副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 3R ZD=`
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(一) 副词的分类 HD9+4~8
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: h/\/dp/tt
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 2 [yfo8H
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 i T&Y9
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 n]J;BW&Av
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 =B tmi
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 C}cYG
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 ~Is-^k)y
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(二)副词的用法 &g\?znF]H
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. <[<]+r&*
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. +*P;Vb6 D
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. /d]{ #,k
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. AcxC$uh
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: ,?Nc\Q<:
Nearly everybody came to out party. {_1zIt|
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. CHNIL^B
9. 修饰全句: X1;ljX
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. {1]/ok2k5
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(三)副词的构成 fN{JLp
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 0I
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2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 o5|P5h
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 ECEDNib
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 hp)k[|u;
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 [^GXHE=
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 $7JWA9#N!
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, d
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round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 Zfub+A
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 +p#Q|o'
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 FW7@7cVoF
(四)与形容词同形的副词 ~G*eJc0S:
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: 8{iFxTz
We had an early breakfast. 3D/<R|p
We had breakfast early. xh raf1v3\
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 yQM<(;\O
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 |<Gq^3 2
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: n.\|NR'v
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1. close做“近”解: <.qhW^>X
He lives close to the school. 't:s6
He was following close behind. dN)!B!*aI
做其他解释时用closely: ZyQ+}rO
Watch what I do closely. Udbz;^(
The prisons were closely guarded. ;^`WX}]C(
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: |w7D&p$
She stopped dead. gcNpA?mC|u
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: 4`mF
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He was dead tired. vx&jI$t8
The wind was dead against us. *f4BD||
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, ?()$i
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例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 E:C-k^/[Y
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解:
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The train goes there direct. j%y)%4F8
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. Hlg Q0qb
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: S@'yuAe*G
He was looking directly at us. 4:Bpz;x
She answered me very directly and openly. OVE5:)$x
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: c!{]Z_d\
Answer me directly. WF.y"{6>
Let's meet directly after lunch. Qs^RhF\d
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: @4Ox$M
They looked around. l]GUQcN=
Let’s go on with the work. F9SkEf
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上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 <CJ`A5N
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(六)副词的词序 aNW!Y':*
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 jnl3P[uQ
The building is very high. H#LlxD)q
He came long before the appointed time. laQM*FLg
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2. 副词修饰动词。 ,/qS1W(
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. MMI7FlfY
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. ^,$>z*WQ.
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 YMSA[hm
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. 5 GP,J,J
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4. 频度副词的位置。 ;LBq!
在一般动词前:They always say so. BAq@ H8*B
有be动词时,在be动词后: YXR%{GUP[
I am always busy. V=@M!;'<
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. ;JK!dzi}
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者:
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The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. azj:Hru&t#
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 n
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地点+状态+次数+时间: ?E@9Nvr
She arrived there safely the other day. Sc<%$ Gd
程度十状态+地点十时间: 7h4"5GlO0
They played fairly well there yesterday.