副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 ,-d2wzhW
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(一) 副词的分类 Lo'GfHE
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: eG1A7n'6W
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 oMn'{+(w
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 HU
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3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 M9Z9s11{H
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 ,iiI5FR
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 'bji2#z[
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 2Sy:wt
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(二)副词的用法 kyB>]2
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. "H=fWz5z
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. ojWf]$^y}
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. PwAmnk !
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind.
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5. 修饰不定代词和数词: 48GaZ@v
Nearly everybody came to out party. $iy(+}
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. ]_y;Igaj
9. 修饰全句: HBa6Y&)<
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. A.P*@}9
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(三)副词的构成 G|$n,X1O(
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 Bm^8"SSN
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 \cAifU
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 n{F&GE="
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 F.R0c@&W
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 \
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6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 ,Hc,]TPC4
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, 0
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round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 ) nnv{hN
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 fVBu?<=d
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 52Q~` t7F
(四)与形容词同形的副词 i ;YRE&X
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: O6!:Qd
We had an early breakfast. x8h=3e$
We had breakfast early. cy_zEJjbD
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 YcuHYf5
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 1\Vp[^#Vx
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: U[l{cRT
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1. close做“近”解: Nxt z1
He lives close to the school. LfS]m>>e
He was following close behind.
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做其他解释时用closely: rexy*Xv`2p
Watch what I do closely. V}"w8i+D?
The prisons were closely guarded. 4EEXt<c.
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: sr,8Qd0M
She stopped dead. B6a
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: %L;'C
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He was dead tired. 8Ow0A
The wind was dead against us. 3P2L phW
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, ;*E
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例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 xu0pY(n^r
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: `]:&h'
The train goes there direct. |#!P!p}
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. a7Rg!%
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做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: }7jg>3ng(
He was looking directly at us. ' fm}&0
She answered me very directly and openly. x?B 8b-*
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: gkyv[
Answer me directly. ${%*O}$
Let's meet directly after lunch. *b0f)y3RV
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: 55T c
They looked around. *aF<#m v
Let’s go on with the work. O.8{c;
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 SQB[d3f
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(六)副词的词序 "Q ~-C|x
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 l1qWl
The building is very high. isP4*g&%x
He came long before the appointed time. E|Lv_4lb=
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2. 副词修饰动词。 {6yiD
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. W|FP j^*t
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. YbrsX
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 T?+xx^wYk
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. 2ajQ*aNq
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4. 频度副词的位置。 v?7.)2XcX
在一般动词前:They always say so. sGCV um}
有be动词时,在be动词后: F:CqB
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I am always busy. %@{);5[
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. ~pqp`
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: b7/1]
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. >4.{|0%ut
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 `bGAc&,&
地点+状态+次数+时间: m.MOn3n]
She arrived there safely the other day. I hvL2zB
程度十状态+地点十时间: J}coWjw`q
They played fairly well there yesterday.