Passage Three
Questions 16--20are based on the following Passage:
In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts. Yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it . In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job. They are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a mater of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again--by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
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Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end ,and should be prevented from ruling man.
16. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is ________.
a) a necessary part of the society though each individual functions in it
b) working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
c) an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society , though functioning smoothly
d) a humble component of the society , especially when working smoothly
17. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ?azi(ja
______.
a) they are likely to lose their jobs
b) they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
c) they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
d) they are deprived of their individuality and independence
18. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those _______.
a) who are at the bottom of the society
b) who are higher up in their social status
c) who prove better than their fellow-competitors
d) who could keep far away from this competitive world
19. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should______.
a) resort to the production mode of our ancestors
b) offer higher wages to the worker and employees
c) enable man to fully develop his potentialities
d) take the fundamental realities for granted
20. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ______.
a) approval jc0Trs{Jf
b) dissatisfaction 0[L)`7
c) suspicion V)q|U6R
d) tolerance
