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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 'SXpb?CZ  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 u+"hr"}${  
2)基本用法 x<j($iv  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 Z2Y583D  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , S -mzxj  
seldom等。例如: n$Oky-P"  
The sun rises in the east. _a:!U^4  
He usually goes to work by bus. 'FvhzGn9Q  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. L< nkI  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 m0q`A5!)  
如: ag*Hs<gi  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. /R+]}Lt~%*  
The project starts early this year. I'wk/  
There is a conference tonight. `'{%szmD  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: d1LTyzLr  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. ^#6%*(D  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. APOU&Wd  
2 、一般过去时 A0 w `o  
1)构成:动词过去式 3qwYicq,  
2)基本用法 $9u  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: lr= !:D=K  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 R<YYf^y  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: f;; S  
He died five years ago. 4m~stDlN  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. Wy-quq03"&  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 88L bO(q\d  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. @nW(KF  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. uL{~(?U$  
3 、一般将来时 1RO gUJ;  
1)构成 ^T J   
will +动词原形 :FgRe,D  
2)基本用法 .Yv.-A=ZIg  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 f0'Wq^^  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. 1 H@rNa m&  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 lM]),}   
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 ^cXL4*_=  
明即将发生的事。例如: ^+l\YB7pD  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. >WS& w;G  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 hb\Y)HSp/  
可能性。例如: u z2s-,  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. vrldRn'*9  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 aI#n+PW  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: av$_hEjo|D  
We're leaving on Friday. N5_.m(:  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. 9@a;1Wr/f  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ]6[d-$#^ko  
He is about to retire. 5WN Z7cO  
4 、现在进行时 1 3az [  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 1EPOYvf%U  
2)基本用法 ;l4 \^E1  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: pNWp3+a'  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. YGmdiY:;1  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. D;n%sRq(Z  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 YfU#kvE'  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: 6N)1/=)  
He is constantly complaining about his job. `v{X@x  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. Y -{BY5E.  
5 、现在完成时 cY]Y8T)  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 WkIV  
2)基本用法 <\EfG:e  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 [k}\{i>  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since >D#}B1(!  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: GP'Y!cl  
We’ve just back. zL}hFmh  
We have studied English for more than ten years. {\zr_v`g  
He has lived here since 1995. =Q/>g6  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. #L$ I %L"  
Have you booked your hotel yet c3t8yifQ  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 ='>UKy[=  
(1)过去与现在的关系 (W!$6+GT  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 ~=ys~em e  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 ybO,~TQ  
造成的影响。 l$9,  
(2)时间状语不同 1iDo$]TEK  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, [ 1GEe  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till x&vD,|V!  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: Uroj%xN  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) D.`\ ^a  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 SqB|(~S  
开着的。) H/Q)z DP  
6 、过去进行时 BB$>h-M/%#  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。  0 XzO`*  
2)基本用法 ,[ L$  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: Jo<6M'  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. ,eCXT=6  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. hh&y2#Io  
7 、过去完成时 EZBzQ""  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 id'# s  
2)基本用法 {E|gV9g  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 q2vz#\A?  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: 4&fnu/,Z  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning @x +#ZD(  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 0 B/a$NC  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. "@$STptkc  
8 、过去将来时 ku8c)  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 k1zt|  
2)基本用法 !@k@7~i  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 "s9gQAoaO  
时的宾语从句中。例如: <t{AY^:r  
He said he would stop smoking next month. A8GlE  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. DjvgKy=Jr_  
9 、将来完成时 [zEP|  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 0u2uYiE-l  
2)基本用法 *wcoDQ b;  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: s;$TX304  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. ,6\f4/  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. Q@VnJ,  
10 、现在完成进行时 d<nB=r!*  
1)构成 g>P9hIl  
2)基本用法 JZxF)] ^  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 I]1Hi?A2  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 KdsvZim0>  
状语连用。例如: z} 8L}:  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. N~_jiVD>  
He has been studying English for years. de{YgN  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. ;XQ lj?:  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 K/ m)f #  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: )uuEOF"w  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) g@VndAp  
They have built a ship.(已完成) 0(9@GIT  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) v1g5(  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! Jd"s~n<>K  
(表达不满情绪) y@\Q@ 9  
II. 动词的语态 : ";D.{||  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 .|`=mx  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: lA-!~SM v"  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 CVG>[~}(9'  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called <`UG#6z8  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called T&"dBoUq>G  
将来 shall/will be Cf=q_\0|W  
called _s-HlE?C  
------ shall/will have been called ]O=S2Q  
应注意的事项: b\j&!_   
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 <i\zfa'6  
He was beat severely by the gunman. UAXF64w{  
The cup was broken by Tom. &z X 3  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 rspoSPnY1  
或副词。例如: K0RYI69_  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. ^!p<zZ  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. hi D7tb=g~  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 lH@E%  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: Q}?N4kg  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) ngY+Ym  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) y(3c{y@~X  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) syW9Hlm  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 n &\'Hm  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: Jt>[]g$  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. `\F%l?aY  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. ]%<Q:+38  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: j #I:6yA3  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: AXh3LA  
She got her purse stolen. 0fPHh>u  
I must get my hair cut. 3q|cZQK!1  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 lKV\1(`  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: |j~EV~A J  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. ( ztim  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. o!=l B fI  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, i2FD1*=/?  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: si^4<$Nr%j  
The book sells very well. G_^iR-  
The parachute opens easily. @ k+%y'Y?  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: ,jbGM&.C  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; ckf<N9  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 #6N+5Yx_[  
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