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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 r-Y7wM`TZ  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 _3#_6>=M  
2)基本用法 aa dw#90  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 UXw I?2L  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , *<}R=X.  
seldom等。例如: !JVv`YN  
The sun rises in the east. xmfZ5nVL  
He usually goes to work by bus. lAGnt Yv  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 7I;0 %sVQ{  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 FL&L$#X  
如: Zcg-i:@  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. kUr/*an  
The project starts early this year. kL<HGQt  
There is a conference tonight. kv2 H3O  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: CioS}K  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. Gh<#wa['}  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. X?(R!=a  
2 、一般过去时 !P":z0K4  
1)构成:动词过去式 K~fWZT3]  
2)基本用法 gJg+ ]-h/  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: ]O0u.=1k  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 ( efxw  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: x&$8;2&.  
He died five years ago. ?=HoU3  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. |D[LU[<C  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he ]Y$jc  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. J~h9i=4<bF  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. N(O* " 1b  
3 、一般将来时 0W~1v  
1)构成 GC(QV}9z"  
will +动词原形 "s@q(J  
2)基本用法 ke)<E98DC  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 mApl;D X  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. :!FGvR6  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 162Dj$   
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 x Vw1  
明即将发生的事。例如: w BoP&l  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. <y#@v  G  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 /!60oV4p0  
可能性。例如: *zdU CX  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. E#cu}zi  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 hI*6f3Vn(n  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: 4~hP25q  
We're leaving on Friday. +6L.a3&(b  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. *9`k$'  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: Dw,LB>Eq,  
He is about to retire. n} ]gAX  
4 、现在进行时 Q,};O$h  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 t&IWKu#  
2)基本用法 om6`>I*  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 2<d'!cm  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 9j5B(_J^  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. :zpT Gk8Z  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 0;%\L:,O  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: H)rJ >L  
He is constantly complaining about his job. ] ^J  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. FR\r/+n:t0  
5 、现在完成时 Of eM;)  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 hK3Twzte  
2)基本用法 oq (W|  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 Q_*.1L  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since BT f  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ~$1g"jIw  
We’ve just back. \#gguq?[  
We have studied English for more than ten years. <<9|*Tz  
He has lived here since 1995. Jt)J1CA Yo  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. KSU hB  
Have you booked your hotel yet A>*#Nw5L  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 -@~4:o  
(1)过去与现在的关系 s1X?]A  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 C]3^:b+   
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 &0+Ba[Z ^  
造成的影响。 D8b9 T.[(  
(2)时间状语不同 .EjjCE/v-  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just,  7uzc1}r  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till Z,>owoP4  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: ixqvX4vv,B  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) UAC"jy1D  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 E:P_ CDSd]  
开着的。) ~SwGZ  
6 、过去进行时 =vL >&$  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 CH6;jo]  
2)基本用法 LfvRH?<W  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: .pblI  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. ~6[3Km|2  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. G(1_P1  
7 、过去完成时 R-Y 7I  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 ZtpbKy!\$B  
2)基本用法 ];QX&";Z  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 d\tA1&k71  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: _t6 .9CXl  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 98CS|NEe  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. o\nFSG kn  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. }50s\H._C  
8 、过去将来时 cq$ _$jRx  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 Xzqx8Kd  
2)基本用法 v/,,z+%-  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 n9k-OGJ  
时的宾语从句中。例如: \CYKj_c  
He said he would stop smoking next month. y!~ }7=  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. 5$*=;ls>J  
9 、将来完成时 ,oJ$m$(Lj  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 k%;oc$0G-3  
2)基本用法 ~@"H\): /  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: @\U] hN?  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. .F0Q< s9  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. } ;d=  
10 、现在完成进行时 f/sLQdK,  
1)构成 R vd'uIJ  
2)基本用法 i`!>zl+D  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 e8k|%m<Sp  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 Lv>OBHD  
状语连用。例如: t* =i8`8  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. Gf-GDy\{  
He has been studying English for years. z#6(PZC}  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. 9x#T j/5%  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 *EFuK8 ;  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: s6Il3K f  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) !_-Uwg  
They have built a ship.(已完成) #`%V/#YK  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) `KieN/d%  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! {O4&HW%  
(表达不满情绪) )k81   
II. 动词的语态 l=<},_]{  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 qCm8R@  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: ~NIqO4 D  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 *,,:;F^  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called 5m?9O7Pg  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called k|cP]p4,  
将来 shall/will be f;bVzti+w  
called 4XSq\.@G  
------ shall/will have been called dlwOmO'Bm)  
应注意的事项: vtRz;~,Z  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 :#=B wdC  
He was beat severely by the gunman.  K"Gea`I  
The cup was broken by Tom. ESuP ZB  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 <WL] (-9I:  
或副词。例如: 1|$J>  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. xo{z4W  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. SU(J  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 Q>TNzh  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: WPPD vB  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) fd gjTX  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 0SJ(Ln`0K  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) 2c3/iYCKP  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 |oR#j `  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: bUc ++M  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. |pE ~  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. x #t?`  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: ~$YasFEz  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: Xet} J@C  
She got her purse stolen. `8;\}6:"1  
I must get my hair cut. i GNZC{  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 h O(A_Bw  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: +d3h @gp  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. t!0 IQ9\[*  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. !iUT Re  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, _ FN#Vq2  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: ,N8SP 'R  
The book sells very well. ~2QD .(  
The parachute opens easily. m21H68y  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: <M\#7.](  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; YyC$\HH6   
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 K^%ONultv  
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