副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 ^g
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(一) 副词的分类 u&!QP4$"z
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: jJxV)AIY
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 &GC`4!H
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 AI|8E8h+D
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 oP$l( k
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 FM)Es&p
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5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 ptrQ~m-
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 Aqwjs
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(二)副词的用法 9D2}heTN
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. @o[C
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2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. ]5+db0
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. cZ@z]LY.g
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. Vd-\_VP20
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: -gWqq7O
Nearly everybody came to out party. dA`.
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. U9d
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9. 修饰全句: ~i4h.ZLj
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. 1 h.=c
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(三)副词的构成 ^r u1QDT
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 dPdodjSu,!
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 x-Kq=LFy.
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 [7Yfv
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4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 9!u=q5+E
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 %>dCAj"
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 ^^u{W|'CaH
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, ~w&P]L\dB
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 ;b(*Bh<
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 7X
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9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 h&$7^P
(四)与形容词同形的副词 d-=RS]j;j
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: qUH02"z@9
We had an early breakfast. i'GBj,:
We had breakfast early. `
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early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 ,t`u3ykh
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 ~i)m(65:
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: BT|5"b}
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1. close做“近”解: ze+_iQ5
He lives close to the school. :L~{Q>o
He was following close behind. ^BDM'
做其他解释时用closely: %?GLMf7)
Watch what I do closely. O~E6"vQ
The prisons were closely guarded. ,/d
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解:
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She stopped dead. dKs^Dq
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: i%1ny`Q
He was dead tired. +(v<_#wR-
The wind was dead against us. F\' ^DtB
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, (7C&I-l
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 28 h3Ayw4
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: 9}~WwmC|x
The train goes there direct. t`PA85.|d
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. u"rK5'
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: W/z\j/Rgc
He was looking directly at us. ?vHow
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She answered me very directly and openly. KmuE#Ia
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: h8IjTd]z{$
Answer me directly. .rfufx9Sw
Let's meet directly after lunch. K\Oz
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有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: %+PWcCmn
They looked around. 3j{VpacZY
Let’s go on with the work. A=Au>"nAA
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 z^+`S:
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(六)副词的词序 8"!Z^_y)
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 *gu4%
The building is very high. pdcP;.
He came long before the appointed time. dXAKk[uf
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2. 副词修饰动词。 s?;rP,{:p
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. 8no_
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及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. .#"O VI]#
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 hkzyI~7
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. OiB*,TWV
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4. 频度副词的位置。 al/3$0#U
在一般动词前:They always say so. SHw%u~[hu
有be动词时,在be动词后: i
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I am always busy. eySV -f{
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. $gi{)'z
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: ;Qpp[V`
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. [
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 :3qA7D }
地点+状态+次数+时间: b .9]b
She arrived there safely the other day. '}a[9v76
程度十状态+地点十时间: ># FO0R
They played fairly well there yesterday.