▶重译法 B:nK)"{
在考博英语翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。重译法有如下三大作用：一是为了明确;二是为了强调;三是为了生动。 s??czM2O
We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa. 5k~\or 5_
译文：___________________________________________________ x_W3sS]ej
▶增译法 ZB0+GG\
为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语。 Q.E_:=*H
A new kind aircraft-small, cheap, pilotless -is attracting increasing attention. %qi%$
译文：___________________________________________________ uY]T: UVk
▶减译法 dm& /K
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和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。理解了增译法之后也就明白了减译法，它是增译法的反面。
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These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. >f%, `r
译文：___________________________________________________ CW;m
▶词类转译法 (!-;T
在翻译时，由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这就是词类转译法，这种方法不仅指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。 Gk 6fO
(1)a.→v. v# F-<?Vv
The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions. r&Q t_
译文：___________________________________________________ H:{?3gk.P3
(2)n.→a. &~ y{'zoL
In all this great serenity of ocean it is seldom that we espy so much as another ship. {#9,j]<
译文：___________________________________________________ W0|_]"K-
还有其它词类转移的情况，这里将不再一一赘述，总之，词类转移要遵守忠实与通顺的原则。 B%
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▶词序调整法 vcM~i^24)
词序调整法的英语inversion一词，不能译成“倒译”、“倒译法”或“颠倒词序”之类，否则容易和语法中的“倒装”概念相混淆。inversion作为一种翻译技巧，其意思为：翻译时对词序作必要或必不可少的改变，并不只是纯粹的颠倒词序或倒装。 r," 7%1I
It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January. |(&oI(l5K
译文：___________________________________________________ wonYm27f
▶正义反译，反义正译 o X@nP?\
negation在语法与翻译两个不同学科中含义不尽相同。作为一种翻译技巧，它主要指在翻译实践中，为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。 YuA7r" c
(1) 需要正义反译的词和短语有：deny“否决，否定→不给予”;miss“错过→没赶上(交通工具);没听(看到)或没听(看懂)”;live up to one’s expectations“不(没)辜负……的希望”;divert attention from“将注意力从……移开→没有意识到”;be absent“未出席;没来”;far from“远非;完全不”;final“最终的→不可改变的”;idly“漫不经心地;无所事事地”;be at a loss “不知所措”;rather than/instead of“而不是”;absent-minded“心不在焉的”;but for“要不是;如果没有”等。 ;:?*t{r4#
The scientists made a solemn pledge at the conference, saying, “We’ll forever live up to what our Party expects of us.” 3>M.]w6{
译文：___________________________________________________ &rP~`4Mkp
(2)需要反义正译的词汇是含有no或not的一些短语，如：no less than“实在是;正如;不少于”;no less…than“和……一样;不亚于”;no other than“只有;正是”;none other than(用以加强语气)“正是;恰恰是;不是别人，正是……”;nothing but“只有(是);只不过”;no choice but“别无选择只(好)得”;以及一些带有词缀的词，如：unfold“展开;呈现”;disappear“消失;失踪”;carelessly“马马虎虎地;粗心地”等。 NnP.k7m)
From the passage we learn that an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice. *_#&"(P
译文：____________________________________________________ O{n C^`X
▶分译法 o6|"J%9GX
分译法主要用于长句的翻译。为了使译文忠实、易懂，有时不得不把一个长句译成两句或更多的句子。这是分译法的主要内容，此处所谓的句子不在于结尾处用句号，而在于有无主谓结构，一般说来，含有一个主谓结构的语言部分就是一个句子。这种句子大是含有定语从句的句子，在英汉互译时，尤其在英译汉中，如能将定语从句译成前置定语，则尽量避免其他译法;如译成前置定语不合适，一般是分译成另外一个独立的句子或另一种从句，如译成状语从句等。 8m|x#*5fQl
It is obvious that his period in office was marked by steep rise in his country’s oil revenues and the beginning of a social-political crisis brought out by wide-scale misuse of the $25 billion a year earning from oil. PU"S;4m
译文：_____________________________________________________ L&QtHSzy
▶语态变换法 yi|:}K$
这里所说的语态是指主动语态和被动语态，这两种语态在英汉两种语言中的使用情况是很不相同的，被动语态的使用是科技文章的主要特点之一，其用法十分广泛。在汉语中，我们可用“被、让、把、遭、换、使、由、受到，为……所”等词来表示被动。但在汉语中的被动语态使用频率比英文要低得多。因此，在遇到被动语态时，应遵循汉语的习惯，如译成被动语态不通，则译成主动语态。 =EWD
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(1)保留其被动语 l@#b;M/
Goodyear, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard, non-sticky, and yet elastic. 2]3G1idB
译文：_____________________________________________________ <ZV7|' ^
(2)将被动改为主动 y}Cj #I+a
① 翻译成汉语的无主语，如果被动句不含by的话。 M&OsRrq
If bad weather is expected, the forecaster must be able to suggest another airport within the range of the aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing. Cc *
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译文：_____________________________________________________ g4Bg6<;
②将that引导的主语从句仍然译为宾语，但要加上表泛指的词语(如人们、大家、我们等)做主语。如： eWw y28t
It is hoped that… 6kC)\ uy
It is reported that… Fos1WH?\
It is said that… @
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It is supposed that… |\/~
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It must be admitted that… dbd"pR 8v
It must be pointed out that… $:P[v+Uy
It is asserted that… aK-N
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It is believed that… CO7CNN
It is well known that… ,I= O"z>9
It will be said that… >
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It will be seen from this that… 7
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It was told that… ^g\h]RD}
I was told that… ayHn _
It may be said… ;>sq _4_
It may be argued that… \A~4\um
注意：如果被动结构既有过去分词又有by(或in, for)引导的介词短语，这时将动作的发出者译成主语。如：It is imagined by many that… uLF\K+cz
