 s*.3ZS5
【例题3】 AX K95eS
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide willnarrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in theinterest of business to universalize access — after all, the more peopleonline, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments,afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will benetted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrowrather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because theInternet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty thatwe've ever had. UhdqY]
56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it________. onib x^Fcd
[A] offers economic potentials - zQ<Z E
[B] can bring foreign funds <S&]$?`{Wi
[C] can soon wipe out world poverty 5aG5BA[N
[D] connects people all over the world KGD'mByt"
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三、类比比喻处 Qh8C,"a
类比在文中主要有两种体现方式，一是明喻，即A像B一样;二是暗喻，说A是B，由于暗喻更加隐蔽，出题人往往趋向于在暗喻内容上出题。考生还要熟记，“借喻或借代”也是出题人常考的地方，例如用“多米诺骨牌”进行借代等。 7DZ TQUb"
【例题】 W "k| K:
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights ofthe Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to dealwith its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief,others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian MedicalAssociation, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But thetide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population,life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all playedtheir part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to dealwith euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement isgathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. d#8e~
52. When the author says that observers are waiting for thedominoes to start falling, he means ________. 86qcf"?E
[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards thefuture of euthanasia /?U!y?t&@
[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada andother countries XL~>rw<
[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game ofdominoes *uU4^E(
[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finallycome to a stop H?{ MRe
四、引用处 4DM*^=9E
说明文或者议论文中经常引用他人的观点来支持论证作者自己的观点。引文既可以是从正面来支持自己的观点，也可以是通过驳斥反面观点从而论证自己的观点。因此，引文间接地表达了作者自己的观点，有一定的隐蔽性和迷惑性，所以也是出题考查的热点地区，通常会考查考生的推理能力和对作者态度观点的判断能力。具体出现位置往往是第一段的第一句话。 rs_h}+6"s
【例题】 ,cD 1{T\
① To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of amisguided cause is that good people do nothing.” ② One such causenow seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals haverights ruling out their use in research. ③ Scientists need torespond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusingthe public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. ④ Leaders of theanimal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on publicfunding, and few people understand the process of health care research. ⑤ Hearingallegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed thatanyone would deliberately harm an animal. #C x%OIi[f
46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to________. tah }^
[A] call on scientists to take some actions #R<
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[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights 5*1#jiq
[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research TzY *;
[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement R{`gR"
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