副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 Tebu?bj
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(一) 副词的分类 +*`>7m<^
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: GeFu_7u!|
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 ?910ki_
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 i|!D
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 q,>-4Cm
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 w,zm$s ^
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 FT;I|+H*P
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 fn3DoD+I
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(二)副词的用法 dF+R
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1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. gg?O0W{
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. ^!7|B3`
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. SU7 erCHX
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. g0M/Sv
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: ,e@707d`\
Nearly everybody came to out party. q^Ui2
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. +![\7
9. 修饰全句: mQ=nU
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. OV`#/QL
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(三)副词的构成 '/GZ/$a_l
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 AcIw;
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2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 umI6# Vd`=
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 :^ J'_
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 &d 6
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 f}:W1&LhI?
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 qM
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7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, ^~DClZ
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 QN8.FiiD
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 JU!vVA_
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 yr
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(四)与形容词同形的副词 Nrfj[I
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: !3Ed0h]Bfa
We had an early breakfast. ~Aoo\fN_U
We had breakfast early.
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early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 xf4`+[
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 +*Pj,+;W
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: |YK4V(5x
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1. close做“近”解: Y5\=5r/
He lives close to the school.
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He was following close behind. @WO>F G3
做其他解释时用closely: DS>qth
Watch what I do closely. Qh!h "]
The prisons were closely guarded. nI<Ab_EB
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: |<w
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She stopped dead. f}?q
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: O>Ao#_*hOb
He was dead tired. .+2@(r
The wind was dead against us. .h@HAnmE
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, VQ'DNv| 9
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 (g#,AX
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: JN<IMH
The train goes there direct. 0OPpA Ll
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. G8Sx;Xi
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: )ZQML0}P;
He was looking directly at us. iVqa0Gl+}
She answered me very directly and openly. O/bpm-h`8c
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: =~F.7wq*^
Answer me directly. i}}}x
Let's meet directly after lunch. .m
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有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: 7(1UXtT
They looked around. +Rb0:r>kU
Let’s go on with the work. t}2$no?
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 84UI)nE:Q
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(六)副词的词序 >5+]~[S
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 ~lB:xVzn
The building is very high.
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He came long before the appointed time. Rr3<ln
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2. 副词修饰动词。 d:1TSJff%/
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. s0bWg$
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. I]OVzM
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 =(U&?1 R4
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. ^J_rb;m43
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4. 频度副词的位置。 5\|u]
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在一般动词前:They always say so. U*7Yi-"/*
有be动词时,在be动词后: m6D]
I am always busy. c _faW
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. >84:1`
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: XK7$Xbd
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. ywS2`(
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 Q+]9Glz9
地点+状态+次数+时间: bRzw.(k0`r
She arrived there safely the other day. 6s$jt-bH
程度十状态+地点十时间: K@UQ O
They played fairly well there yesterday.