副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 aXO|%qX
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(一) 副词的分类 @&M$oI$4*
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: X-=J7G`\h#
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 E?Ofkc$q
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 `T;Y%"X!
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 0ge^pO\Z
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 /*yPy?
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 <E.$4
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6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 gC qQ~lWZ
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(二)副词的用法 \9t6#8
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. uuMHD{}?}
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. y3vm+tJc{
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. Ho:X.
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4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. ep3iI77/
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: B=`"!?we
Nearly everybody came to out party. H\Jpw
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. @j Y_^8#S
9. 修饰全句: 0fTEb%z8
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. axW4cS ?
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(三)副词的构成 =
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1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 q;V1fogqI)
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 H}$hk
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 tyLR_@i%%
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 igW>C2J
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 :tA|g
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 +RO=a_AS
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike,
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round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 drQioH-
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 ^<e"OV
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 ~"*;lT5KX
(四)与形容词同形的副词 d%istFL)
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: Mlpq2I_x
We had an early breakfast. A_t<SG5
We had breakfast early. )pVxp]EI
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 h ,@x5q>g
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 Z6b3gV
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: hfvs'.
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1. close做“近”解: N[}XLhbt
He lives close to the school. 9tS&$-
He was following close behind. dBG]J18
做其他解释时用closely: Jz#ZDZkm
Watch what I do closely. &-
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The prisons were closely guarded. uF T\a=
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: `bZ_=UAb
She stopped dead. q<JI!n1O
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: f|VP_o<
He was dead tired. &V( LeSI
The wind was dead against us. 7k3":2:
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, %h%r6EB1F
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 3iWLo Qm
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: nTu"
The train goes there direct. dl{3fldb
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. ur#"f'|-
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: *rEW@06^\
He was looking directly at us. v!`M=0k
She answered me very directly and openly. '`o+#\,b^%
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: R4qk/@]t
Answer me directly. _X.M,id
Let's meet directly after lunch. I3s}t$`y(
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: ZRxB" a'
They looked around. <bTa88,)
Let’s go on with the work. v5$zz w
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 L:^'cl}
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(六)副词的词序 9Pb0Olh
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 /cjf 1Dc
The building is very high. JqZ%*
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He came long before the appointed time. L]tyL)
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2. 副词修饰动词。 G![1+2p:Tq
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. uIPR*9~6o
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. $ `ho+
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 IWQ8e$N
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. L`p
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4. 频度副词的位置。 m 8f_w
在一般动词前:They always say so. FPMW"~v
有be动词时,在be动词后: L@ay4,e.bz
I am always busy. a&<<X:$Hy
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. k{#:O=
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: Yk5kC0B
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. 93rE5eGs
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 5SjS~9
地点+状态+次数+时间: cZ(XY}
She arrived there safely the other day. E0|aI4S4
程度十状态+地点十时间: E5dXu5+ye
They played fairly well there yesterday.