华东政法学院2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷

Part I Listening comprehension.(15%)
Section A
Directions: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the questions will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C, and D, and decide which is the best answer Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

1. A. He's a pharmacist. B. He's a salesman.
C. He's a librarian D. He's a doctor.

2. A. She got interested in what she was reading.
B. She didn't wake up in time
C. She went home for lunch.
D. She did her shopping.

3. A. She needs a quieter place.
B. She likes to listen to the recorder.
C. The new apartment is cheaper
D. The present one is too expensive.

4. A. In the side street B. At the crossroads
C. on the main road D. On the motorway

5. A. Windy B. Fine C. Rainy D. Overcast

6. A. Tom will surely come to repair the video recorder
B. Tom is very trust worthy.
C. Tom cannot repair the video recorder.
D. Tom doesn't keep his word

7. A. By car B. By bus C. By bike D. On foot

8. A. 2.30 pounds. B. 2.2 pounds. C. 5 pounds. D. 5 pence.

9. A. Take a course B. See the city C. Go to the park D. Take a rest

10. A. Looking for an apartment B. Taking a suburban excursion.
C. Looking for a job. D. Asking the man for his opinions

Section B
Directions. In this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One
Questions 11-13 are based on the passage you have just heard:
11. A. He was short of money and wanted to do something useful.
B. He had taught in a school before.
C. He had received the degree of M.A.
D. HE like schools.
12 A. HE was nervous. B. It was too hot to travel comfortably
C. It was rather complicated. D. He hated interviews.
13 A. Only art was important.
B. Games were unimportant.
C. It was vital for the headmaster and the writer to play the same game
D. Games were a vital part of a boy's education.

Passage Two
Questions 14-15 are based on the passage you have just heard:
14. A. In 1965 B. Seven years after the marriage began
C. Four years ago D. Several weeks ago
15. A. At first he was very supportive, but now he is very unhappy about her success. B. At first he was critical, but now he is pound of his wife's success.
C. His attitude has no change.
D. He is different to his wife's job.

Passage Three
Questions 16-20 are based on the passage you have just heard:
16. A. Disadvantages of Left-handedness. B. Advantages of the Left-handers.
C. Left-handed people. D. Movements Involving the hands.
17 A. The right-handed people know how to deal with the left-handed people
B. Quite a number of players are left-handed.
C. The winners are always the left-handed people.
D. The players are more right-handed than left-handed.
18 A. They are a small minority B. They are unpleasant.
C. They are clumsy. D. They are good at sports.
19 A. The majority of people, about nine out often, are right-handed.
B. Many tools and devices are still designed mainly for right-handed people
C. No one is totally right-sided or left-sided:
D. Shaking hands can also be done with the left-hand.
20 A. Putting the head on one side. B. Scratching the back.
C. Threading the needle. D. Interlocking the fingers.

Part II cioze [15 min.](15% )
Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on your answer sheet.
The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious (21) the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an open container and (22) it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but (23) to diffuse throughout the space available: it must (24) be kept in a closed container, as (25) a planet's atmosphere. The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories (26) the phases of matter. In the nineteenth century, for example, one theory maintained that a liquid could be "dissolved" in a vapor without losing its identity, and another theory held that the two phases are (27) different kinds o f molecules. The theories now prevailing (28) a quit e different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common. They are both forms of matter that have no permanent structure, and they both flow easily. They are fluids.

The (29) similarly of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when the temperature and pressure are raised somewhat. (30) a closed container partially filled with a liquid is heated. The li quid expands or (31), becomes less dense; some of it evaporates. (32), the vapor above the liquid surface becomes dense r as the evaporated molecules are added to it. The combination of temperature and pressure (33) the densities become equal is (34) the critical point. Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be (35); there is a single, undifferentiated fluid phase of uniform density.

21. A. in B. on C. under D. beyond
22. A. fills B. be filled C. filling D. to fill
23. A. intends B. tends C. inclines D. contends
24. A. however B. nevertheless C. so D. therefore
25. A. in the event of B. in the case of C. with a view to D. with reference to
26. A. having described B. described C. describing D. to have described
27. A. made up of B. consisted of C. constituted of D. made from
28. A. apply B. adapt C. take D. conduct
29. A. elementary B. crucial C. rudimentary D. fundamental
30. A. Suppose B. To suppose C. Being supposed D. Supposed
31. A. in a word B. in the meantime C. in other words D. in that case
32. A. Similarly B. In contrast C. Furthermore D. Instead
33. A. on that B. on which C. at that D. at which
34. A. known B. defined C. called D. referred to
35. A. classified B. recognized C. categorized D. distinguished

Part III Grammar and vocabulary(15% )
36______all our kindness to help her, Sara refused to listen
A.At B. ln C. For D. On

37. ______before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive
C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive

38.______conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization
A. Continuous B. Continual C. Constant D. Contrary.

39. ______he's already heard the news.
A. Chances are B. Chance is C. Opportunities are D. Opportunity is

40. ______his knowledge and academic background, he is basically stupid.
A. But for B. According to C. For all D. Thanks to

41. ______man can now create radioactive elements, there is nothing he can do to reduce their radioactivity.
A. As B. Whether C. While D. Now that

42. ______of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South. A. To be free B. To free C. Freeing D. Freed

43. ______should any money be given to a small child
A. On no account B. From all account C. Of no account D. By all account

44.______the advances of the science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us.
A. As for B. Despite C. Except D. Besides

45.______the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy actually is.
A. To give B. Given C. Giving D. Having given

46. ______the sight of the police officers, the men ran off.
A. In B. At C. On D. With

47. ______the wall, we decided that we should need three tins of paint.
A. Making up B. Doing up C. Putting up D. Sizing up

48. ______ the whole, early American city planning was excellent
A. In B. From C. On D. Above

49. ______we are having these days！
A. What a lovely weather B. What lovely weathers
C. What lovely weather D. What lovely a weather

50. ______a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal
C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal

51. ______ he does not love her
A. As he likes her very much B. Though much he likes her
C. Much although he likes her D. Much though he likes her

52. A drunk man walked in, ______ in appearance.
A. repulsive B. reluctant C. reproachful D. reputed

53. A good many houses __ knocked down by the earthquake.
A. was B. were C. is D. are

54. A good teacher must know how to __ his ideas.
A. convey B. display C. consult D. confront

55. A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment, is conditions or events.
A. in response to B. in favor of C. in contrast to D. in excess of

56. A love marriage, however, does not necessarily much sharing of interests and responsibilities.
A. take over B. result in C. hold on D. keep to

57. A man has to make
for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old
A. supply B. assurance C. provision D. adjustment

58. A river ______through the narrow wooded valley below
A. extends B. pours C. expands D. twists

59. A writer has to ______ imagination as well as his experiences for his writing A. drawing back from B. draw in C. draw up D. draw on

60. According to the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, wisdom comes from the
A. fulfillment B. achievement
C. establishment D. accomplishment of maturity

61. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U.S., he will ______ work on a five-languageopera.
A. confine B. indulge C. resume D. undergo

62. After briefly ______ the history of the author, Prof. Li turned to the novel itself immediately
A. dipping in B. dipping at C. dipping into D. dipping to

63. After negotiation, the two countries ______ the terms of peace.
A. agreed with B. agreed in C. agreed to D. agreed on

64. After performing a successful operation, the doctor at last pulled the patient A. back B. in C. up D. through

65. After reading these books, he was ______to the Darwinian theory of evolution
A. changed B. converted C. transferred D. adjusted

Part IV: Reading Comprehension (30%)
in this section there are four reading passages .followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then mark your answers on your Answer Sheet.

TEXT A Zero Tolerance

New York was once the murder capital of the world. But its urban canyons are no longer the killing fields that earned the city its unenviable title. The annual death, which soared to a record high of 2,245 in 1990,dropped to 760 in 1997. The last time the murder rate was as low as that was 30 years previously in 1967, the year of peace and love and the flowering ofhippiedom. With the decrease in killing has come a marked reduction in enthusiasm for other crime, such as burglaries, robberies and shootings. The old saying, crime doesn't pay, has taken on new life, thanks to hard-line policing introduced by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in 1994. Its success has been such that Giuliani, elected five years ago on a law and order platform, confidently says his city can now be seen as a leader in crime fighting. Such a claim would once have been unimaginable, but the zero-tolerance policing policy introduced by Giuliani and the two men he appointed to run the city's police force, former commissioner with Bratton and former deputy commissioner John Timoney, has turned the mean streets into clean streets.

New York's policing is based on a 1983 paper called "Broken Windows," written by American academics Janes Wison and George Kelling, which suggested a clamp-down on low-level crime as a way of lowering all crime, lfa broken window in an apartment block was not fixed, it was a sign that no one cared. Soon more windows would be broken and a sense of lawlessness engendered, encouraging others to commit more crime. Cleaning up minor crime on the streets was like fixing broken windows, it said, and the flow-on effect would curb more serious crime.
New Yorkers voted for a special tax to raise about US 1 billion to fight crime and another 7,000 officers were added to the force. The responsibility for ways of fighting crime devolved from a centralised bureaucracy to precinct commanders, and police used computers to track and target crime trends more easily.

This resulted in a much harder attitude against all crime, "zero tolerance" being the policy of not allowing or tolerating even the smallest crimes. These included begging, minor drug dealing, taggers, turnstile jumpers in the subways and all forms of anti-social behaviour on the streets. Timoney uses turnstile jumpers as an illustration of the broken windows theory at work. Police found that 22 percent of turnstile jumpers were wanted for other crimes or were able for arrest because they carried guns. "We arrested one man simply for jumping a turnstile and found that he was a drug dealer carrying cocaine and 50,000 in his pockets," says Timoney.

New York's transformation attracted global attention and cost Bratton and Timoney their jobs. They were both sacked by Giuliani, who felt they were stealing his glory. Timoney has since acted as a consultant to police throughout the world, preaching the benefits of zero-tolerance policing. Ironically, Bratton, the former Boston beat cop who rose to head Now York's finest, evidently doesn't like the term zero-tolerance because he thinks it implies a lack of tolerance for any deviation from social norms. Critics of New York policing say that intolerance is exactly what zero-tolerance policing encourages. They point out that urban crime has fallen right across the United States in the past five years not just in New York, and even in states where zero-tolerance policing is not practised, while the country's jail population has dramatically increased. Shifts in the nature of America's population ages and character have reduced the number of young men (aged 18-24) most likely to best involved in crime. Crime is also reduced when many more criminals are in jail.

Criminologist Greg Newbold says that crime rates spiral up and down in unexplained cycles and they are no easy solutions to reducing crime. Together sentences and more police mean an increasing drain on tax-payers and there is no certainty that they will continue to lower crime levels. Criminals will learn to live with those methods and find ways around them.

Charles Pollard, the chief constable of Thames Valley in Britain, calls zero-tolerance policing a short-term care that works well in urban areas with large amounts of petty crime. Once petty crime is brought under control, he told the Economist, sharp drops in crime will diminish. Observers say the drop in New York crime had to come with the introduction of almost any new tough police policy, because the crime rate was so high.

Police Association president Greg O'Connor agrees. "You can talk all the theories you like but, at the end of the day, what will stop criminals from committing crime is the belief that they will be caught. With only 18 percent of burglaries are being solved, and most of them don't believe they will be caught, burglary becomes something of a risk-free occupation."

However, criminologist Newbold argues that zero-tolerance policing is a dangerous fad that risks creating an arrogant police force because it gives police extraordinary powers. Accusations that New York police harassed minorities were heightened last year when two white New York policemen were charged with the beating and sexual torture of Asian immigrant Abner Louima,and two other white officers were charged with assaulting him in a police car. One policeman allegedly told Louima, "It's Giuliani time." But police president O'Connor says that the broken windows approach doesn't necessarily lead to police harassment. He calls zero-tolerance policing a "win-win solution". Other factors must be considered for long-term solutions, "but, if you don't catch criminals, you can't rehabilitate them. All the initiatives have to work but you have to ask, 'will they impact on crime?' and you have to bargain from a position of strength. If you're talking to kids who don't think they are going to get caught and who think the police are a joke, then forget it."

Highlighting New York's success provides a subtle message to police and the communities themselves that crime can be stopped.

66. "Zero Tolerance," a new police policy, derives from Kelling.
A. James Wison and George B. Rudolph Giuliani
C. William Bratton and John Timoney D. Charles Pollard

67. The former commissioner and the former deputy commissioner were sacked because A. they committed crimes themselves.
B. they did not obey the rules.
C. they made the Mayor of New York feel envious.
D. they went to the extremes when they carried out the policy

68. Criminologist Greg Newbold shares different ideas from police president O'Connor in the way
A. emphasizing New York's success provides messages to criminals that crime can be stopped.
B. zero-tolerance policy is just a short-term cure that works well in urban areas with large amounts of petty crimes.
C. the drop in New York crime had to come with the introduction of almost any new tough police policy.
D. zero-tolerance policy is a dangerous fad that risks creating an arrogant police force because it gives police extraordinary powers.

TEXT B
Paula Jones' case against Bill Clinton is now, for all possible political consequences and capacity for media sensation, a fairy routine lawsuit of its kind. It does, however, have enormous social significance. For those of us who care about sexual harassment, the matter of Jones v. Clinton is a great conundrum. Consider: if Jones, the former Arkansas state employee, proves her claims, then we must face the fact that we helped to elect someone -- Bill Clinton -- who has betrayed us on this vital issue. But if she is proved to be lying, then we must accept that we pushed onto the public agenda an issue that is venerable to manipulation by alleged victims. The skeptics will use Jones' case to cast doubt on the whole cause.

Still, Ms Jones deserves the chance to prove her case; she has a right to pursue this claim and have the process work. It will be difficult: these kinds of cases usually are, and Ms. Jones' task of suing a sitting president is harder than most.

She does have one thing sitting on her side: her case is in the courts. Sexual-harassment claims are really about violations of the alleged victims' civil rights, and there is no better forum for determining and assessing those violations -- and finding the truth -- than federal court. The.judicial system can put aside political to decide these complicated issues. That is a feat that neither the Senate Judicial nor ethics committees have been able to accomplish-- witness the Clarence Thomas and Bob Packwood affairs. One lesson: the legal arena, not the political one, is the place to settle these sensitive problems.

Some have argued that the people (the "feminists") who rallied around me have failed to support Jones. Our situations, however, are quite different. In 1991 the country was in the middle of a public debate over whether Clarence Thomas should be confirmed to the Supreme Court. Throughout that summer, interest groups on both sides weighed in on his nomination. It was a public forum that invited a public conversation. But a pending civil action -- even one against the president -- does not generally invite that kind of public engagement.

Most of the public seems content to let the process move forward. And given the conundrum created by the claim, it is no wonder that many ("feminists" included) have been slow to jump into the Jones-Clinton fray. But people from all works of life remain open to her suit. We don't yet know which outcome we must confront: the president who betrayed the issue or the woman who used it. Whichever it is, we should continue to pursue sexual harassment with the same kind of energy and interest in eliminating the problem that we have in the past, regardless of who is the accused or the accuser. The statistics show that about 40 percent of women in the work force will encounter some form of harassment. We can't afford to abandon this issue now.
According to the passage, the Paula Jones' case was nothing important. very significant. doubtful.
vulnerable.

70. The federal courts are much better than the Senate Judicial or ethics committees in determining and assessing those violations because __
A. the federal courts have much bigger power.
B. the federal courts are forum for determining and assessing those violations.
C. the federal courts are more impartial.
D. the federal courts are political arena.

71. According to the passage, the issue of sexual harassment must be dealt with seriously because
A. the outcome is not known.
B. most of the public is not content.
C. many have been slow to jump into the Jones-Clinton fray.
D. as many as 40% of women in the work force will encounter it.

72. According to the passage, sexual harassment is to ______
A.violate politics. B.violate the Supreme Court.
C. cast doubt on the whole issue D. violate civil rights.

Text C
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.

Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.

Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.

Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.

73. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because
A. cost reduction is based on competition.
B. services call for cross-trade coordination.
C. outside competitors will continue to exist.
D. shippers will have the railway by the throat.

74. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
A. Indifferent. B. Supportive.
C. Indignant. D. Apprehensive.

75. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that
A. shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
B. there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
C. overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
D. a government board ensures fair play in railway business.

76. The word "arbiters" (line 7, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those
A. who work as coordinators. B. who function as judges.
C. who supervise transactions. D. who determine the price.

77. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by
A. the continuing acquisition. B. the growing traffic.
C. the cheering Wall Street. D. the shrinking market.

Text D Family Matters
This month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one's parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore Government.

That does not mean it hasn't generated discussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged the problem o f the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert relations within the family: cynics dubbed it the "Sue Your Son" law.

Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility any more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality proves insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to shore it up.

Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age.

Demography is inexorable. In 19 80, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket. By the end of the century that figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people that will decline.

But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some people will fall through the holes in any safety net.

Traditionally, a person's insurance against poverty in his old age was his family, lifts is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Care an d support for one's parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies.

The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one's parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents.

In 1989, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who aren't getting relatives' support? They have several options: (a) get a job and work until they die; (b) apply for public assistance(you have to be destitute to apply); or(c) starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages?

The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply t o the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust. Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point. Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child to court. If it does indeed become law, the bill's effect would be far more subtle.

First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual's - not society's - responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesn't hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its core values.

Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk their responsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas.

But to be sued by one's parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, "Sue and be damned". The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial.

It would be nice to think Singapore doesn't need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bends. Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the first place.

78. The Maintenance of Parents Bill
A. received unanimous support in the Singapore Parliament
B. was believed to solve all the problems of the elderly poor
C. was intended to substitute for traditional values in Singapore
D. was passed to make the young more responsible to the old

79. By quoting the growing percentage points of the aged in the population, the author seems to imply that __
A. the country will face mounting problems of the old in future
B. the social welfare system would be under great pressure
C. young people should be given more moral education
D. the old should be provided with means of livelihood

80. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. Filial responsibility in Singapore is enforced by law.
B. Fathers have legal obligations to look after their children.
C. It is an acceptable practice for the old to continue working.
D. The Advisory Council was dissatisfied with the problems of the old
Part V. Translation.(25%)
Section A. Translate the following texts" into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
1．在德翁(Professor Ronald Dworkin)眼里，他接触的中国知识份子是一批典型的机会主义分子——他们假装没有看到中国现实的人权状况：他们精通世故，只淡大而无当的抽象话题，小心翼翼地自我检索言论，以免惹恼政府；他们在外国人面前众口一词地对中国的前景表示乐观：他们甚至沾沾自喜地认为自己享有政府默许的特权——只要不格，就比一般民众有更多的自由发牢骚。德翁是一个让价值判断支配视觉的人，他的道德哲学使他无法认同这样一批中国崇拜者。——他们努力在德翁面前显得象自由主义者，却缺乏自由主义者应有的道德责任。

2．面对金融危机，大多数管理人员的首要战略只足如何求生。然而，那些足智多谋的管理人员却意识到，在这一风云变幻之时，金融和竞争形势瞬息万变，可能正是进行重大战略推进的理想时刻。

Section B. Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET TWO.

People in our culture who like to think of themselves as tough-minded and realistic, including influential political leaders and businessmen as well as go-getters and hustlers of smaller caliber, tend to take it for granted that human nature is "selfish" and that life is a struggle in which only the fittest may survive. According to the philosophy, the basic law by which man must live, in spite of his surface veneer of civilization, is the law of the jungle.

The "fittest" are those who can bring to the struggle superior force, superior cunning, and superior ruthlessness.

The wide currency of this philosophy of the "survival of the fittest" enables people who act ruthlessly and selfishly, whether in personal rivalries, business competition, or international relations, to allay their consciences by telling themselves that they are only obeying a "law of nature". But a disinterested observer is entitled to ask whether the ruthlessness of the tiger, the cunning of the ape, and [obedience] to the "law of the jungle" are actually evidences of human fitness to survive.

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