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楼主发表于: 2006-03-19

倒序阅读 ┊ 只看楼主 ┊ 小中大

北大校长许智宏：考博不再硬划分数线

本报讯据《中国教育报》报道，日前，北京大学校长许智宏在广西大学作演讲时表示，类似高考的“一考定终身”的考研体制并不利于研究生培养，这是许智宏最近一段时间第三次在公开场合阐述北大研究生招生培养改革方面的观点。

　　博士生招生改革成为北大研究生招生改革的第一块实验田。从2003年开始，北大逐步扩大复试在研究生招生中的权重比例，淡化笔试，比如光华管理学院的权重比例分别是初

试30%、申请资料考核30%、复试40%。同时，博士生招生不再刚性地划定录取分数线。

　　据介绍，2005年4月，北大开始了2006招生年度的博导选聘工作。历史系等4个院系，将博导的范围扩大到全系教师，同时以教师申请制和学生报选制为基础的“不定资格制”取代过去的“固定资格制”，实行博士生导师的学生报选制，即只要有博士生选你做导师，你就是博导。许智宏说，“北大在今后几年的实践中将进一步明确应用型学位以培养硕士研究生为主，学术型学位以培养博士研究生为主。”

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沙发发表于: 2006-11-01

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

考博英语模拟试题

PAPER ONE
Part I Listening
Section A º
Directions: In this section of the test, you will hear 15 short conversations between two speakers.
At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

For Example: A B D

1. A. John is good at painting.
B. John’s sister’s son is good at painting.
C. The woman suggest the man take up painting.
D. The woman is making fun of the man.
2. A. He has a fried who majored in economics.
B. He hasn’t taken more than one economics course.
C. He’s been learning a lot this year, too.
D. He couldn’t make any sense out of his course.
3. A. Check the price of calculators. B. Finish his statistics homework.
C. Look for a job in mathematics. D. Use a smaller calculator.
4. A. Because the police stopped him. B. Because the driver charged too much.
C. Because he had been robbed. D. For no good reason.
5. A. Take some more vegetables. B. Pass the woman the meat.
C. Avoid taking any more food. D. Help to prepare the potatoes.
6. A. In her office. B. In the library.
C. In the laboratory. D. In the conference room.
7. A. Professor Miller offered more help than he had expected.
B. Professor Miller will not discuss the topic with him.
C. He asked Professor Miller for some books.
D. Professor Miller gave him more books than he had requested.
8. A. She thinks the explanations are difficult.
B. The explanations will be added in a later edition.
C. She thinks the book should include more information.
D. The book includes an explanation of all the answers.
9. A. He probably supports nuclear power plants.
B. He probably opposes nuclear power plants.
C. He probably no opinion on this topic.
D. He probably tries to understand both sides.
10. A. Use every minute of their time wisely.
B. Live there until the final time.
C. Finish their assignments early if possible.
D. Save the lab samples.
11. A. She is dependable. B. She is hard-working.
C. She is kind. D. She is helpful.
12. A. It made her ill.
B. She believes the refreshments could have been better.
C. She feels regret about the lack of success.
D. She felt that her clothes were inappropriate.
13. A. She likes to get E-mails.
B. She hasn’t seen her friends just lately.
C. She lives in the same house with the man and woman are talking.
D. She is their best friend.
14. A. He doesn’t need a green pen.
B. He never bought a green pen.
C. He never returned the woman’s green pen to her.
D. He doesn’t have a green pen with him.
15. A. Bill will buy the car as soon as he gets the money.
B. Bill’s friend is buying the car from him.
C. Bill can’t afford to buy a new car.
D. Bill has already made the down payment on the car.

Section B º
Directions: In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are five questions. The talks and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

For Example: A B D

Talk One
16. A. A nutritionist. B. A professor.
C. A dining hall manager. D. A doctor.
17. A. A note for his doctor. B. A dining hall pass.
C. A list of restaurants. D. A food chart.
18. A. He’s an athlete. B. He has high blood pressure.
C. He has a high cholesterol level. D. He’s overweight.
19. A. In the hospital cafeteria. B. In his room.
C. In restaurants. D. In the dining hall.
20. A. Angry. B. Hungry.
C. Relieved. D. Tired.

Talk Two
21. A. Fire prevention. B. Pest control.
C. House construction. D. Toxic chemicals.
22. A. It’s cheaper. B. It’s safer.
C. It’s quicker. D. It’s readily available.
23. A. To keep the heat inside.
B. To prevent insects from escaping.
C. To reduce the risk of fire.
D. To keep the wood dry.
24. A. To show that the treatment will not cause fire.
B. To emphasize the dangers of the old method.
C. To explain a step in the new technique.
D. To illustrate a compromise between old and new systems.
25. A. Above 125 degrees Centigrade. B. About 50 degrees Centigrade.
C. Around 65 degrees Centigrade. D. At 80 degrees Centigrade.

Talk Three
26. A. Read and commented on the proposed topics.
B. Had conferences with some students.
C. Returned the topic papers to her students.
D. Realized their research papers are due in six weeks.
27. A. A recent textbook assignment. B. Requirements for the final examination.
C. Choosing research topics. D. Preparing an outline for a paper.
28. A. Immediately. B. The following week.
C. In two weeks. D. At the end of the semester.
29. A. To present final papers. B. To give a model of outline style.
C. To discuss the preliminary outline. D. To discuss final grades.
30. A. With a thesis statement. B. With a list of references.
C. With a summary of the conference. D. With the student’s name.

Part II Vocabulary (10%)
Section A
Directions: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

31.The fact is, doctor, I just can't _____ this dreadful cough.
A. get out of B. get rid of
C. get down to D. get round to
32. After eight hours at the wheel of the lorry, the driver was beginning to feel the _______.
A. nervousness B. tension
C. strain D. extension
33. The Chinese government is determined to ____ the established policy of developing
agriculture.
A. go after B. go by
C. go ahead D. go on
34. The Manager has asked to see the sales _____ resulting from our recent advertising campaign.
A. numbers B. figures
C. amounts D. quantities
35. The local medical officer reported a serious _____ of food-poisoning.
A. state B. incident
C. outbreak D. event
36. They didn’t know how to put in a central-heating system, but they managed it by trial and _____.
A. blunder B. slip
C. error D. mistake
37.I was going to say something about the matter; but _____ I gave it up.
A. on second thoughts B. on the whole
C. at the thought of D. on second thought
38. Even if it is a cold day, I think cool water looks _______.
A. inviting B. distasteful
C. disgusting D. repulsive
39. The man’s face was _______ from his infected tooth despite his visit to the dentist.
A. bulging B. swollen
C. dilated D. expanded
40. Similar ethical questions ______ as advances are made in such areas as organ transplant and
fetal in utero surgery.
A. appeal B. arise
C. arouse D. abuse

Section B
Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four other words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

41. Many people came to donate blood of their own accord.
A. willingly B. for their own sake
C. of their own D. without the help of others
42. When natural gas burns, the hydrocarbon molecules break up into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.
A. contract B. vaporize
C. collide D. separate
43. The outlook for the patient will be further aggravated by any associated hypertensive process.
A. destroyed B. worsened
C. aggrieved D. complicated
44. In the system of ethics known as utilitarianism, the rightness or wrongness of an action is
judged by its consequences.
A. cost B. necessity
C. results D. relevance
45. The pilot made one last frantic distress call before he bailed out.
A. little B. desperate
C. routine D. futile
46. At the magnificent banquet a new intoxicating drink was introduced which aroused great interest among the guests.
A. appetizing B. cooling
C. warming D. stimulating
47. The number of hours that have intervened between the accident and operation is a crucial factor.
A. interfered B. interlaced
C. interposed D. interlinked
48. “Suffocation” dreams are concerned with the breathing difficulties of a heavy cold.
A. suffusing B. suffering
C. cutting off D. choking
49. We hope this radio will help overcome the tedium felt during your stay in the hospital.
A. pain B. loneliness
C. boredom D. nervousness
50. He is not yet well enough to dispense with the doctor’s services.
A. give heed to B. pay no attention to
C. do away with D. do without
Part IV Cloze (10%)
Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D listed below. Choose the correct answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

In former times, doctors in Taiwan, who were considered saviors, were greatly admired. This is not only because they were able to 51 sick people of their pain and save their lives, but also because they demonstrated an 52 willingness to help the sick. However, now in this industrial world, people are 53 to chase material possessions. This is true 54 doctors, too. The high income of doctors is the 55 of other people. Many high school graduates are eager to get into medical colleges, and countless girls consider doctors to be their best choice of husbands. For many years the public has 56 that doctors in public hospitals demand money from inpatients. The amount of money the patients give determines the kind of 57 they receive. It has also been said that a large pharmaceutical factory set up by U.S. investors declared that it would stop giving kickbacks（回扣）to doctors 58 the factory has spent too much money 59 sales over the years. This declaration has caused quite a stir in our society. We wonder 60 the officials who have denied the dealings mentioned above will say about this.51.A.releaseB.relieveC.depriveD.reduce52A. admirableB.advisableC. appreciableD. acceptable53.A.tendedB.opposedC.inclinedD.persuaded54.A.withB.forC.toD.of55.A.hatredB.prideC.envyD.disgust56.A.chargedB.accusedC.blamedD.contended57.A.informationB.treatmentC.adviceD.interpreta- tion58.A.ifB.asC.thoughD.when59.A.promotingB.contributingC.manipulatingD.inducing60.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.whether
Part IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions: In this part of the test there are six passages. Following each passage there are five questions with four choices. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One
Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature, and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme (酶) systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37ºC; a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations, the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature.
For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded’ and “cold-blooded” species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds, whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied, it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana (鬣蜥)—each cold-blooded—usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature, called homotherms（同温动物）, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment, called poikilotherms(变温动物). But this classification also proved inadequate, because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates(无脊椎动物) that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water, and their body temperatures remain constant.
The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by, and who get most of their heat from, the environment. The former are called endotherms (恒温动物), and the latter are called ectotherms (外温动物). Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature, and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms (mainly mammals and birds) also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments, but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.

61. The passage mainly discusses _______.
A. body temperatures of various animals
B. the newest research on measuring temperature
C. methods of temperature reduction
D. the classification of animals by temperature regulation
62. Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?
A. Warm-blooded. B. Ectothermic.
C. Cold-blooded. D. Poikilothermic
63. In general, the temperature of endotherms is regulated _______.
A. consciously B. internally
C. inadequately D. environmentally
64. According to the passage, the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by
_______.
A. seeking out appropriate locations
B. hibernating part of the year
C. staying in deep water
D. triggering certain metabolic processes
65. According to the passage, human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by _______.
A. choosing favorable environments B. internal metabolic processes
C. eating more food D. doing physical exercises

Passage Two
The narrow passage ended in a round arch fringed with ivy and creepers. The children passed through the arch into a narrow ravine whose banks were of stone, moss-covered. Trees growing on the top of the bank arched across and the sunlight came through in changing patches of brightness. The path, which was of greeny-grey stones where heaps of leaves had drifted, sloped steeply down, and at the end of it was another round arch, quite dark inside, above which were rose rocks and grass and bushes.
“It’s like the outside of a railway tunnel,” said Jimmy.
“It might be the entrance to an enchanted castle,” said Kathleen.
Under the drifted damp leaves the path was firm and stony. At the dark arch they stopped.
“There are steps down,” said Gerald.
Very slowly and carefully they went down the steps. Gerald struck a match when the last step was found to have no edge and to be in fact the beginning of a passage turning to the left.
“This,” said Jimmy, “might take us back to the road.”
“Or under it,” said Gerald, “we’ve come down eleven steps.”
They went on, following Gerald, who went very slowly for fear, as he explained, of steps. The passage was very dark.
Then came a glimmer of daylight that grew and grew and presently ended in another arch that looked out over a scene so like a picture out of a book about Italy that everyone’s breath was taken away, and they simply walked forward silent and staring. A short avenue of cypresses led, winding as it went, to a marble terrace that lay broad and white in the sunlight. The children, blinking, leaned their arms on the flat balustrade (栏杆) and gazed.
Immediately below them was a lake with swans and an island with willow trees, and among the trees gleamed the white figures of statues. Against a hill to the left was a round white building with pillars and to the right a waterfall came tumbling down among mossy stones to splash into the lake. Steps went from the terrace to the water and other steps to the green lawns beside it. Away across the grassy slopes deer were feeding and in the distance was an enormous house of grey stone, like nothing the children had ever seen before.
“It is an enchanted castle,” said Gerald.
“There aren’t any enchanted castles,” said Jimmy, “you ought to know that.”
“Well, anyway, I’m going to explore,” said Gerald. “You needn’t come if you don’t want to.”
The others followed. There never was such a garden—out of a picture or a fairy tale. They passed quite close to the deer, who only raised their heads to look and did not seem startled at all. After a long stretch of grass, they passed under an avenue of lime trees and came into a rose garden bordered with thick hedges.
“I know we shall meet a gardener in a minute and he’ll ask what we’re doing here, and then what shall we say?” Kathleen asked.
“We’ll say we’ve lost our way, and it will be quite true,” said Gerald.

66. When they came out of the last arch the children were silent because _______.
A. they were out of breath B. they were amazed at what they saw
C. the light hurt their eyes D. they saw an Italian picture
67. From the terrace the children were able to see _______.
A. a lake with trees growing in it
B. some swans among the trees on an island
C. a lake just behind them
D. some statues on an island in the lake
68. How was it possible to reach the lake from the terrace?
A. There were some steps leading down.
B. There were some steps leading right.
C. There was a waterfall going down to the lake.
D. There were steps to some stones.
69. Kathleen thought that if they met a gardener _______.
A. he would think they had lost their way
B. he would know why they were there
C. they would ask him why they were there
D. he would ask them why they were there
70. The story suggests that the children _______.
A. had been told about the castle before
B. had seen pictures of the castle in a book
C. had no idea what they were going to see
D. knew they were going to see something wonderful

Passage Three
There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspapers classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.
“Contact us before writing your application,” or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your resume or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialised service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the resume (or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.
There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when they left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.
Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. “Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for”, was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job in view.
There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the resume.

71. According to the passage, the new type of advertisements _____.
A. informs job hunters of the chances available
B. promises useful advice to job-hunters
C. divides available jobs into various types
D. informs employers that people are available for work
72. Now a demand for this type of service has been created because _____.
A. there is a lack of jobs available for artistic people
B. there are so many top-level jobs available
C. there are so many people out of work
D. the job history is considered to be a work of art
73. It the past it was expected that first-job hunters would _____.
A. write an initial letter giving their life history
B. pass some exams before applying for a job
C. have no qualifications other than being able to read and write
D. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview
74. When applying for more important jobs, one had better include in the letter _____.
A. something attractive in one's application
B. a personal opinion about the organisation one wanted to join
C. something that would offend its reader
D. a lie that one could easily get away with telling

75. The resume has become so important because _____.
A. of an increase in the number of jobs advertised
B. of an increase in the number of applicants which degrees
C. of much more complicatedness of jobs today
D. it is less complicated than other application processes

Passage Four
The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed (纯粹的), unslanted (不偏不倚的), objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more, it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribblings (胡乱拼凑的文章) as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.
There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering rough and dangerous waters, the swirling (令人头晕脑胀的) tides of opinion. This is nonsense.
The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough?
As to the first question, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts, out of these fifty, his space allocation being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten which he considers most important. This is Judgment No.1. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. This is Judgment No.2. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on twenty-four where it has little. Judgment No.3.
Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.
The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) If an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the play he gives a story-promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.

76. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _______.
A. Everything Counts B. Three Judgments
C. Interpreting the News D. Choosing Facts
77. A reporter selects ten out of fifty available facts because _______.
A. his editor is prejudiced B. space is limited
C. he wants to simplify a complex story D. the subject is not important
78. It can be inferred that the author thinks, in writing a factual story, the writer _______.
A. must use judgment B. should limit himself to the facts
C. should make the story interesting D. should slant (歪曲) the story

79. The least effective way of “slanting” news is by _______.
A. selection B. ignoring it
C. focusing on local news D. interpretation
80. Placement of a story on page one or page twenty-four will control its ....
A. impact B. accuracy
C. relative importance D. neutralism

Passage Five
Until a few years ago most experts believed that young children couldn’t lie. The late developmental psychologist Jean Piaget believed that children under 7 had trouble distinguishing between fantasy and reality and couldn’t be held accountable for untruths. But recent research indicates that children as young as 4 are quite capable of telling a deliberate lie to get out of trouble. Researchers believe the fear of a parent’s disapproval discourages a very young child from lying. But by the age of 8 disapproval is not enough. A child should understand the consequences of the lie and the ways in which it destroys trust.
A child who lies a lot may be asking for help. Recent research suggests that kids who are being treated for psychological problems lie almost three times as much as well-adjusted kids. A study in England in the early 1970s showed that one third of the children identified as chronic liars by their parents ended up being convicted of theft later on. Other studies indicate that children who have manipulative personalities are skilled at telling lies to get what they want. Two decades ago researchers devised a morality test called a Mach scale. They found that kids who scored high in Mach characteristics-cynicism, desire for power-often lied to achieve their goals.
How should honesty be taught? It seems that harsh punishment, thought by many parents to discourage lying, may actually increase it. “It creates a fear of punishment, rather than an internalized belief in moral behavior,” psychologist Paul Ekman says. To help a child realize the damage lying does, a parent might use tales like “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” for younger children and draw object lessons from the news as the kids grow older.
Just because parents learn why lies occur doesn’t mean they should accept them. Psychologists encourage parents to expect their children to be truthful. Ekman counsels parents to set a good example, avoiding even white lies as much as possible, and to stress the family’s bond of trust. He also reminds parents that they must remain compassionate. “A terrible act, a desperate lie to conceal it, needs to be punished,” he writes. “But it also needs to be forgiven.”

81. Until a few years ago most experts believe that young children couldn’t lie because they are _______.
A. unconscious of the wrong or right
B. slightly influenced by surrounding people
C. unable to differentiate illusion from truth
D. ignorant of the idea of honesty and dishonesty
82. Recent research indicates that children as young as 4 are quite capable of telling a deliberate lie because they want to _______.
A. ask for permission to do something B. get out of some difficulties
C. get something to eat or play D. be given love by the parents
83. The lying of children by the age of 8 should be discouraged by _______.
A. simple disagreement
B. physical punishment
C. showing disgust for them
D. making them know the consequences of lying in addition to disagreement

84. For children, harsh punishment can _______.
A. effectively discourage lying B. discourage lying to a certain extent
C. discourage lying only in vain D. actually strengthen lying
85. The article gives one an impression that children’s bad habit of telling lies can be effectively overcome _______.
A. by force B. by inducement
C. by satisfying their needs D. by example, feeling and reason

Passage Six
Among all the malignancies, lung cancer is the biggest killer; more than 100,000 Americans die of the disease, giving up smoking is one of obvious ways to reduce the risk, but another answer may lie in the kitchen. According to a new report, even heavy smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by eating a daily portion of carrots, spinach or any other vegetable or fruit containing a form of vitamin A called carotene (胡萝卜素).
The finding, published in THE LANCET, is part of a long-range investigation of diet and disease. Since 1957, some American researchers have monitored the dietary habits and medical histories of 2,000 middle-aged men employed by the Western Electric Co. in Chicago. Led by Dr. Richard Shekelle of St. Luke’s Medical Center, the researchers recently began to sort out the links between the subjects’ dietary patterns and cancer. Other studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer. The correlation seemed logical, explains Shekelle, since vitamin A is essential for the growth of the epithelial (上皮的) tissue that lines the airways of the lungs.
Vegetables: But the earlier research did not distinguish between the two different forms of the vitamin. “Preformed” vitamin A, known as retinol (维A醛), is found mainly in liver and dairy products like milk, cheese, butter and eggs. But vitamin A is also made in the body from carotene, which is abundant in a variety of vegetables and fruits, including carrots, spinach, squash, tomatoes, sweet potatoes and apples.
In the study, Shekelle and his colleagues found little correlation between the incidence of lung cancer and the consumption of foods containing preformed vitamin A. But when they examined the data on carotene intake, they discovered a significant relationship. Among the 488 men who had the lowest level of carotene consumption, there were 14 cases of lung cancer; in a group of the same size that ate the most carotene, only two cases developed. The apparent protective effect of carotene held up even for long-time smokers—but to a lesser degree.
Further studies will be necessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be firmly established. In the meantime, researchers warn against taking large numbers of vitamin A pills, because the tablets contain a form of the chemical that can be extremely toxic in high doses. Instead, they advise a well-balanced diet that includes goods rich in carotene. For a smoker, a half-cup of carrots every day might possibly make the difference between life and death.

86. The word “malignancy” (line 1, para. 1) most probably refers to _______.
A. cancer B. sickness
C. vitamins D. disease
87. Preformed vitamin A is NOT found in _______.
A. milk B. eggs
C. apples D. cheese
88. Carotene is present in all of the following EXCEPT ..
A. tomatoes B. carrots
C. squash D. butter

89. Among the groups studied, who had the most cases of lung cancer?
A. Those with the lowest level of carotene intake
B. Those with the highest level of carotene intake
C. Those who ate only foods containing carotene
D. Those with the lowest intake of carrots
90. What is needed to establish firmly the link between carotene and lung cancer?
A. Further study. B. More money.
C. More cases of lung cancer D. More people willing to eat carrots.

试卷二答题纸姓名准考证号考点注意：密封线内作答无效ANSWER SHEET 试卷二答题纸 (Paper Two) Part V Writing (20%) (50 minutes) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PAPER TWO
Part V. Writing (20%) - (50 minutes)
Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your cover all the major points of the article.

前不久，北京的一家医院，推出了“亚健康门诊”，全国首家亚健康康复中心在天津成立。何谓亚健康？如何看待和去掉这个“亚”字？越来越多的都市人开始关注这个话题。
先看一个例子：一位在高校做教师的李先生，32岁可看上去比实际年龄大好几岁，他说他都是因为失眠的原因。上学时就睡眠不足，紧张了吃安眠药。工作后，每天搞科研，到了晚上就睡不着觉，各种安眠药都试过了，中药吃了不少，也是收效甚微。白天晕呼呼的，感觉比有病还难受。
笔者见到一位年龄并不大的田女士，丈夫的工资高，她辞职在家，长时间悠闲的生活却使她由干练变得无精打采，整天没一点精神，对什么事都提不起兴趣。
象上述的例子很多，现代都市人常会出现这样的情况：觉得自己心慌、气短、浑身乏力，但心电图显示却很正常；头晕、头痛，可是到医院横查竖查，发现血压和脑电图也没什么异常。通俗地说，如果你出于那种查不出毛病，却全身不舒服的状态之中，就至少表明，你已经不在健康之列了。全国卫生组织的调查表明，城市中25岁至45岁之间的白领阶层的紧张综合症、慢性疲劳和心脑血管代谢方面有所异常的情况最为突出，且女性占多数。有人调查某大报的记者、编辑，发现70%的人存在高血脂倾向、脂肪肝倾向。在竞争激烈的企业家和科技精英中，此类情况更为严重。某医学院的调查发现，该校102名40岁以上的高级知识分子中，仅2人勉强属于健康者，剩余的都处于亚健康或不健康状态。
从医学心理学角度讲，这些症状的产生可能是由于繁多的社会信息刺激，人的交感神经长期兴奋引起了身体亢奋，配合失调，从而形成“亚健康”的病理基础。显而易见，“亚健康”是介于健康和非健康之间的一种身体的灰色状态，这是因为现代人生活和工作节奏的加快，竞争日趋激烈，人们的心理承受能力不断加重而引起的。亚健康虽然不是疾病，却是现代人身心不健康的一种表现。
很显然，“亚健康”是不同于一般疾病的“无形疾病”，医学上称为“不定陈述综合症”，特征是患者体虚困乏、失眠、休息质量不高、注意力不集中等，全面系统检查、化验或者影响检查时，往往还找不到肯定的病因所在。
专家分析说，亚健康人群的高危因素大都与现代不良的生活方式和行为习惯有关。
在长期吸烟者中，肺癌、喉爱、冠心病的患病率增加；不良的饮食习惯和不合理的饮食结构也易导致亚健康状况，如偏食动物类食品，吃得过多、过咸、过甜等。
有关教授指出，现代人出门有汽车，上楼有电梯，工作有电脑，做饭、洗衣等日常家务都是机器人代劳，体力劳动的减少，已使成人出现了超重和肥胖及相关的糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、冠心病和中风等，成为现代威胁人类健康的主要“富贵病”。
快节奏、高效率的现代社会，人们长期处于竞争激烈、心理压力大、超负荷运行的紧张状态中，如不能及时化解，很容易产生慢性疲劳和心情压抑，尤其具有某些特定个性的人群更应重视亚健康状况，如具有强烈的好胜心、急躁的人、患冠心病的可能性增加，性格内向、长期抑郁又不善于表达情感的人，肿瘤的发生率增高。
“亚健康”是一种心身共有的失常状态，紧张刺激会使大脑皮层始终处于紧张之中，内脏神经调节失常，“亚健康”状态逐渐加重。如果说“亚健康”需要治疗的话，心理治疗首当其冲。在北京、天津等地，已经有了“心灵按摩”，不愿意在医生面前袒露心扉，可以当着计算机进行诊断，再进行心理咨询和治疗。当然，对于个人而言，最重要的还是要养成健康的生活和工作习惯。
现代女性因为生活工作压力的增加，又加上生理和心理的双重负担，更易患上这类“亚健康”状态，专家们针对女性的心理生理特点，提出了一些实用的保健建议。
稳定情绪：要注意心理平衡，情绪稳定，心胸豁达，防止过激情绪。年轻的办公室女性应在繁忙工作中保持坦然平静的心态，不要人为地把工作压力塞进身体里，令内脏和神经系统也不得安宁。
防止便秘：冠心病或高血压病人应注意保持大便通畅，注意经常饮水，养成定时排便习惯。
很多办公室女性会因长时间坐着工作，工作时忘记摄入足够的水等原因而养成便秘的习惯。其实便秘对于心血管病人是非常危险的事，患者在排便时犯病的机率高于其他时间。
少说为佳：有资料表明，高血压病人讲话半分钟，即可使血压增高，使心肌耗氧量增加而发生心梗，所以不宜说话过多。唠叨似乎能令女性感到压力排解的舒畅，但说话多却令心脏负担增加，所以，即使你在工作中感到十分焦虑烦躁，也不要尝试长篇大论，喋喋不休地大讲你的麻烦，也许会给你的心脏带来更大的麻烦。
防寒保暖：寒冷季节，心脏病人需注意防寒保暖，寒冷刺激会使冠状动脉发生痉挛，血液淤滞，血流缓慢，引起心梗。爱美的女孩子们总是希望有机会向别人显示自己优美的身段，即使在冬季她们也不太愿意穿太厚重的衣物。但是很不幸，寒冷刺激会使心脏不适加剧，如果你已有过心慌、胸闷、恶心等症状那就更要小心不要让心脏着凉。

[ 此贴被nanafly在2006-11-06 13:25重新编辑 ]

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oecat

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板凳发表于: 2007-03-07

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不顶不足以平民愤！

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hitwty

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地板发表于: 2007-07-25

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顶，顶，顶

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liuyegreat

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地下室发表于: 2007-11-30

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好措施关键要执行好才好要不就更加坏了

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happyxyyh

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5楼发表于: 2007-12-13

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考博

确实是很的措施！

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