考博英语作文背诵经典(带翻译) p1?}"bHk
01 The Language of Music t*qA.xc6
A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see MxdfuFss
it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Y43#];
Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the 0H>Fyl2_
composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and ~JZLfw
as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to VBH[aIW
become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for Ro<!n>H
musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet 19N:9;Ixz
dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would &)X<yd0
be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice `S~u4+y]
moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to M`>W'<
and fro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements. <oXsn.'\
Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in :jUuw:\
tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are gMGg9U$@
already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility I"!gzI`Sd
to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the )_Oc=/c|f
hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound Dq?2mXOqD
like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. qXhrK
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This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student CYn}wkz
conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it 0sUc6_>e
should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with ib&qH_r/
fanatical but selfless authority. s Y6'y'a95
Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge b>7ts_b
and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in V8sY7QK=
the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any W" !amMQ
century. i4p
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01 音乐的语言 M[{Cy[ta
画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上,每个人都可以观赏到。 作曲家写完了一部作品,得由 *Vc=]Z2G^
演奏者将其演奏出来,其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职 业演奏者,所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。 6wd]X-G++
一名学音乐的学生要想成为 一名演奏者,需要经受长期的、严格的训练,就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。 绝 大多数的训练是技巧性的。 yJL"uleRT
音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度,必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演 员相当的水平。 歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子,因为如果不能有效地控制肌肉的话,他们的声 q
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带将不能满足演唱的要求。 弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在左手的手指上下滑动的同时,用 ye%F <:O7
右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协 调。 钢琴家们则不用操这份心,因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。 3?XLHMxW
给钢琴调音是调 音师的职责。 但调音师们也有他们的难处: 他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤,不能让 -,;
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音锤发出的声音象是打击乐器,而且每个交叠的音都必须要清晰。如何得到乐章清晰的纹理 l
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是学生指挥们所面临的难题:他们必须学会了解音乐中的每一个音及其发音之道。 他们还 &f yFU
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必须致力于以热忱而又客观的权威去控制这些音符。除非是和音乐方面的知识和悟性结合起 来,单纯的技巧没有任何用处。 X^W>
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艺术家之所以伟大在于他们对音乐语言驾轻就熟,以致于 可以满怀喜悦地演出写于任何时代的作品。 2o$8CR;
>02 Schooling and Education UBVb#FNF
It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people #~+#72+x7
go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today oB\Xl)A<
children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction 3XnXQ/({
between schooling and education implied by this remark is important. &rl>{Uvq
Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. nX~MoWH1
Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the 5);#\&B
shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes )^\='(s
both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole 6.|~~/
universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a 8w&rj-
revered grandparent to the g5Dx9d{
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people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished dM UDLr-
scientist. 4l''/$P
Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often >, E$bm2
produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person k&/)g3(N(
to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in >bN~p
education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive a<wZv-\Vau
term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start U!/nD~A
of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life. 'pY;]^M
Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose Qu,k
general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. _vdxxhJ=P3
Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately ~(j'a!#Vvk
the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar DOVX$N$3
textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that el?V2v[
are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the &a_kJ)J
workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the 9.zQ<