考博英语语法详解（一）

英语语法是针对英语语言的语法进行的研究。语法是组词造句的规则，是把合适的词放进合适位置的艺术，语法可分为两大部分：词法和句法。词法包括各类词的形态及其变化，句法主要讲句子的种类和类型，句子成分以及遣词造句的规律。由此可见学好语法对考博英语的重要性，在此，整理了考博英语必备语法知识点，希望考生们学以致用，考博英语取得好的成绩。一考博英语语法：独立主格     　　　　 JhhU g  
    1. 充当句子的状语。 p'Y&Z?8  
　　2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。 ER;lkF`RF  
　　3. 名词(代词，形容词，副词，介词)+ 分词 0V>ESyae5  
　　4.　With + 名词 (代词) + 分词 (形容词) PzMlua  
　　例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home. rTP5- 4  
　　b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started. ;e~{
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　　c) he entered the room, with his hands open(holding a rifle). S6Xb*6  
　　真题剖析 3XApY'  
　　(1995)   45   cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are　 46　 of the material which would　47　feed them. z<yNG/M1>U  
　　45. A. For >/!7i3Ow-  
　　B. As TbKP8zw{  
　　C. With >bX-!<S  
　　D. Because Q SHx]*)  
　　练习： x9x#'H3  
　　Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do. .0n
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　　8. A. is Ie G7@  
　　B. having T:K"  
　　C. being c N02roQl  
　　D. be @9}),hl`  
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二考博英语语法：虚拟语气　　虚拟语气 ZNzR`6}  
　　1. (should)+动词原形 ~q 0I7M  
　　It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句 ^lHb&\X  
　　It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句 zAeGkP~K  
　　It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句 ioB|*D<U2  
　　部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句 CCbkxHMf|!  
　　2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式 uL2" StW  
　　would rather +动词过去式 P'a0CE%  
　　真题剖析 ES^>[2Y  
　　(1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I　47　say that teaching is hard work . … 1^Kj8*O8e  
　　47. A. do hnp`s%e,  
　　B. did A)\>#Dv  
　　C. don’t |HrM_h<X  
　　D. didn’t mND XzT&  
　　(1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration　52 , and they　　53　that the professor be sent home. OJv}kwV  
　　53. A. ordered 2{Wo-B,wt~  
　　B. pleaded Ihdu1]~R{  
　　C. decided FhWmO  
　　D. demanded ?k [%\jq{a  
　　练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that 　　we__15__ this message to heart. lkV6qIj  
　　15. A. took 'Pf_5q  
　　B. would take _Ny8j~  
　　C. will take ~_'0]P\  
　　D. should take  KR&s?  
　　(2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing. 3>i>@n_  
　　(even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.) Q(l
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　　54.A. shall %moJF1  
　　B.will 3DH.4@7P  
　　C.would |Dg;(i?  
　　D.should WElrk:b  
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三考博英语语法:非谓语动词　　动名词、分词、不定式。 CoJ55TAW  
　　主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done) 'V&2X
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　　发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been) \yM-O-{  
　　To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。 M:_!w[NiLp  
　　真题剖析 iSlFRv?a  
　　(2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies　60　into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers. Yb}w;F8(  
　　60. A. dropped 6
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　　B. to drop s|Zx(.EP  
　　C. dropping _ENuwBYW-  
　　D.drops sMH#BCC  
　　(2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a　59　life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining 　　relationships, from developing in human ways. @F?=a*s"!  
　　59. A. destructive J^fm~P>.  
　　B. dissatisfied H>?F8R_iq  
　　C. damaged =D] .`  
　　D. derivative J='W+=N  
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四考博英语语法：主谓一致　　1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。 IZ8y}2  
　　How you got there doesn’t concern me. 5
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　　Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
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　　2.　表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。 ( S oo<.9~  
　　Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on. ?U_9{}r  
　　3. 以-s结尾的专有名词(linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等)，谓语通常用单数形式。 Gy!P,a)z  
　　4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。 f7J,&<<5w  
　　Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water). /)9W1U^B  
　　5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。 B!bsTvX  
　　Everyone knows that you’ve come here.  ]>Si0%  
　　If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back.　　(--thing 的情况例外) &aPl`"j  
　　6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致(as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等) m=TJDr-  
　　He no less than John is interested in literature. wGJjA
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　　7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等) ?} (=  
　　Either my father or my brothers are coming. )`8pd 7<.  
　　8. each,every,many a, no …+主语，谓语用单数。 X \f[  
　　Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall. 3bs4mCq  
　　真题剖析 s&'BM~WI  
　　(2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year,　54 of urbanization ever recorded. 1$ML#5+,  
　　53. A. none xd8 *<,Wj  
　　B. few jxw_*^w"  
　　C. any '<@=vGsye  
　　D. some 9vI]LfP  
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五考博英语语法：倒装　　全部倒装 d~*TIN8Ke~  
　　1. “There (Here) +be+主语” V5"HwN+`  
　　There stand big buildings in this district. X=
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　　Here on the desk lies a pile of books. lIf(6nm@  
　　2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.) @Bs0Avj.  
　　In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man. 7@~tVxB;