副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 pM~Xh ]/
o
D;
(一) 副词的分类 mY-Z$8r
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: 2{s ND
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。
oR}ir
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 O;M_?^
'W
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 ANSv ZqKh
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 ^&<~6y}U^
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 (ohkM`83k
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 3(P^PP8
Qo
(二)副词的用法 7ka^y k@Q
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. ))c;DJc
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. 'R*gSqx~
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. %u }|4BXoh
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. (PGmA>BT
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: 0kgK~\^,.O
Nearly everybody came to out party. }7hpx!s,
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. (Wr;:3i
9. 修饰全句: 8DTk<5mW~
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. hgj#VY$B
[2w3c4K
(三)副词的构成 <0P`ct0,i
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。
hM\QqZFyp
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 1E$Z]5C9
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 qU8UKI P
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 9?D7"P+
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 X1<)B]y
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 JmNeqpbB`w
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, qIjC
-#a=m
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 :EgdV
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 6AUzS4O
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 R,Zuy(g
(四)与形容词同形的副词 iN<5[ztd
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: ]p'Qk
We had an early breakfast. $O}gl Q
We had breakfast early. ^'EEry
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 EfDo%H^!j
,_NO[+5U
(五)兼有两种形式的副词 R5]R
pW=G
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: #PXl*~PrQ/
IUd>jHp`6
1. close做“近”解: JS(KCY 9
He lives close to the school. x?CjRvT$
He was following close behind. F!]UaEmV
做其他解释时用closely: u"T5m
Watch what I do closely. @TgCI`E
The prisons were closely guarded. twgU ru
Y2<#%@%4
2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: yrsP'th
She stopped dead. W@wT,yJ8@
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: EVq<gGy
He was dead tired. 9HTb
The wind was dead against us. R63"j\0
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, &OI=rvDmo
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 o{-PT'
@.0jC=!l
3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: QJ"Bd`wc
The train goes there direct. 6bb=;
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. d=>5%$:v
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: uN$X3Ls_
He was looking directly at us. QyHUuG|g
She answered me very directly and openly. t4gD*j6J3
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: "sg$[)I3n
Answer me directly. ny=CtU!z
Let's meet directly after lunch. =_ rn8
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: .mok.f<G_m
They looked around. E#H
O0]S
Let’s go on with the work. %{HqF>=~
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 *\joaw
#e9B|Y?b
(六)副词的词序 }*R"yp
5n9F\T5
1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 KO5Q;H
The building is very high. BV!Kiw
He came long before the appointed time. pnqjATGU
5mFi)0={y
2. 副词修饰动词。 ax3:rl
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. :\bttPw5
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. qA"?5 j32
P{}Oe
*9"
3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 nEGku]pCH{
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. J@Orrz2q#
X`aED\#\h
4. 频度副词的位置。 aoJ&< vl3
在一般动词前:They always say so. 1i>)@{P&BN
有be动词时,在be动词后: ?&X6VNbU
I am always busy. XBr>K>(
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. 7P \sn<
B[$SA-ZHi
5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: Awr]@%I
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. 19=Dd#Nf
3;M!]9ms
6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 ##n\9ipD
地点+状态+次数+时间: )8k6GO8|
She arrived there safely the other day. Kp&d9e{
Yc
程度十状态+地点十时间: S\X_!|
They played fairly well there yesterday.