(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 r- Y7wM`TZ
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 _3#_6>=M
2)基本用法 aadw#90
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 UXwI?2L
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , *<}R=X.
seldom等。例如: !JVv`YN
The sun rises in the east. xmfZ5nVL
He usually goes to work by bus. lAGnt
Yv
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 7I;0%sVQ{
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 FL&L$#X
如: Zcg-i:@
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. kUr/*an
The project starts early this year. kL<HG Qt
There is a conference tonight. kv2 H3O
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: CioS}K
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. Gh<#wa['}
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. X?(R!=a
2 、一般过去时 !P":z0K4
1)构成:动词过去式 K~fWZT3]
2)基本用法 gJg+
]-h/
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: ]O0u.=1k
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 (
efxw
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: x&$8;2&.
He died five years ago. ?=HoU3
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. |D[LU[<C
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he ]Y$jc
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. J~h9i=4<bF
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. N(O*"
1b
3 、一般将来时 0W~1v
1)构成 GC(QV}9z"
will +动词原形 "s@q(J
2)基本用法 ke)<E98DC
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 mApl;D X
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. :!FGvR6
3)表示将来时的其他形式 162Dj$
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 x Vw1
明即将发生的事。例如: w BoP&l
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. <y#@v G
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 /!60oV4p0
可能性。例如: *z dU
CX
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. E#cu}zi
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 hI*6f3Vn(n
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: 4~hP25q
We're leaving on Friday. +6L.a3&(b
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. *9`k$'
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: Dw,LB>Eq,
He is about to retire. n} ]gAX
4 、现在进行时 Q,};O$h
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 t&IWKu#
2)基本用法 om6`>I*
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 2<d'!cm
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 9j5B(_J^
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. :zpT Gk8Z
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 0;%\L :,O
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: H)rJ>L
He is constantly complaining about his job. ]
^J
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. FR\r/+n:t0
5 、现在完成时 OfeM;)
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 hK3Twzte
2)基本用法 oq(W|
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 Q_*.1L
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since BT
f
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ~$1g"jIw
We’ve just back. \#gguq?[
We have studied English for more than ten years. <<9|*Tz
He has lived here since 1995. Jt)J1CAYo
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. KSUhB
Have you booked your hotel yet A>*#Nw5L
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 -@~4: o
(1)过去与现在的关系 s1X?]A
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 C]3^:b+
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 &0+Ba[Z ^
造成的影响。 D8b9T.[(
(2)时间状语不同 .EjjCE/v-
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just,
7uzc1}r
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till Z,>owoP4
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: ixqvX4vv,B
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) UAC"jy1D
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 E:P_
CDSd]
开着的。) ~SwGZ
6 、过去进行时 =vL
>&$
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 CH6;jo]
2)基本用法 LfvRH?<W
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: .pblI
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. ~6[3Km|2
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. G(1_P1
7 、过去完成时 R-Y 7I
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 ZtpbKy!\$B
2)基本用法 ];QX&";Z
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 d\tA1&k71
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: _t6.9CXl
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 98CS|NEe
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. o\nFSGkn
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. }50s\H._C
8 、过去将来时 cq$_$jRx
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 Xzqx8Kd
2)基本用法 v/,,z+%-
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 n9k-OGJ
时的宾语从句中。例如: \CYKj_c
He said he would stop smoking next month. y!~ }7=
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. 5$*=;ls>J
9 、将来完成时 ,oJ$m$(Lj
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 k%;oc$0G-3
2)基本用法 ~@"H\):
/
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: @\U] hN?
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. .F0Q<s9
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. } ;d=
10 、现在完成进行时 f/sLQdK,
1)构成 Rvd'uIJ
2)基本用法 i`!>zl+D
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 e8k|%m<Sp
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 Lv>O BHD
状语连用。例如: t* =i8`8
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. Gf-GDy\{
He has been studying English for years.
z#6(PZC}
He has been playing computer games since early morning. 9x#Tj/5%
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 *EFuK8 ;
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: s6Il3Kf
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) !_-Uwg
They have built a ship.(已完成) #`%V/ #YK
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) `KieN/d%
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! {O4&HW%
(表达不满情绪) )k81
II. 动词的语态 l=<},_]{
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 qCm8R@
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: ~NIqO4 D
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态
*,,:;F^
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called 5m?9O7Pg
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called
k|cP]p4,
将来 shall/will be f;bVzti+w
called 4XSq\.@G
------ shall/will have been called dlwOmO'Bm)
应注意的事项: vtRz;~,Z
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 :#=BwdC
He was beat severely by the gunman. K"Gea`I
The cup was broken by Tom. ESuP ZB
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 <WL] (-9I:
或副词。例如: 1|$J>
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. xo{z4W
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. SU(J
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 Q>TNzh
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: WP PDvB
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) fd
gjTX
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 0SJ(Ln`0K
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) 2c3/iYCKP
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 |oR#j
`
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: bUc++M
We were made to work twelve hours a day. |pE
~
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. x#t?`
5) 表示被动的其他形式: ~$YasFEz
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: Xet}
J@C
She got her purse stolen. `8;\}6:"1
I must get my hair cut. i
GNZC{
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 h
O(A_Bw
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: +d3h @gp
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. t!0 IQ9\[*
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. !iUT Re
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, _FN#Vq2
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: ,N8SP
'R
The book sells very well. ~2QD
.(
The parachute opens easily. m21H68y
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: <M\#7.](
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; YyC$\HH6
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 K^%ONultv