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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 qg/ FI#r
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 =CW> ;h]
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d 2．被动形式 4`)r1D!U
7G^Q2w Ms,MXJtH /P@%{y v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 KzO"$+M v 时间状语从句当中的时态： "lw|EpQk` ,G%UU~/a z/xPI)R[ 一般过去时 所有的过去 vio>P-2Eho 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 RYEZ ' < 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 >*h+ N?
m 一．非谓语动词 CUI+@|]%
一．不定式： z``wq K
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i 一）不定式的常考形式： &Q~W{.
H,L{N'[Xph 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. ? =M ?v;8 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. ( ~5 M{Xh 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 `T [@ -
h9ScN(|0y 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. $!.>)n 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. NgGMsE\C} 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 WsV"`ij#
2uE<mjCt-r 二）不定式常考的考点： P{ n#
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E@ U]k$M 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 TSP%5v;
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Xh;.T=/E| 2）不定式做状语----目的
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l}z<q 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. (CxA5u1|l
N2}SR|. 三)不定式的省略 {g%N (2
#_ | B6!D! 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel #4'wF4DR@
w'H' o!*/ + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； $~G,T
g + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 /IUu-/ D I saw him work in the garden yesterday. c
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Y7}>yC /GY 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) (G"'Fb6d I saw him working in the garden yesterday. n(F!t,S1i 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） %hnBpz v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. (gBKC]zvz3 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to j?.F-ar
S 5S\zTPIf I ‘d like to have John do it. =:WZV8@%
R{#< NE I have my package weighed. Y P2VSK2Q
J Y0aE Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. uks75W!}U
d/7fJ8y8 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do ~R!1{8HP
l76 =6Vtb 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：
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3Zb%-_%j want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do &BVHQ7[ force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do }@r2 3g% be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do hw
DxGiU m!V,W*RNr 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 [
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/%T/@y accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. }% < ?] 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 )pWgt5:7~
VdHT3r He needs (a lot of) encouraging. :R;w<Tbz" kuEXNi1l
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&}O 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 LE\*33k_
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A t- 1)是名词 seeing is believing p _gN}v 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. =^9h
z3 j 一)动名词的形式: 72<9xNcB!}
BIx*t9wA 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. PucNu8 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. x@ - K 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. >^Nnhnr 二) 动名词常考的点 GkAd"<B
Ai q Kf = 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 = E-x0sr?
)UR$VL 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 N*I roT3
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K yj<@[ 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. ?JuJu1
nW=6n Cyvo I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． W~ yb>+u A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） {v"f
){ I regret not having taken your advice. (hc!!:N~q 4)有些词后只能接动名词 Ws2q/[\oz
5_^d3LOT0x admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... rZUTBLZ`j 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： <& eJIz= it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... pSx5ume95" Q& [!+s:2J
Dl!0Hl 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 Zg+.`>z
_`2%)#^ o remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 `xM*cJTZ
5OdsT-y I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) ra~=i|s
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[Hu I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) rfDGS%!O%
)CXlPbhY? forgot与remember的用法类似。 6*,5 5,y I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… Zb o 4{.#
t[|rp&xG I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 L|[i<s; try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. sI\NX$M
6jpzyf =~ try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.
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-w+. ' I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 w/NT 5 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 -#% M,Qb prefer的用法： >V.?XZ nt 我宁愿在这里等。 <.`i,|?MHS I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） t %u0=V I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） @<DRF P I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） x|Uwk=;X|s t |>P9lX@
km>ZhsqD 3 分词： ,{IDf
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 q?frt3o
现在分词的形式: K
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1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) P^o@x,V!&
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) ,'C*? mms
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) 8XV RRk
过去分词 b\^DQZmth
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. ~ !ei]UP
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) ]U@~vA#''
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 ;u`8pF!_eE
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