英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: %4:tRF
倍数增加 gl/n*s#r_
|fXwH> 'sw
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①) 1LTl=tS#
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) nwlo,[
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) >b>3M'
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. VXforI
K252l,;|
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. @Oe!*|?mS
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 9Wng(ef6G
uJ<sa;
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 {K-]nh/
}-H<wQ&x
(二)increase to n times(④) h>,yqiY4p
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) IxwOzpr
increase by n times(⑥) }
FcWzi
increase by a factor of n(⑦) &(
h~{
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 o/EA%q1
0 r=:l/Pz
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 7bioLE
The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986. %\?2W8Qv_J
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 [xT2c.2__J
That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. mjbr}9
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 V.PbAN
The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. $a(EF
6
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 7MreBs(M
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 YC\~P
VG
D\8 ~3S'd
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧) iQpKcBx
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: 3IHya=qN
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. kK nz
F
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 O#Ab1
FQn
IH?.s
k
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) H aI
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. Jq) !)={
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 SEQ
bw](ss
6bCC6G
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: X"<t3l(+
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) :|xV}
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 Q}ho
Y
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. dL5u-<y&
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) 9/R|\
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 :
WejY`}H%
#kT3Sx
倍数减少 $d.UF!s
k0.|%0?K
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12) - xtj:UO
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) x]6OE]]8L
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 0 }jB/Z_T
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. q?'*T?|
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 >[B[Q_})
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. ai[st+1
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 k_.%(ZE
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 %gDMz7$~
D U#6%8~
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14) ziCTvT
decrease by n times(15) B'B,,Mz
decrease by a factor of n(16) `~QS3zq
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 jV`xRjh
0t?:
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 GL'zs8AKf
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 5Og. :4
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 8W
Mhe=[
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. wYK-YY:Q3
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 F?xbVN
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. >p Y0f }
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 u{maE ,
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… TyVn5XHl^
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17)
Q.Tn"rE|
这个句型还有其它一些形式,
chW 1UE
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. =m6;]16D
发现迅速减少到1/7。 5%j
!SVW
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. G4][`C]8c
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 oA`'~~!
7<['4*u
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。 X-O/&WRYQ