副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 Cv|ya$}a
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(一) 副词的分类 ?*
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副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: 0Q=4{*:?
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 ]v3 9ag_hu
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 A -G?@U
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 t+5JIQY>
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 V7!x-E/
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 DGTSk9iK(
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 :~pPB#)nk
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(二)副词的用法 %^g BDlR^
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. ` IiAtS
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. ]%3o"|
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. nW3`Z1kq})
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. =usx' #rb
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: yK<%AV@v
Nearly everybody came to out party. 6)kF!/J
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. c.Pyt
9. 修饰全句: _* ] ~MQ=
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. vAi
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(三)副词的构成 X~GnK>R
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 ad8kUHf
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 l.?R7f
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 Z16G
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 /NaIMo5
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 Q2iS0#
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 lqa.Nj
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, *[(O&L&0
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 wX"
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8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 &aldnJ
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 kehv85
(四)与形容词同形的副词 z@^[.
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: pj G6v(zK
We had an early breakfast. UMuqdLaT9
We had breakfast early. hWwh`Vw%
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 *<#jr
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 So\(
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有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: NduvfA4
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1. close做“近”解: *+re2O)Eh'
He lives close to the school. t&^9o$
He was following close behind. nellN}jYsM
做其他解释时用closely: QpwOrxI}
Watch what I do closely. fGHYs
The prisons were closely guarded. j<>E
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: I4:4)V?
She stopped dead. o8.KakrPP
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: ^AdHP!I
He was dead tired. -"[o|aa^
The wind was dead against us. X:bv
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deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, '8K5=|!J
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 ]/hF!eO
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: 'd 4I/
The train goes there direct. i"Hec9Ri
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. qPGpN0M`
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: v=e`e68U~
He was looking directly at us. j h0``{
She answered me very directly and openly. |VxEWU/
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: =(:{>tO_"
Answer me directly. ]Ir{9EE
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Let's meet directly after lunch. (T:OZmEO.
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: L[o;@+32
They looked around. a,g3/
Let’s go on with the work. |&OW_*l
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 =<Q_&_.60
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(六)副词的词序 A/V"&H[
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 M &`ZF
The building is very high. #yz5CWu
He came long before the appointed time. !-%fC
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2. 副词修饰动词。 5@l[!Jl0k
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. GVS-_KP\
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. XfY~q~f8
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 )Dn~e#
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963.
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4. 频度副词的位置。 >!u@>
在一般动词前:They always say so. *;^!FBT
有be动词时,在be动词后: Ce&nMgd~
I am always busy. Z)iRc$;
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. b1X.#pz7F
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: m]g"]U:
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. Ub1?dk
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 C):RE<X
地点+状态+次数+时间: y&y(<
She arrived there safely the other day. w1zI"G~4/Q
程度十状态+地点十时间: D+ki2UVt&
They played fairly well there yesterday.