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楼主  发表于: 2009-10-18   

医学SCI 论文经典句子

18 |@nvg>mu  
Jurkat cells cultured in calcium-free RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco BRL; number Pms3X  
22300-107) containing calcium-free 10% FBS were triggered by anti-Fas IgM. The *, *"G?  
treated cells were harvested at the indicated time points and incubated with Fluo-3-AM at ?RpT_u  
a final concentration of 1 micromolar for 30 min at 37°C (Scoltock et al., 2000). The )SA$hwR  
labeled cells (50,000 cells per treatment) were then analyzed by exciting the cells at 488 3jS=  
nm and examining the fluorescence emission of Fluo 3 at 530 nm with a FACS Scan, TP{a*ke^5,  
(Becton Dickinson). A one micromolar concentration of LPA was used as a positive XOqpys  
control for Ca2+ induction. The data thus obtained was analyzed with the software Win }0 <x4|=  
MDI 2.8 and represented as contour plots.The effect of chelating intracellular calcium on {+xUAmd  
translocation of annexin I was studied by culturing Jurkat cells in the presence of 10 >.{ ..~"K  
micromolar BAPTA-AM, with or without the addition of anti-Fas IgM. Cells were eaX`S.!jR  
harvested and fractionated as detailed above, and the S-100 fractions were assessed by h*MR5qa  
immunoblotting for presence or absence of annexin I. ''5%5(Y.r  
Mouse bone marrow transduction and transplantation. ]`. d%Vx  
Retrovirus-mediated transduction of mouse bone marrow cells was done by published m/eGnv;!  
methods49. Prestimulated low-density bone marrow cells were infected with high-titer :ZL>JVk  
retrovirus supernatant on fibronectin-coated plates. Retrovirus supernatant was generated EW5S%Y  
in the phoenix-gp cells with a mouse stem cell virus–based retroviral vector coexpressing }2NH>qvY  
EGFP and HA–RhoH as described50. EGFP+ sorted cells were transplanted by SAH\'v0  
intravenous injection into the sublethally irradiated (300 rads with a 137Cs irradiator) }qK eX4\-  
Rag2-/- recipient mice. At 9 weeks after transplantation, thymus, peripheral blood, bone UkqLLzL  
marrow, spleen and lymph nodes from each recipient mouse were collected for analysis dlT\VWMha(  
of EGFP+ chimerism and hematopoietic lineage by flow cytometry. Expression of vj^U F(X  
HA–RhoH and HA–RhoHF73F83 in EGFP+ sorted thymocytes of recipient mice was N!h>fE`  
confirmed by immunoblot analysis. %<M<'jxSca  
Determination of renal morphology g$ 2M|Q  
Kidney slices were postfixed in buffered 2% OsO4, dehydrated, and embedded in an J:(Shd'4D  
Araldite-EM bed 812 mixture. Large sections were cut perpendicular to the renal capsule,  ]Ea7b  
containing cortex, and medulla. Thin (1 m) sections were analyzed in a blinded manner *z+\yfOO"  
for morphologic alterations, as previously detailed zHdp'J"  
Patient population J.nVEqLZ  
Patients included in the study met the following criteria: (1) biopsy-proven IMN; (2) ^&6NB)6  
creatinine clearance 30 ml per min per 1.73 m2; and (3) persistent proteinuria >5 g per (D l"s`UH~  
24 h despite treatment with an HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) w-#0k.T  
reductase inhibitor, an ACEi, and/or ARB at maximal tolerated dose for at least 4 months. 7S1!|*/ I  
The Mayo Institutional Review Board and the Research Ethical Board, University Health e{} o:r  
Network, University of Toronto approved the study protocol. All patients gave written -$0S#/)Z  
informed consent. Patients who had been on treatment with prednisone, cyclosporine, or &.z/dFmG  
19 RdDcMZ  
mycophenolic mofetil within the last 4 months or alkylating agents within the last 6 h4qR\LX  
months were not included in the study. Patients with active infection, diabetes, or a s{,e^T  
secondary cause of MN (for example, hepatitis B, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),  ~Afs  
medications, malignancies) were also excluded. Kulg84<AwM  
Treatment ?oJ~3K g  
At enrollment, a low-sodium (<4 g day-1) and low-protein (0.8 g per kg per day of Q&#:M>!|  
high-quality protein) diet was recommended and patients were encouraged to maintain \'EWur"  
the same diet throughout the duration of the study. All patients received a similar wMUnZHd{|  
conservative treatment regimen that included loop diuretics to control edema, an "_K 6=  
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, and an ACEi combined with an ARB if tolerated. E+)Go-rS(  
-Blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, in that order, were added ;MMFF{  
when required to control systolic blood pressures to <135 mm Hg in >75% of the RnrM rOh  
readings. Patients who after a minimum of 4 months of conservative therapy and vj b?N  
maximized Ang II blockade had proteinuria >5 g per 24 h received two i.v. infusions of **q/'K  
rituximab at a dose of 1000 mg on days 1 and 15. To minimize infusion reactions, PGKXzp'  
patients were premedicated with acetaminophen (1000 mg) and diphenhydramine a82mC r  
hydrochloride (50 mg) orally. In addition, methylprednisolone (100 mg, i.v.) was given #K l2K4  
prior to the first rituximab infusion. B-cell depletion was defined as CD19+ count aOHCr>po,  
<5 cells per l at any time and B-cell recovery was defined as CD19+ cell count '=H^m D+gl  
>15 cells per l. Patients treated with rituximab, who at month 6 had proteinuria >3 g per +B m+Pj>  
24 h and in whom CD19+ B-cell counts had increased to >15 cells per l, received a f UIs(}US  
second course of rituximab treatment following the same protocol described above. SIl  g  
Follow-up K_5&_P1  
In all patients, clinical and laboratory parameters including complete blood counts, vO_quQ[.  
electrolytes, serum albumin, B-cell flow cytometry for CD19+ B cells, serum gJ&!w8v.  
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels, and a lipid panel were evaluated at study entry UW* aSZ/?  
and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Creatinine clearance and protein and creatinine excretion Q]wM/7  
in the urine were assessed by performing two consecutive 24-h urine collections at each _PM<25Y,@  
time point. Data were considered accurate when urinary creatinine excretion was Tv$7aVi!  
consistent with a complete 24 h collection. The mean of the two measurements was p*0Ve21i,  
considered for the analysis. The presence of HACAs was evaluated at baseline and at kYB <FwwB  
months 3, 6, 9, and 12. 0 MIMs#  
Method / Approach / Study/ Technique AD\<}/3U  
A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system 6p " c ^  
To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. qN[7zsaj  
In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the skz]@{38  
Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally `z_7[$\~  
accepted L"iyjL<M  
20 [M^[61  
This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.  +Rgw+o  
This can be accomplished by wzPw; xuG  
This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: Yp]G)}'R  
The above preliminary analysis has provided important information  <%D"eD  
Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... &fW=5'  
These concepts have been applied to c@- K  
On the basis of the concept mentioned above, 1Wk EPj,  
This can be achieved by " ^baiN@ac  
In addition, tissues were stained for infiltrating lymphocytes (CD20 and CD3), and the 9r nk\`E  
amount of interstitial fibrosis was quantified by histomorphometry. Formalin-fixed, "O[76}I+.q  
paraffin-embedded sections were cut onto coated glass slides. Following heat-induced Sz|CreFK16  
antigen retrieval, sections were incubated at 20°C overnight with either anti-CD20 ,/6:bc:W  
primary antibody or anti-CD3 primary antibody, both at 1:1000 dilution (Dako, Canada *ZR@ z80i  
Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). After rinsing all sections, pretreatment with 3% `4.sy +2  
hydrogen peroxide was performed to prevent endogenous peroxidase activation. Sections g]<Z]R`  
were incubated with a secondary rabbit anti-mouse antibody linked with avidin–biotin 'ZH<g8:=@  
complex. Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and examined by light nRB>[lG  
microscopy. 8I\eromG  
The HACA assay is a proprietary bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay  'e>sHL  
performed at Genentech Inc. that measures the antibody response to rituximab in human C cr+SR2  
serum samples. pLQSG}N  
In all patients, clinical and laboratory parameters including complete blood counts, Z4AAg  
electrolytes, serum albumin, B-cell flow cytometry for CD19+ B cells, serum |SP.S 0.y  
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels, and a lipid panel were evaluated at study entry NhK(HTsvK  
and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. [k~+(.2I  
This fact suggests that a new concept I0HY#z%  
This was accomplished by taking ... nqxq@.L2  
The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. e#6&uFce  
Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility v^],loi<V  
There is little hope of achieving successful ... qi SEnRG.  
There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have /GuS IZg"_  
not taken this approach, with the exception of ah/6;,T  
Only a few studies can be found. Q)6wkY+!  
It is a very tedious process to go through BY4  R@)  
It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected &&9c&xgzE  
The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. JQ@`EV9,  
These approaches are sometimes very tedious. {|5$1v   
Several techniques can be used < k+fKl  
A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]: ?St=7a(D  
A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. ~f=6?5.wa  
A xx model represents an xx by its xx. Jl> at  
A process decision model captures the logic essential to n.a=K2H:V  
From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... I^M#[xA  
21 4VmCW"b7h  
The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. A)RI:?+  
Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... qXU:A-IdIl  
Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. \2R`q*a+  
A number of heuristic rules have been developed for ^/%o%J&Hz  
Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that z<o E!1St  
An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine Th~3mf #  
Euler's formula states the following: )l!J$X+R  
The completed model should agree with the formula. yp[<9%Fi  
For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary ez^*M:K  
Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, 4T==A#Z  
To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. ^ J#?hHz  
Point of View '<?v:pb9  
from an implementation standpoint, *`+<x  
From the point of view of this application, $ ] W[y=  
From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). d`?U!?Si  
Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data &547`*  
in order to allow one to make decisions. Gg=aK~q6  
From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a _[}G(<  
simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm. Tn4W\?R  
The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, ]5} -y3  
and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM u Q[vgNe*m  
p.129] 7oZ@<QP'  
Statistical analysis iUeV5cB  
Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance comparing the three conditions ,] ~u:Y}  
(sham operation, ischemic AKI, and bilateral nephrectomy) at each time point. If q Z8|B  
significant F-statistic from analysis of variance existed, this test was followed by Dunnett TJHN/Z/  
post hoc multiple comparison procedure with sham operation as the control group. For all b4Ricm  
other comparisons, Student's t-test was used. A P-value of <0.05 was considered as hH <6E  
statistically significant. 0hrCG3k.91  
Values are expressed as means s.e.m. and significance was evaluated by Mann–Whitney TpJ g-F  
U test using GraphPad Prism, version 4.0 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, dV5PhP>6  
CA, USA). [kPD`be2#  
All values are expressed as means s.d. Statistical significance (defined as P<0.05) was E:08%4O  
evaluated using analysis of variance and Bonferroni t-tests, and the two-tailed Pearson's t2=a(N-/,  
test, where appropriate. /C*~/}  
Data are expressed as mean s.d., median and interquartile range, or frequencies, as y]yine  
appropriate. Variables who deviated from the normal distribution (positively skewed) ?r{TOj n  
were log-transformed (log10) before the correlation study. CTl(_g  
Data are represented as means s.e.m. Student's t-test and multiple comparisons with t-test P7's8KOoS  
post hoc analysis of variance were used as indicated below, for the comparison of Z7JKaP9{:  
22 O {PW  
morphological, immunohistological and functional parameters. Statistical significance @)o0GHNP  
was set at P<0.05. j_!bT!8  
The primary efficacy parameter was defined as change in urinary protein excretion from MVeF e\r  
baseline (week 0) to 12 months after treatment. The 12-month changes were tested i~9?:plS  
against zero using the paired t-test. Secondary end points included 6-month changes in ,%A)"doaG  
protein; the number with PR or CR at 6 or 12 months; and changes in glomerular 5,S,\O9>X  
filtration rate (GFR), serum albumin, and lipid profiles. Study sample size was based on 0yn[L3x7  
the desire to have 80% power to detect a drop in urinary protein of at least 2.0 g day-1. 0z<H(|  
Assuming a two-sided hypothesis test performed at a significance level of 0.05 and an s.d. qv *3A?uzr  
of urinary protein change of 2.5 g, it was determined that 15 patients were required.2 -7k[Vg?  
Definition of remission status is according to the criteria established by Cattran et al.30 ^uia`sOP4  
CR was defined as proteinuria <0.3 g per 24 h, PR as proteinuria 3 g per 24 h, and a 3I|O^   
>50% reduction in peak proteinuria and non-response as <50% reduction in peak #S%4?   
proteinuria. Any patient reaching a CR or PR was considered a treatment success <O.Kqk* nq  
The statistical significance of differences for the mean values of cytokine concentration >L8?=>>?\  
and T cell proliferation was determined with Student's t-test. Differences with a P value L~IE,4  
of less than 0.05 were considered significant. RL6Vkd?  
Statistical significance was determined by Student's t-test. Data with a P value of less qB:AkMd&  
than 0.05 were considered significant. bMsECA&  
In vitro and in vivo experiments were analyzed by the two-tailed Student's t-test, with P @@Q6TB  
values less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. )u0O_R  
The significance of differences among groups was determined by Student's t-test and YJd8l>mz  
one-way analysis of variance (SigmaStat software; Jandel). ^00{Hd6  
Comparisons !n eo\  
As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view A#(`9  
will be discussed. H8&p<=  
The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more fYB*6Xb,w  
suitable z$|;-u|  
As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously], 4@6 <  
Relation jJia.#.Ze  
We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping. LKx`v90p  
The relationships appear very complicate .#0H{mk  
Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and mZ7B<F[qV  
the human operator's characteristics. 9 6=Z"  
These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ... \,R!S/R#  
The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship ;'}'5nO=$  
among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships. T#@ {G,N  
This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former. F.?01,J=1  
The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product. e[{mVhg4E  
Importance  q>-R3HB  
90fs:.  
23 KQ{ Lt?S  
The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision Uyk,.*8"  
making. _R^y\1Qu  
Consideration / Attention 1k[GuG%/K  
Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure >b48>@~bY  
Such a formulation does not change further considerations. t'g^W  
Considerable attention has been paid to JoJukoy}F  
Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation. s8vKKvs`9  
Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ... SkHYXe"]  
Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others can be accommodated 8sg|MWSU  
After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determine /e1(? 20  
A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the {DwIjy31T  
appropriate decision. VEs5;]#<2D  
It should be noted that ',)7GY/n~  
It is important to point out that ... >zngJ$  
These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing ... 4h8*mMghs  
We should stress the fundamental importance of the xx iZxt/}1X0  
Results. LZ<[ll#C  
Advantages / Disadvantage xu\eXx6H  
One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be applied to the %tmp  
experimental study of A@$kLex  
One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it. D4Etl5k  
It has a very fast decision making process h@1!T  
All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations. =Op+v"  
It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a microprocessor;based I ~$1Lu`~  
environment. |"]PCb)!  
It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch. wK!~tYxP  
The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following: Vrkf(E3_V  
However, xx is not without its shortcomings. sKL:p 3r  
In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing xxx. [6tSYUZs  
Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally reduced by 5% to 9%. :P+\p=  
The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%. 27A!\pn  
Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only recognize a xx . Q5a)}6-5  
Most of the above methods are computational expansive and limited to xx. BRv x[u  
Some other advantages of xx are the following: ,}SCa'PB  
The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of parts. :iUF7P1I  
It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in system modeling that 6b=q-0yj  
was impossible in practice. v=?2S  
There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and benefits, the use of xx, OW@\./nM  
The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of conventional xx approaches. F0lOlS   
This combines the best features of both techniques j/!H$0PN  
24 hdma=KqZ(  
Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for developing a xx platform, `{Tk@A_yd  
and helping the administration, marketing, and knowledge management activities in bPbb\|u0d  
virtual communities. "Cz<d w]D  
Results 5&!c7$K0  
An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based on the data provided 9KuD(EJS  
Recent work has identified [wnDHy6W  
Time-dependent changes of  aSutM   
Cyclosporine-induced cell death is triggered by a non-classical phosphoinositide 3-kinase v6=-g$FG  
and does not require ERK activation. j+IrqPKC^  
Much of the current work on 60>.ul2  
Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this review sW@krBxMv  
Based on the information contained in this ~Nc Q1.  
The result can be categorized into nine classes mN_Z7n;^eh  
The results are illustrated by an example /e@H^Cgo  
The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2. cmwPuK$  
From the results obtained so far, it seem that {FO$yw=>  
Because of the inaccuracy of the ..., a conclusion cannot be drawn as G4 _,  
Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from completion. V^s0fWa  
The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the total costs. w?Ju5 5  
Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, less fuzzy and more 5VW|fI  
detailed. 7V7zGx+Z7  
Conclusion "2ru7Y"  
From the discussion, one may conclude that ... wf.T3  
The first indication that O[@ q%&_  
In summary, we have shown that (5L-G{4  
These results suggested that  >w6taX  
Our findings have shown that -e GL)M  
Our observations have provided  (.Y/  
This study reveals following five main findings: * jq7X   
To our knowledge, this is the first immunohistochemical report of both PIM and HIFs in 5K%SL1N  
the diabetic kidney. NE2pL@ sk  
As mentioned above, igL<g  
Moreover, we demonstrate that, jEdtJ EPa  
A number of studies have elaborated a body of knowledge about ^ <`(lyph  
There are findings to indicate that CK+d!Eg  
On a descriptive level, there is agreement that for -7H^n#]  
One issue that became particularly evident from our study is #FOqP!p.E  
Our data are in agreement with the findings and models presented by previous )m3Uar  
publications, in particular those of Jones et al m><w0k?t  
According to our observations, `$LWmm#  
…was not evident from our data u|#>32kV  
25 [jdFA<Is  
It could therefore be concluded that e1myH6$W  
our data illustrate that }kHdK vZ  
All these different aspects, as listed above, lead to BaF!O5M  
In fact, it has already been speculated that `^JJ&)4iv  
It should be furthermore mentioned in this context that Gl %3XdU  
To identify and verify the essential factors triggering developmental renin expression, it KOq;jH{$  
is of interest now to study the development of intrarenal renin expression in mice with F7L&=K$2y  
defined gene mutations, using the results of this study as a reference system. f*{ YFg?*&  
In conclusion, using several approaches, we demonstrated that dC e4u<so\  
But we have not provided formal proof yet that kv,%(en]  
In summary, our results suggest that AE`We $!  
In conclusion, we identify =h6 sPJ  
A better understanding of such regulatory systems may yield novel therapeutic 0 S_':r   
approaches to glomerular diseases. {gA\ph% s  
Preliminary results of short-term studies (2 weeks) indicate that ZoB*0H-  
However, we believe that iB0WEj[?  
However, despite our extensive measurements of these parameters, we found no <$w?/y/'  
relationship between response and initial proteinuria, time to B-cell recovery, the 5 8-e^.  
development of antibodies to rituximab, B-cell count in the kidney tissue, nor the degree Sd/?&  
of tubular interstitial damage present. A clear conclusion for efficacy, however, cannot be jc[_I&Oc_  
obtained from an uncontrolled study, and definitive claims of efficacy should be reserved OdWou|Gz  
for rigorous, prospective, controlled, and randomized trials with the use of rituximab and l.\re"Q  
that will also look for factors that may determine its efficacy in IMN. 1aV a0q<  
It has become increasingly clear that [XRCLi}  
Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that "\Egs)\  
The conclusions drawn are also valid zl-2$}<a  
In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx lies not only in... 9odJr]  
We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a theory of v%k9M{  
Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area |4mpohX  
Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of the xx compatibility in (Rk_-9_E.  
achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any level of the hierarchy is made possible. F/m^?{==~*  
This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of the xx process and xx *#% 9Rp2|  
concept. ,:~0F^z  
The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful feedback information for W"{v2xi  
improvements for xx work. mNf8kwr  
The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method. GU't%[  
This has a tremendous impact on our understanding of >e2<!#er|  
Significant progress has been made in advancing RNAi therapeutics in a remarkably )&era ` e[  
short period of time R1F5-#?'E  
To date, little is known about… /vY_Y3k#  
Irrespective of the mechanisms and the molecules –which are still largely unknown – fP3_d  
involved in MSC functions, current data suggest that 6.5T/D*TT  
To better understand ml@2wGyf  
26 ,D\GGRw  
Future Research (常用于conclustion 的结尾) *Ype>x{  
Thus, first extension of the approach could be, $F.([?)k?  
Further studies are needed to determine the importance of pA{ 5V9  
Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may be brought through 2([2Pb3<"  
additional levels in the hierarchy for more detailed representation of the scheduling 7iHK_\tn  
activity. ^gV T$A  
It also unveiled new aspects of the role played by thyroid hormone in response to injury $Vc~/>  
and tissue repair. 2=?tJ2E  
In the near future, the ongoing clinical trials with siRNAs for macular degeneration and 8 #ndFpu  
RSV may reveal the exciting potential of RNAi therapeutics as the next major class of Ngb(F84H?  
drug molecules. :Rs^0F8)c  
In the next few years it should become clear whether ^xf<nNF:p  
It should be an exciting time for researchers seeking to harness this powerful endogenous ]$U xCu  
pathway to treat human disease. :K\mN/ x  
Acknowledgement /(O$(35  
The authors are grateful to the insightful work provided by Mr. John W. Harney and all [2ax>Yk$  
of the fellows and students that contributed with some of the studies discussed in this [D5 t{[i  
article #fj/~[Ajv  
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete j)t+jcMUI  
this thesis. Mv c`)_Md  
I want to thank the Department of Transport of the former Interim Government of ~&\ f|%  
Namibia for giving me permission to commence this thesis in the first instance, to do the SI:U0gUc  
necessary research work and to use departmental data )2,eFNB#n  
This work was supported by NIH grants AI058695 and AI056900. We thank members of gyS+9)gY  
the laboratory and our collaborators for many useful suggestions. mDh1>>K'~  
We thank J. Maraganore and B. Greene for critical reading of the manuscript, M. _C\[DR0n  
Duckman for graphics assistance and A. Capobianco for word processing assistance. do uc('@  
Author contributions B2Xn?i3 l  
All authors were involved in experimental planning and data analysis and contributed to \c[IbL07  
manuscript preparation. Jc)^49Rf  
Tables and Figures X7L8h'(@  
Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships. B3Jgd, [  
The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure 1. 1 nvTce  
The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1. <o2r~E0r3  
Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the d--y  
Figure 1 though 2 provide a ... that VF&Z%O3n  
the architecture of this expert system for .... is illustrated in Figure 2.  ^\B :R,  
Figure 2 gives the outline of an ... system RtG}h[k/X  
Table shows the `Q+moX  
27 VL[)[~^  
Time-dependent changes of H A}f,),G  
as shown in Table 1 and 2 @pGZLq  
This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 W4;m H}#0  
At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. o;b0m;~   
Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row;headings, "uLjIIl  
xx through xx as column;headings. ]a2W e`  
Time course of calculated renin immunoreactive tissue volumes during development of e&eW|E  
the mouse kidney. Data are single values per time point. They were derived from the S' dV>m`  
kidneys shown in Figure 1. QZ `tNq :/  
Yellow color indicates UN"(5a8.  
PCT3 cells were pretreated with 50 M PD98059 or 10 M U0126 for 30 min and then -st7_3  
cells were stimulated with 25 g ml-1 CsA for 6 h. ERK and PKB activation were p2PY@d}}.  
analyzed by western blot using phospho-specific antibodies. *%Qn{x  
ERK and PKB activation were measured by western blot using phospho-specific J==SZ v  
antibodies BF{w)=@/'  
The data are the means of three different experiments taking the number of untreated cells !h&g7do]Z  
(vehicle alone) as 100%. M>jtFP <S  
ERK and PKB activation were then analyzed by western blot with the corresponding hzI *{  
phospho-specific antibodies. To ensure equal amount of protein in each lane, western 5 =(c%  
blots against total protein were performed for ERK and PKB. X5YiFLH>y\  
The means of optical density (OD) values of the bands detected in western blots of three >]'yK!a?  
different experiments are plotted, taking the maximal value of phosphorylation of ERK p}Fs'l?7Rq  
and PKB as 100%. Li 2Zndp  
CT3 cells were treated with 25 g ml-1 CsA or vehicle alone for 24 h and then fixed with _DRrz naw  
paraformaldehyde and stained with Hoescht as indicated in Materials and Methods. Then AvR2_  
cells were visualized by phase-contrast microscopy (upper panel) and fluorescence g%[n4  
microscopy (lower panel). 4^6.~6a  
The data are the means of three experiments performed on different days taking the Dc~,D1xWj  
number of cells at the onset of the experiment as 100%. $]aBe !  
Rats were killed at 4 h and at days 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 14, 21, and 28 after disease induction /R X1UQ.s  
(n=9 each). u% 2<\:~j  
*P<0.05 versus non-nephritic rats. Ql?^ B SqG  
The expression of the CCN3 protein was detected by western blot analysis (n=4 each, PC, ~Lfcg*  
positive control, M, molecular weight markers). Kex[ >L10G  
Original magnifications: 200 in A, E, G, H; 600 in B, C, D, F. ;%J5=f%z)  
Data are means s.d. of four independent experiments. <(@Syv )  
*P<0.05 versus 0.5 h.  &O[s:  
PDGF-BB and -DD, but not PDGF-AA and -CC, induce a downregulation of CCN3 HOt>}x  
mRNA as determined by real-time RT-PCR and normalized to <<MjC5  
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA. ps1YQ3Ep&  
Cell number was counted in duplicate using a Malassez hemocytometer 'f?.R&sCA  
Data are means s.d. of four independent experiments. *P<0.05 versus cells treated with %R_{1GrL'c  
MCDB media for 24 h, #P<0.05. b|^I<7  
28 t $^l<ppQ  
The curves are adjusted for history of coronary artery disease, CRP, and progression to 0Flu\w/+P  
ESRD. ~#M d"3  
Both models are independent of age, gender, baseline GFR and proteinuria, and other bC@k>yC-  
clinical characteristics and traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors )"@t6.  
Correlation between serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP) and serum PTH %@& a7JOL  
(n=99, P<0.0001, r2=0.190) +2cs#i  
Concentration of serum FGF23 concentration before starting and at the end of the 4-h k D~uGA  
hemodialysis procedure in 23 patients, expressed as log10 values (n=23, P<0.0001, `ZHP1uQ<  
Student's paired t-test). 4 h 5_M8I  
Immunohistochemistry for the hypoxia marker pimonidazole (PIM) and HIF-2 ; upn8n vy4(  
arrow=endothelial cell and CD=collecting duct !MZw#=D`  
Magnification: 1000. _rQUE ^9  
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CONJUGATION wV <7pi  
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at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in ?iz <  
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soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, while |'w^n  
29 'C]jwxy  
To Indicate Special Features or Examples "\T"VS^pd  
for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in qpgU8f  
practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned ya>N.h  
before / above Y^eX@dE FR  
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in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude wixD\t59X  
, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately, NhlJ3/J j  
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build a .. model ZQLB`n @  
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began a new era in ... =tq7z =k  
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production information in order to simultaneously VD4S_qx  
contains all information necessary to describe V<W02\Hs  
do not make use of production information yTj p-  
deals with WhenwQT  
end with failure }!knU3J  
fetch the information from the model directly ,E]|\_]  
has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of / m`a>,%}P"  
been recognized as -_w~JCx  
site component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / s #`cX0L)  
finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / 8tC+ lc  
interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown [BE:+ ID3  
in / used to effectively guide the search X%35XC.n  
makes use of 6i^0T  
was significantly higher as compared to _32/WQF6  
To assess disease-specific alterations, we measured |oFI[PE  
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make up ?^eJ:  
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30 @s3aR*ny$  
contribute to '%3u%;"  
meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon it *di&%&f  
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point out 9k*^\@\\x  
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will be available/ performed/ overlooked z0=Rp0_W  
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a basic technical function of 'nC3:U  
a significant reduction of O-y6!u$6&  
drug variability 1kbT@  
a critical need (rau8  
negatively correlated with Q:'qw#P/C  
a key / principle feature of Tz+HIUIxF  
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an intensive review was conducted c13vEn!c  
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an increasing need for expanding the application of .... ,eZ;8W{G  
an important component / function / aspect / issue 3ybK6!g`[  
each rule is numbered in sequence R4z<Xf:!  
each of these involves U-wq- GT  
for this calculation, it is necessary to define $.suu^>^w  
in the physical environment / integration of [ t>}SE  
in the reality of situations where … kr EH`f  
many aspects of qcR|E`k-G  
most past efforts have been spent on ... RT8_@8  
common sense to a well studied and documented technical field. ,yB?~  
sources of additional information on ... are listed 1NE!=;VOl  
systematic and rationally structured format yDu yMt#  
the basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is shown INN/VDsJ  
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impact / nature / role / task of / kernel functions =hZ&66  
the number of parts needed to *_2O*{V  
the above statement means that }5TfQV6  
the output data is passed to CYTuj>Ww  
31 ZTgAZ5_cz  
the proposed method / underlying principle !%Z)eO~Z  
the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should !9e\O5PmO  
this information resides in +7U  A%q  
this process is composed of ... different ... operation (7rz:  
along with the use of 1{\,5U&  
concerning general aspects of yP<:i CY  
due to +[ZMrTW!0C  
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in turn, #um1?V  
it can be claimed/concluded that K&\BwBU  
it demonstrates the decisions required of %(dV|,|v  
it also provides information to .. 0%q ctZy  
it becomes essential to L_.xr ?  
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once... is written, it is compiled into... Q J(e*/  
suppose it is observed that Gg3?2h"d  
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upon completion of the ... analysis, RB$ 8^#  
when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will also be &ls!IN  
recorded in books and papers !5' 8a5  
selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation plans, @$b+~X)7  
is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly. :+gCO!9Y  
for the sake of convenience ,< )/45  
correct decision to be reach yw3U"/yw  
keeping the number of rules to a minimum. L2/<+ Zw  
a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics: pRk'GR]`  
practical solutions ''\cBM!  
because of rather small job lot sizes C Sk  
Backward reasoning can be used to answer the question "should milling tool be select" 1!v >I"]  
different level of knowledge in the realm of process planning
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