副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 ceW,A
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(一) 副词的分类 uxxS."~
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: P5qY|_
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 M%\=Fb
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 <b5J"i&m
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 -0 e&>H%
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 q1|! oQ
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 `8.Oc;*zu
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 g9rsw7
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(二)副词的用法 ~> xV
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1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. v0d<P2ix
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. 5S;|U&f|
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. O%$XgEJ8p
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. 8,5H^Bi
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: |%i|P)]
Nearly everybody came to out party. voD0u
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. TB8a#bK4
9. 修饰全句:
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Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. h=1cD\^|qw
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(三)副词的构成 b{Qg$Z
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1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 ITq$8
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 SU {U+
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 +1R
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4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 U,Duq^l~s
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 /IkSgKJiz\
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 Xyf7sHQ
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, >_<J=8|E
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 Bl
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8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 LHS^[}x^1
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 k *#fN(_
(四)与形容词同形的副词 ~I_v {
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: !R`)S7!
We had an early breakfast. =>_k ;x
We had breakfast early.
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early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 =Y0>b4
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 itp$c|{
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: l5}b.B^w
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1. close做“近”解: ZgXn8O[a
He lives close to the school. [T5z}!_y
He was following close behind. X5M{
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做其他解释时用closely: c
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Watch what I do closely. XHN`f#(w
The prisons were closely guarded. !JkH$~
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: nhUL{ER
She stopped dead. CQLh;W`Dc
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: )bM #s">Y
He was dead tired. ][b2Q>
The wind was dead against us. Ww
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deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, azUEp8`|
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 49BLJ|:P?
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: 7=o2$
The train goes there direct. Xgy)Z:R
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. Cw=wU/)
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: l<](8oc.
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He was looking directly at us. CQq'x+{F
She answered me very directly and openly. Rv
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directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: bEXm@-ou
Answer me directly. QSn%~o05
Let's meet directly after lunch. Se
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有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: ")q{>tV
They looked around. K|H&x"t
Let’s go on with the work. yqg&dq
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 $Qm-
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(六)副词的词序 !~'\E
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 3X+uJb2
The building is very high. qM`XF32A$
He came long before the appointed time. ^J8sR4p#
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2. 副词修饰动词。 3^LSK7.:
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. 2p( M`@
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. q\q V~G`
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 26fm}QV
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. xM1>kbo|
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4. 频度副词的位置。 +uF!.!}
在一般动词前:They always say so. 8
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有be动词时,在be动词后: PmtBu`OkV
I am always busy. ?VMj;+'tr
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. /j]r?KAzw
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: %h**L'~``
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. 8Ek<J+&|I
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 |Xblz1>DF
地点+状态+次数+时间: z_#B 4
She arrived there safely the other day. j.$#10*:
程度十状态+地点十时间: u9
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They played fairly well there yesterday.