副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 Qe\vx1GRLH
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(一) 副词的分类 7(uz*~Z?`0
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类:
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1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 Rd5-ao4
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 *9uNM@7&0
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 JqZt1um
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 iETUBZ
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 eY
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6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 `GW&*[.7
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(二)副词的用法 F8dr-"G
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. jex\5
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. tgl(*[T2
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. 4x(m.u@
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. 8a`3eM~?[
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: f<i
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Nearly everybody came to out party. ~
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7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. az:}
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9. 修饰全句: wdfbl_`T
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. 1.k=ji$D0
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(三)副词的构成 &9)/"
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 U5wh( vi
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 %K')_NS@
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 EyVu-4L:#
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 *]NfT}}
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 6vAZLNG3
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 m//aAxmB
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, WZn;u3,R
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 u&uFXOc'
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 =v?P7;T
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 )W
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(四)与形容词同形的副词 uA[
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有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: |v8hg])I+
We had an early breakfast. K mH))LIv
We had breakfast early. *cCx]C.~
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 BKtb@o~(
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 #<"od '{U
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: B>:U
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1. close做“近”解: O2ktqAWx@
He lives close to the school. VnkhY
He was following close behind. og35Vs0
做其他解释时用closely: `<d.I%}
Watch what I do closely. _,60pr3D'
The prisons were closely guarded. g$#A'Du
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: mOh?cjOi
She stopped dead. #GlFm?/6K/
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: B-]bhA4|:
He was dead tired. A32Sdr'D
The wind was dead against us. y*X.DS 1(w
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, (nq""kO6'
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 )#i"hnYpQ
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: AQ(n?1LU
The train goes there direct. ZT*}KJm
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. $8U$.~v
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: YYFS
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He was looking directly at us. 1G12FV>M
She answered me very directly and openly. UW8yu.`?
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: dtY8>klI
Answer me directly. zF^H*H
Let's meet directly after lunch. ,.(:b82$
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: k6z
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They looked around. ~=c5q
Let’s go on with the work. /v<Gt%3X
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 4Ol1
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(六)副词的词序 LlgFQfu8
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 (?'vT%
The building is very high. s 7wA3|9
He came long before the appointed time. 9]ZfSn)
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2. 副词修饰动词。 `a[fC9
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. eQ)*jeD
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. OhN2FkxL
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 7_Te-i
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. S2|pn
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4. 频度副词的位置。 p ]jLs|tat
在一般动词前:They always say so. K/Y"oQ2
有be动词时,在be动词后:
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I am always busy. wsQuJrG
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. PWp=}f.y
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: 6hR `sE
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. <3j`Z1J
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 Yc6.v8a
地点+状态+次数+时间: 0Ba]Zo Z
She arrived there safely the other day. /%jX=S.5h<
程度十状态+地点十时间: 9* 3;v;F
They played fairly well there yesterday.