副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 ,(P %z.P@
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(一) 副词的分类 /u=aX
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: hcyn
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 Wm(:P
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 !3h{lEB
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 VgA48qZ
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 ijFV<P
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 I0iY+@^5
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。
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(二)副词的用法
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1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. +C_*Vs@4
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. +8f>^*:u
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. F$h'p4$T
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. |<rfvsQ.
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: iS
Nearly everybody came to out party. E5gl ^Q?Z
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. 0~]QIdu{AR
9. 修饰全句: 1i3V!!r
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. j;iL&eo>
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(三)副词的构成 f&c]LH_
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 nWGR5*e:
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 3D[=b%2\
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 P?J kP
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 GJ `UO
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 RM,'o[%
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 ~KRnr0
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, vLDi ;
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 N@()F&e
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 Lm|al.Z
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 fa{@$ppx
(四)与形容词同形的副词 B\[-fq
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: K/|
We had an early breakfast. v459},!P
We had breakfast early. 76u{!\Jo/{
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 L/x(RCD
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 >vVw!.fJ
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: ~ziexZ=N
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1. close做“近”解: t$ZkdF
He lives close to the school. e$|VG*
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He was following close behind. ^|?1_r
做其他解释时用closely: |<(t}}X
Watch what I do closely.
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The prisons were closely guarded. i03gX<=*
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: 31}W6l88c
She stopped dead. "2;N2=~7
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: H]Wp%"L
He was dead tired. C[YnrI!
The wind was dead against us. FkB{ SCJ
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, d(S}NH
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 Mm#[&j[Y
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解:
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The train goes there direct. Km*<Kfcz
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. <AU
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做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: ``9 GY
He was looking directly at us. xvDI 4x&
She answered me very directly and openly. 8i:[:Z
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: V`k8j-*s
Answer me directly. xo
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Let's meet directly after lunch. *IZf
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有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: (1){A8=?o
They looked around. bGv4.:)
Let’s go on with the work. 1S%}xs
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上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 FFe)e>bH
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(六)副词的词序 J_ J+cRwq
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 D;js.ZF
The building is very high. @E_zR
He came long before the appointed time. -x'e+zT
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2. 副词修饰动词。 7X'y>\^w^>
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. T9)wj][ .
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. 1^{`lK~2
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 JJf<*j^G
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. &" h]y?Q
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4. 频度副词的位置。 R^8B3-aA`
在一般动词前:They always say so. h<3p8eB
有be动词时,在be动词后: }uQ${]&D
I am always busy. aRwnRii
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished.
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: 3N<&u
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. a[C&e,)}
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 XO
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地点+状态+次数+时间: 4e9E'
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She arrived there safely the other day. i6>R qP!69
程度十状态+地点十时间: )N)ljA3]
They played fairly well there yesterday.