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In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion. glZjo
A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists’ predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected. [<.dOe7|
Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house." Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are P\&n0C ~
formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses. ^C~t)U
In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories. j`QXl
11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______. &W%fsy<
A) a good example B) an imaginary model ] uXmug
C) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event $d
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12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____. )<`/Aaie
A) mathematicians approach science ~Gh9m ]b
B) building a house is like performing experiments C,$7fW{?
C) science is more than a collection of facts gH/( 4h
D) scientific experiments have led to improved technology a 1~ @m[
13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______. B6 U4>ZN
A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous results @Uq cym.
C) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate ?tk d5kE
14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7 KNSMx<G P
A) Sifting through known facts. B:fulgh2ni
B) Communicating a scientist’s thoughts to others. CJt(c,!z
C) Providing direction for scientific research. +K48c,gt?
D) Linking together different theories. .2SD)<}(9
15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? 9n;6;K#
A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events. Z@bKYfGM
B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it. wj\kx\+
C) A scientist’s most difficult task is testing hypotheses. ?-=< 7
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D) A good scientist needs to be creative. 7*@ BCu6
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Passage 3 4d%QJ 7y
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文章大意： FLQ>,=O
这篇文章从定义、作用及产生过程几方面阐述了科学理论。科学理论是对观察 Ki\J)l
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到的相关事物的解释。经常包括一个想象的模式来帮助科学家想象事物的产生过 Lu W Y}ste
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程。而一个实用的理论，不仅可以解释以往的观察，还可以帮助预测等待观察的事 Xd'B0kQaT
物。观察又可以验证一个理论是否正确。科学除了包括收集信息和做实验，还需要 2Jqr"|sw
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创造性的思考，然后形成可能的问题解决方法，即假设。假设总是朝着未知领域前进 kI,O9z7A7
一步，它拓宽了科学家的视野，经过验证后的假设就变成了理论。 J:0`* 7
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答案解析： 9Qn*frdY,
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[11]B第三句话中的代词“this'’指代前一句提到的“an imaginary model"。因为这个 ]_2<uK}fg
例子就是要说明在动力分子理论中，气体被描绘成由许多不停运动的小分子所 6Q NO#!;
组成，即前句中“理论常包含一个想象模式来帮助科学家描绘事件的产生过 >H,PST
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程。” Y | aaZ|+
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[12]C第三段最后一句中“科学是由事实构成的，就象房屋是由砖建成的。但是事实 L[lS
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堆积起来并不能成为科学，这比用砖块搭房子复杂得多”。因此说科学并不是 [#/@ v/`
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简单的堆砌事实。 ~4M?[E&
[13]C最后一段第二句话，“假设”使科学家的思想可以超越已知事实。 P
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[14]C最后一段第四句话，若没有假设，更深入的调查就会缺少目标和方向。所假设 ;% 4N@Z
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的一个主要作用就是给科研提供方向。 <Y ^)/ s
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[15]D第二段第一句说明理论不仅可以解释以往的观察，还可以帮助预测还未观察 {r1}
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到的。 6='x}Qb \H
因此排除A。第二段最后两句，如果观察不能证实预测，那么说明实验有 Ky)*6QOw
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错或理论可能应被修改或推翻，因此排除B。而C在文章中没有涉及。根据第 >\Ml \CyL
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三段最后一句话，科学需要想象力和创造性思考，可以得出D为正确答案。
