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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 15:9JVH3D  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 f:;-ZkIU ?  
2)基本用法 &PMQ]B  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 !I7$e&Uz@  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , Ev fvU:z  
seldom等。例如: *C*J1JYp+  
The sun rises in the east. UP]( 1lAf  
He usually goes to work by bus. g]~vZj  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. @-@Coy 4Tt  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 @c~Z0+Ji  
如: :6Ri%  Nb  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. 3vrVX<_  
The project starts early this year. ;c 7I "?@z  
There is a conference tonight. 6h9(u7(-N  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: t{})6  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. ^t0!Dbx3SE  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. `>"#d ? ,  
2 、一般过去时 r-qe7K@p  
1)构成:动词过去式 QqM[W/&R  
2)基本用法 p6JTNx D  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: '54\!yQ<{  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 86#l$QaK{  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: :WB uU  
He died five years ago. QK_5gD`$a,  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. Ip8ml0oG  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he Tm" H 9  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. b0~r/M;J  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ':.Hz]]/A  
3 、一般将来时 :9&c%~7B9  
1)构成 ;Gr {  
will +动词原形 J3yK^@&&  
2)基本用法 5]O{tS j  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 /k'7j*t Z  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. ztVTXI%Kz  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 KVZ B`c$<t  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 /A9RmTb  
明即将发生的事。例如: xs= ~N  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. '5h` ="  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 =Jm[1Mgt  
可能性。例如: u=:f%l  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. 5dj" U xH  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 Xs2}n^#i  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: 2yA)SGri  
We're leaving on Friday. @^| [J _4  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. v,<14w  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: <-I69`  
He is about to retire. ;UQza ]i  
4 、现在进行时 lu.]R>w  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 SAP/jD$5]>  
2)基本用法 s%:fZ7y  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 4en3yA0.w  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 4! dc/K  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. 8}|et~7!  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 R XCn;nM4  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: 6H|1IrG  
He is constantly complaining about his job. X%yG{\6:  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. a7g;8t-&   
5 、现在完成时 UGAV"0  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 6?a`'&  
2)基本用法 bWTf P8gT  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 &N^j }^ Z  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since |.k'?!  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: v]k-x n|$j  
We’ve just back. vhBW1/w&F  
We have studied English for more than ten years. 0:V /z3?  
He has lived here since 1995. SA TX_  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. R /=rNUe  
Have you booked your hotel yet gkr9+  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 4Fg2/O_3  
(1)过去与现在的关系 rI>x'0Go*  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 q%sZV>  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 ji?Hw  
造成的影响。 1Dr&BXvf]8  
(2)时间状语不同 e"hfeNphz  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, +(*HDa|  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till WZ-~F/:c%  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: q;68tEupR  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) Z!g6uV+.5  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 @_do<'a  
开着的。) 7eCj p  
6 、过去进行时 >/n]; fl>8  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 `0Udg,KOs  
2)基本用法 27!F B@k-  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: &@lfr623  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. w-Ph-L/  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. =E2 a#Vd  
7 、过去完成时 i%o%bib#  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 BeUyt  
2)基本用法 LGhK)]:  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 OJm ]gb7  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: m.+h@  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning :A8r{`R'N  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. M@T{uo  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. )+L|<6JXA  
8 、过去将来时 tl_3 %$s  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 ejd_ 85$  
2)基本用法 q|ce7HnK  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 ! t!4CY  
时的宾语从句中。例如: h3 H Udu  
He said he would stop smoking next month. ~R;/u")@e  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. X2V+cre  
9 、将来完成时 9JdJn>  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 \lg ^rfj  
2)基本用法 G y[5'J`  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: K^!#;,0  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. V< F &\  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. b "X1  
10 、现在完成进行时 IFBt#] l0  
1)构成 mP*$wE9b,:  
2)基本用法 Pyuul4(  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 :WRD<D_4  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 %fF,Fnf2  
状语连用。例如: K{d3)lVYCS  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. Tbm ~@k(C  
He has been studying English for years. >\K=)/W2  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. s O#cJAfuu  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 < h#7;o  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: fYuSfB+<  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) 7KiraKb|  
They have built a ship.(已完成) v9H t~\>  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) KAZ<w~55c  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! >h%>s4W  
(表达不满情绪) Vl+UC1M}B>  
II. 动词的语态 zx<t{e7  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 8{0XqE~ix=  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: D,=~7/g  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 "yH?df24  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called {3KY:%6qj  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called Y 22Ai  
将来 shall/will be 3]1 ! g6  
called mKtMI!FR  
------ shall/will have been called ,l AZ4  
应注意的事项: ( !@gm)#h  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 Up%XBA  
He was beat severely by the gunman. nN$.^!;&  
The cup was broken by Tom. waz5+l28  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 :C^{Lc  
或副词。例如: 78]*Jx>L  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. #O_%!7M{4  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. YCP D+  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 , l!>+@  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: b`%u}^B {  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) D|U bh]  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) U}HSL5v  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) ~c&sr5E  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 gjD|f2*x  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: \$Ky AWrZi  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. %npLgCF  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. ~9rNP{ +  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: vD2(M1Q  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: 1 39T*0C  
She got her purse stolen. nGTGX  
I must get my hair cut. 1r4NP  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 5o{U$  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: )M.g<[= ^  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. Tn,_0  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. ,;YNI  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, <% mD#S  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: b!MN QGs  
The book sells very well. D:K"J><@  
The parachute opens easily. jB9~'>JY  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: X:f5t`;  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; |61ns6i!  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 N DI4EA~z  
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