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主题 : 考博英语语法归纳
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楼主  发表于: 2011-03-05   
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考博英语语法归纳

英语语法归纳 qg/FI#r  
一:时态所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表:
1.主动形式 =CW> ;h]  
rvU^W+ d  
  ;.Ld6JRunw  
 .^2.h  
过去 $@vB<(sk  
现在 6oq5CDoq  
将来 ,6X__Z#rGT  
过去将来 g!.piG|  
一般 B9Mp3[   
did 0y t36Du  
do 1V9AnzwX  
will/shall do j{'_sI{{  
should/would do ?0M$p  
进行 <Y6zJ#BD  
was/were doing i=*H|)  
am/is/are doing  # S/n3  
will/shall be doing 4x&Dz0[[S  
/
完成 $)$ r  
had done |x.^rx`  
have/has done ll1N`ke  
will/shall have done 8V}|(b#  
should/would have done用于虚拟语气
完成进行 w;{Q)_A  
had been doing ^ >&#F[aT  
have/has been doing I]i( B+D  
/
/
2.被动形式 4`)r1D!U  
7G^Q2w  
  (sQXfeMz  
l*OR{!3H$  
过去 zw U[!i)  
现在 ?>U=bA  
将来 :hs~;vn)  
过去将来 _k26(rdI@-  
一般 7l$ u.[  
was/were given i!}6FB Z  
am/is/are given 1KrJS(.  
will/shall be given %cg | KB"l  
should/would be given A.("jb@I  
进行 M;Pry 3J  
was/were being given W>i%sHH6  
am/is/are being given V4NQcy? H  
/
/
完成 RqGX(Iuv  
had been given y]+5Y.Cw$  
have/has been given 2b"DkJj'  
will/shall have been given _"B.V(  
should/would have been given ,3 /o7'  
完成进行 GW'v\O  
/
/
/
  "r_wgl%  
  Ms,MXJtH  
/P@%{y  
v  CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。 KzO"$+M  
v  时间状语从句当中的时态: "lw|EpQk`  
,G%UU~/a  
z/xPI)R[  
  一般过去时         所有的过去 vio>P-2Eho  
     一般现在时    表示 现在和将来 RYEZ'<  
  现在完成时         现在完成和将来完成 >*h+ N? m  
一.非谓语动词 CUI+@|]%  
一.不定式: z``wqK  
H( i   
一)不定式的常考形式:  &Q~W{.  
H,L{N'[Xph  
1)    一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. ?=M ?v;8  
被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. ( ~5 M{Xh  
           语法功能: 
表示与谓语动词同步发生 `T[@-   
h9ScN(|0y  
2)    完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. $!.>)n  
被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages. NgGMsE\C}  
          语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前 WsV"`ij#  
2uE<mjCt-r  
  二)不定式常考的考点: P{n# ^4  
E@ U]k$M  
1)不定式做定语----将要发生 TSP%5v; Dh  
Xh;.T=/E|  
2)不定式做状语----目的  '/.Dxib  
l}z<q  
3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. (CxA5u1|l  
N2}SR|.  
  )不定式的省略 {g%N(2  
#_ |B6!D!  
   1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel #4'wF4DR@  
w'H'o!*/  
+ do  表示动作的完整性,真实性; $~G,T g  
+ doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性 /IUu-/ D  
 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. c 3QgX4vq  
Y7}>yC/GY  
 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) (G"'Fb6d  
 I saw him working in the garden yesterday. n(F!t,S1i  
 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作) %hnBpz  
v  感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. (gBKC]zvz3  
 2) 使役动词   have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to j?.F-ar  
S 5S\zTPIf  
I ‘d like to have John do it. =:WZV8@%  
R{#< NE  
I have my package weighed. Y P2VSK2Q  
JY0aE  
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. uks75W!}U  
d/7fJ8y8  
 3) help   help sb do    help sb to do   help do  help to do ~R!1{8HP  
l76=6Vtb  
)有些动词后只跟不定式如: &K9;GZS?  
3Zb%-_%j  
wantwishhopemanagepromiserefusepretendplan offerdecideagreeexpect   allow sb to do,  cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do &BVHQ7[  
force sb to do. be more likely to do  love to do  warn sb to do  be able to do }@r23g%   
be   ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do hw DxGiU  
  m!V,W*RNr  
) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 [ RyVR  
/%T/@y  
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. }%< ?]  
三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中,want不太常用。 )pWgt5:7~  
VdHT3r  
He needs (a lot of) encouraging. :R;w<Tbz"  
  kuEXNi1l  
n2U &}O  
 . 动名词: 具有动作性特征的名词 LE\*33k_  
dN{ At-  
1)是名词     seeing is believing p _gN}v  
2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语   starving troops is necessary. =^9h z3 j  
)动名词的形式: 72<9xNcB!}  
BIx*t9wA  
一般形式:I don't like you smoking.        PucNu8   
完成形式:I regret not having taken your advice. x@ -K  
被动形式:This question is far from being settled. >^Nnhnr  
) 动名词常考的点 GkAd"<B  
AiqKf=  
1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 =E-x0sr?  
)UR$VL  
2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 N*IroT3  
M Kyj<@[  
3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. ?JuJu1  
nW=6nCyvo  
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon W~ yb>+u  
 Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyou're callingKeyC your calling 也对) {v"f ){   
I regret not having taken your advice. (hc!!:N~q  
4)有些词后只能接动名词 Ws2q/[\oz  
5_^d3LOT0x  
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep;  it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... rZUTBLZ`j  
 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法: <&eJIz=  
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... pSx5ume95"  
  Q& [!+s:2J  
Dl!0Hl  
5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 Zg+.`>z  
_`2%)#^ o  
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式,意义截然不容。 `xM*cJTZ  
5OdsT-y  
I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) ra~=i|s  
~ <1s [Hu  
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) rfDGS%!O%  
)CXlPbhY?  
forgotremember的用法类似。 6*,55,y  
I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你 Zbo4{.#  
t[|rp&xG  
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 L|[i<s;  
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. sI\NX$M  
6jpzyf=~  
try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. GW {tZaB  
-w+.'  
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去,但我父亲不让我去。 w/NT 5  
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 -#%M,Qb  
prefer的用法: >V.?XZ nt  
我宁愿在这里等。 <.`i,|?MHS  
I prefer to wait here. (所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去。) t %u0=V  
I prefer waiting here.(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。) @<DRFP  
I prefer swimming to cycling. (这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。) x|Uwk=;X|s  
  t|>P9lX@  
km>ZhsqD  
3 分词: ,{IDf  
S^R dj ]  
现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 q?frt3o  
现在分词的形式: K yIUz9$  
1)一般式:     Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)?      (与谓语动词同步发生) P^o@x,V!&  
2)完成形式:Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) ,'C*?mms  
fFEB#l!oUb  
3)完成被动形式:Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) 8XVRRk  
过去分词 b\^DQZmth  
1)    过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared. ~ !ei]UP  
2)过去分词的进行形式:You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) ]U@~vA#''  
这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动,往往就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 ;u`8pF!_eE  
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