副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 :]PM_V|
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(一) 副词的分类 .$&Q[r3Lu
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: JN4fPGbV
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 !lTda<;]
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 fuUm}N7
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 tnz+bX26
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 yHeEobvb
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 &H||&Z[pk
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 =8Ehrlq
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(二)副词的用法 -.IEgggf
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. >?lOE
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2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. uuNR?1fS
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. 80pid[F
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. rJJ[X4$
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: =IU*}>#
Nearly everybody came to out party. Zg~nlO2
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. yxt[=
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9. 修饰全句: l[GOs&D1
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven.
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(三)副词的构成 ln!'_\{
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 7.Kc:7
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 Bux [6O%
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 3+Qxg+<
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 l_rn++
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 +rXF{@
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6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 a:TvWzX,
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, zSEs?
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 +|iYg/2
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 ^Xb7[+I6
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 Z?P~z07
(四)与形容词同形的副词 j@gMbiu
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: i':i_kU
We had an early breakfast. $2^`Uca
We had breakfast early. X~=xXN.
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 $?G"GQ!.
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 Uxfl_@lJ
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: 'ly?P8h
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1. close做“近”解: @`opDu!
He lives close to the school. '^BV_ QQ
He was following close behind. mR\`DltoV
做其他解释时用closely: 0P^L }VVX
Watch what I do closely. 2~[@_
The prisons were closely guarded. 2kAx>R
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: (&|_quP7O
She stopped dead. HoV^Y6
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: '{I_\~*
He was dead tired. fDE%R={!n5
The wind was dead against us. DFhXx6]
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, sDr/k`>
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 Gb[`R
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: %75xr9yOP
The train goes there direct. UYk>'\%H0
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris.
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做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: C%*k.$#r!
He was looking directly at us. 1O].v&{
She answered me very directly and openly. /bj
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directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: M8H5K
Answer me directly. m)V/L]4
Let's meet directly after lunch. xq6cKtSv
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: &g2 Eptx#
They looked around. 4Mk-2 Dx
Let’s go on with the work. 5es[Ph|K5
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 ^pn(=4
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(六)副词的词序 eC5 $#,HiC
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 r{L4]|(utY
The building is very high. iU6Gp-<M,
He came long before the appointed time.
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2. 副词修饰动词。 ^(viM?*
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. XqM3<~$
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. x0d~i!d
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 qfcYE=
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. 5*[2yKsTi
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4. 频度副词的位置。 s=?g \oR
在一般动词前:They always say so. 1-.~7yC
有be动词时,在be动词后: 5N
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I am always busy. wP"dZagpj
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. K't]n{$
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: 8w({\=
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. "`6n6r42
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 fib}b?vk
地点+状态+次数+时间: &@ JvnO:
She arrived there safely the other day. 9'hv%A:\3
程度十状态+地点十时间: G\NPV'
They played fairly well there yesterday.