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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 3 _:yHwkD  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 p:k>!8.Qho  
2)基本用法 -} 9ZZ#K  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 _R]la&^2F\  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , xlqRW"  
seldom等。例如: KSqWq:W+  
The sun rises in the east. z]=A3!H/Y  
He usually goes to work by bus. 50l=B]M  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 3@KX|-  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 pUYa1=  
如: wR@fB  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. 477jS6^e&  
The project starts early this year. B:&/*HU  
There is a conference tonight. ]|Vm*zO  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: #";(&|7  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. OY51~#BF  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. jv5p_v4%O  
2 、一般过去时 _E:]qv  
1)构成:动词过去式 1 ;4TA}'H  
2)基本用法 c3`X19'%fM  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: C*/d%eHD  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 o\g",O4-  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: Pp@P]  
He died five years ago. %=]~5a9  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. G3OqRH  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he kRT T ~  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. g&\ A1H  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. rts@1JY[  
3 、一般将来时 ,-vbR&  
1)构成 &`Z>zT}  
will +动词原形 W.HM!HQp  
2)基本用法 Hb#8?{  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 <FRYt-+  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. W-<C%9O!  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 TF^Rh4  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 {}s7q|$  
明即将发生的事。例如: :,fs' !  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. 1Vp[' &  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 dArg 'Dc4  
可能性。例如: X) owj7U;  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. {<v?Z_!68  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 l <Tkg9  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: H]H*Ouu["e  
We're leaving on Friday. & VJ+X|Z  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. i ?%;s5<  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: >KNiMW^V  
He is about to retire. [O2xE037h`  
4 、现在进行时 X/}kNW!q  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 z {wJQZ9"  
2)基本用法 k-Hy> 5;  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: .D(H@3qA@  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. Tv_KdOv8  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. ]]Sz|6P  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 )>QpR8 G-  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: ]u?|3y^ (  
He is constantly complaining about his job. =2F;'T\6  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. W4%I%&j  
5 、现在完成时 @SjISZw_  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 3yX^ 93  
2)基本用法  l+HmG< P  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 (u-K^xC  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since iH<:wLY&J  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: }`ox;Q  
We’ve just back. ` $*I%oT;  
We have studied English for more than ten years. Hb55RilC  
He has lived here since 1995. S~()A*5  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. G8z.JX-7g  
Have you booked your hotel yet Y)H~*-vGu  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别  `fMdO  
(1)过去与现在的关系 fUx;_GX?  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 U2<8U  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 O$z XDxn  
造成的影响。 ]s_,;PGU  
(2)时间状语不同 K G<. s<  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, cZC%W!pT  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till 3w!8PPl  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: V1di#i:  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) .3>`yL  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 /M!b3bmA  
开着的。) $0 ]xeD0X  
6 、过去进行时 PtsQV!  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 7}#zF]vHNi  
2)基本用法 $ /`X7a{  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: !aQb Kp  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. 4}4cA\B:n  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. #mKF)W  
7 、过去完成时 w3Lr~_j  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 ~(*2 :9*0  
2)基本用法 Jlp nR#@  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 QNbV=*F?  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: 6mV-+CnYC  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ?_ 476A  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. ~aPe?{yIUa  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage.  jYUN:  
8 、过去将来时 d! {]CZ"@  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 CKI.\o  
2)基本用法 JAx0(MZO  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 Ty<."dyPW  
时的宾语从句中。例如: bog3=Ig-  
He said he would stop smoking next month. Ie4\d2tQ;  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. igx~6G*  
9 、将来完成时 Z_U4Yy'NNw  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 zfrNM9C  
2)基本用法 ]sTbEw.[  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: qCkC 2Fy(  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. "%}24t%  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. iD*21c<kd  
10 、现在完成进行时  .0YcB  
1)构成 3{)!T;Wd  
2)基本用法 A(_HM qA]  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 577#A,O  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 FI,K 0sO/|  
状语连用。例如: oN2#Jh%dH  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. J}NMF#w/;  
He has been studying English for years. >?O?U=:<  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. STl8h}C  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 L{&>,ww  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: wBDHhXi0  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) ebn3r:IU-  
They have built a ship.(已完成) in K]+H]{  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) <6Y|vEo!N  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! )DmydyQ'  
(表达不满情绪) 5o0n4W  
II. 动词的语态 NN#k^[i1  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 n }b{u@$  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: _aYhW{wW  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 uH?dy55 Y  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called eL>wKu:r  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called !E&l=* lM.  
将来 shall/will be )RN3Oz@H  
called k-H6c  
------ shall/will have been called {+zG.1o^  
应注意的事项: gg.]\#3g  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 [(2^oTSRaq  
He was beat severely by the gunman. gzlxkv-F{  
The cup was broken by Tom. m 62Zta  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 Td,d9M  
或副词。例如: "b402"&  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. *v%gNq  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. yUWc8]9\W  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 8!0fT}  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如:  3b\s ;!  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) c&1_lI,tH  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) k>F!S`a&m  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) 5Q <vS"g  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 *+zFsu4l  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: SHs [te[  
We were made to work twelve hours a day.  pdm(7^  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. ^SsdM#E  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 0ETT@/)]z  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: x]yIe&*('  
She got her purse stolen.  S!#5  
I must get my hair cut. C[<{>fl)  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 +'SL5d*  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: NC!B-3?x  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. T[^&ZS]s  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. RhKDQGdd  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 2q]ZI  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: n-SO201[*  
The book sells very well. rz,,ku4qt  
The parachute opens easily. b:'8_jL  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: p>kny?AJ  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; \ a7m!v  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 (^W :f{  
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