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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 W!"}E%zx
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 0`I-2M4F*Q
zBP> jM(8 2．被动形式 i0s6aAhgJ
TbehR:B5g P .sgRsL !6w{(Rc(C v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 8G ]w,eF v 时间状语从句当中的时态： O
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Ly6=} K%}}fw2RMN 一般过去时 所有的过去 HBLWOQab 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 %B EC]
h 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 PdY>#Cyh 一．非谓语动词 #B\=Aa`*
一．不定式： X9
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C]`eH *z~8 一）不定式的常考形式： U
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dDKqq(9(` 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. -Gsl[Rc0H; 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. /~}_h O$S 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 s?O&ZB2GM[
L(WOet( ' 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. i=
QqB0 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. xaXV ^ZM3 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 v`)m">e*w
DY> <qk 二）不定式常考的考点： a'[)9:
$P?{O3:V 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 o`%I{?UCDJ
}(=ml7 )v 2）不定式做状语----目的 Tkrx7C s(
4]UT+'RubX 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. ci7~Ke wJ*
,o&<WMD 三)不定式的省略 u [t>Tg2R
Y}/jR6hK 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel +-HE '4mo
hCLk#_ + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； '?R =P + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 k
E_ky) I saw him work in the garden yesterday. yGV{^?yoP
CTU9~~ Xk 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) wU0 K3qZL I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 3ExVZu$ 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） ^%zNa6B L
v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. *'^:S#
= 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to 4H7Oh*P\j
!>|`l y$6 I ‘d like to have John do it. vUfO4yfdg
' WnpwY I have my package weighed. fSC.+,qk
3It8& x: Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. 1 ?]J;9p
/p [y1 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do
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.6I%64 m 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： &0h=4i=6r
x[a'(5PwY want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do 0, "ZV } force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do R_~F6O^EO be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do :`j"Sj !t3 y ( ldO;. 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 t.u{.P\Md\
kz|[*%10 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. ^zkd{ov 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 I$F\
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@>Bi yb He needs (a lot of) encouraging. RDJ82{ ~v,!n/('
Zm5nLxM 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 g')?J<z
U bpg92 1)是名词 seeing is believing -1#e^9Ve\ 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. mrX}\p 一)动名词的形式: !fif8kf
_GRv 一般形式：I don't like you smoking.
8APTk 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. d9ZDpzx B 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. xU:
PhhS 二) 动名词常考的点 L'zdsa}Et
H74NU_ 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 %Tk}s fx
%_ cg|yy 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 E]D4']
7ZrJ#n8?ih 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. )G
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0jX~ I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． 'Sm/t/g"| A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） 9p!d Q x I regret not having taken your advice. w4 >:uyE 4)有些词后只能接动名词 \v B9f A:*
m k$Y oz admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... *m2d#
f 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： h= m I{w* it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... E}E7VQjM }6b7a1p R;N>#_9HU 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 ~j\;e
VbY>l' rY remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 INeWi= 1
^[SbV^DOL I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) cftn`:(&8
` Mv5!H5l I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) 'bQ s_
P,+ 0 forgot与remember的用法类似。 ()rx>?x5 I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你…
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z.\[Va$@l I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 N1B$ G try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. OQX{<pQ6
EIVQu~,H try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. "|~B};|MFF
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? 1 mY" I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 +A&IxsTq5= To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 8u~\]1 ( prefer的用法： 4jZi6 2 我宁愿在这里等。 { <ao4w6B I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） ;zxlwdfcr' I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） MX< ($M I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） l%)=s~6 z cq+ M
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[laL6 3 分词： ,:Ix s^-
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 2w.9Q
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现在分词的形式: VAB&&AL
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) |@n{tog+-
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) yK2*~T,6@
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) 2| _Jup
过去分词 (nZ=9 +j]d
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. y<LwrrJ>
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) 2b&;Y /z
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 xo"4mbTV
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