副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 0XCAnMVo
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(一) 副词的分类 )UF'y{K}
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: SO(BkxV@
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 M!Ao!D[
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 Nr `R3(X
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 WQ[nK5#
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 EFh^C.S8
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。
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6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 +~iiy;i(
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(二)副词的用法 03v& k
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. 3mAiz q3
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. a`%`9GD
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. .#SgU<Wq
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. XK3O,XM
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: YlbX_h2S"
Nearly everybody came to out party. \L~^c1s3r
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. 5Ex[}y9L`
9. 修饰全句: W g7
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Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. F<p`)?
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(三)副词的构成 \MRd4vufv
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 `WL3aI":
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 +`Q]p "G
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 ,}'8.
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4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 t adeG
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 [06m{QJ)1
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 SF;\*]["f
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, ]vf0 f,F
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 6~0kb_td
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 | 8mWR=9fs
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 9HFEp-"
(四)与形容词同形的副词 sz270k%[
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: S>T ;`,
We had an early breakfast. _ s}aF
We had breakfast early. FNraof @Oy
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 /
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 R- >~MLeK]
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: =PA?6Bm
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1. close做“近”解: 6;Z`9PGp
He lives close to the school. ~
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He was following close behind. y7h^_D+Ce
做其他解释时用closely: Jf=V<
Watch what I do closely. kdGq\k,
The prisons were closely guarded. ]XlBV-@b
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: :](#W@
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She stopped dead. Bt")RG
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: MkGQ
He was dead tired. 6FUcg40Y
The wind was dead against us. 0OG
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deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, 2K/t[.8
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 )d3C1Pd>
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: 8q]"CFpa
The train goes there direct. p3-~cr.LD
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. HhCFAq"j
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly:
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He was looking directly at us. pheu4
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She answered me very directly and openly. 6||%T$_;}
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: gGCr~
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Answer me directly. Av n-Ug
Let's meet directly after lunch. )!VJ\
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: $!p2Kf>/Q
They looked around. ;mD!8<~z.
Let’s go on with the work. s H'FqV,)
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 ?G9DSk?6%Z
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(六)副词的词序 Ssir?ZUm
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 Fm&f
The building is very high. XF3lS#pt
He came long before the appointed time. })mD{c/
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2. 副词修饰动词。 $S?x
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不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. N /2WUp
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. XTb.cqOC
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 Csgby(D*O
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. .v=n-k7
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4. 频度副词的位置。 Z0V6cikW6
在一般动词前:They always say so. #7J3,EV
有be动词时,在be动词后: `Y '-2Fv
I am always busy. >;xkiO>Y
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. UrS%t>6k
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: ; ?,'jI*1
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. d5W=?
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 #
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地点+状态+次数+时间: V4g vKWc
She arrived there safely the other day. WD7T&i
程度十状态+地点十时间: <ou=f'
They played fairly well there yesterday.