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楼主  发表于: 2011-03-05   
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考博英语语法归纳

英语语法归纳 W!"}E%zx   
一:时态所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表:
1.主动形式 0`I-2M4F*Q  
zBP>jM(8  
  ?l$Nf@-  
=Odv8yhn  
过去 fS"Hr0  
现在 @j4U^"_QB  
将来 A?oXqb  
过去将来 gt7VxZ  
一般 bC3 F  
did ]l(wg]  
do R3!@?mcr  
will/shall do bI y sl  
should/would do )|I5j];L  
进行 v*qQ? S  
was/were doing 3w!c`;c%  
am/is/are doing toaYsiIkzW  
will/shall be doing N|Sf=q?Ko  
/
完成 QERU5|.wc  
had done , \aUq|~  
have/has done ;=< ^0hxer  
will/shall have done :Yj) CGl$  
should/would have done用于虚拟语气
完成进行 4A3nO<o MF  
had been doing & ``d  
have/has been doing L}yyaM)  
/
/
2.被动形式 i0s6aAhgJ  
TbehR:B5g  
  -OYDe@Wb]  
%G@5!|J  
过去 sIl33kmv  
现在 =q"eU=9  
将来 !tHt,eJy  
过去将来 jb /8?7  
一般 dxj*Q "K  
was/were given cMzkL%  
am/is/are given - /c7n F  
will/shall be given [ "xn5l E  
should/would be given ~^vC,]hU  
进行 ofW+_DKB?l  
was/were being given Y1dVM]l  
am/is/are being given D^Ys)- d  
/
/
完成 s^T+5 E&}  
had been given zEw >SP1,  
have/has been given ,eQ[Fi!!  
will/shall have been given @1R8 -aa-r  
should/would have been given X;!D};;M  
完成进行 r?l;I3~  
/
/
/
  cywg[  
  P.sgRsL  
!6w{(Rc(C  
v  CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。 8G ]w,eF  
v  时间状语从句当中的时态: O Df4+& u  
!5x Ly6=}  
K%}}fw2RMN  
  一般过去时         所有的过去 HBLWOQab  
     一般现在时    表示 现在和将来 %B EC] h  
  现在完成时         现在完成和将来完成 PdY>#Cyh  
一.非谓语动词 #B\=Aa`*  
一.不定式: X9 ~m8c){z  
C]`eH *z~8  
一)不定式的常考形式: U |F>W~%  
dDKqq(9(`  
1)    一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. -Gsl[Rc0H;  
被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. /~}_hO$S  
           语法功能: 
表示与谓语动词同步发生 s?O&ZB2GM[  
L(WOet('  
2)    完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. i= QqB0  
被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages. xaXV ^ZM3  
          语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前 v`)m">e*w  
DY><qk  
  二)不定式常考的考点: a'[)9:  
$P?{O3:V  
1)不定式做定语----将要发生 o`%I{?UCDJ  
}(=ml7)v  
2)不定式做状语----目的 Tkrx7C s(  
4]UT+'RubX  
3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. ci7~KewJ*  
 ,o&<WMD  
  )不定式的省略 u[t>Tg2R  
Y}/jR6hK  
   1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel +-HE '4mo  
hCLk#_  
+ do  表示动作的完整性,真实性; '?R=P  
+ doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性 k E_ky)  
 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. yGV{^?yoP  
CTU9~~Xk  
 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) wU0K3qZL  
 I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 3ExVZu$  
 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作) ^%zNa6BL  
v  感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. *'^:S# =  
 2) 使役动词   have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to 4H7Oh*P\j  
!>|`ly$6  
I ‘d like to have John do it. vUfO4yfdg  
'WnpwY  
I have my package weighed. fSC.+,qk  
3It8&x:  
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. 1?]J;9p  
/p[y1  
 3) help   help sb do    help sb to do   help do  help to do Ris-tdg  
.6I%64m  
)有些动词后只跟不定式如: &0h=4i=6r  
x[a'(5PwY  
wantwishhopemanagepromiserefusepretendplan offerdecideagreeexpect   allow sb to do,  cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do 0, "ZV}  
force sb to do. be more likely to do  love to do  warn sb to do  be able to do R_~F6O^EO  
be   ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do :`j"Sj !t3  
  y (ldO;.  
) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 t.u{.P\Md\  
kz|[*%10  
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. ^zkd{ov  
三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中,want不太常用。 I$F\ (]"@  
@>Biyb  
He needs (a lot of) encouraging. RDJ82{  
  ~v,!n/('  
Zm5nLxM  
 . 动名词: 具有动作性特征的名词 g')?J<z   
Ubpg92  
1)是名词     seeing is believing -1#e^9Ve\  
2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语   starving troops is necessary. mrX}\p   
)动名词的形式: !fif8kf  
_GRv   
一般形式:I don't like you smoking.         8APTk  
完成形式:I regret not having taken your advice. d9ZDpzx B  
被动形式:This question is far from being settled. xU: PhhS  
) 动名词常考的点 L'zdsa}Et  
H74NU_   
1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 %Tk}sfx  
%_cg|yy  
2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 E]D4']  
7ZrJ#n8?ih  
3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. )G Q D*b  
zkw 0jX~  
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon 'Sm/t/g"|  
 Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyou're callingKeyC your calling 也对) 9p!dQx  
I regret not having taken your advice. w4 >:uyE  
4)有些词后只能接动名词 \v B9fA:*  
mk$Yoz  
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep;  it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... *m2d# f  
 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法: h=mI{w*  
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... E}E7VQjM  
  }6b7a1p  
R;N>#_9HU  
5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 ~j\;e  
VbY>l' rY  
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式,意义截然不容。 INeWi=1  
^[SbV^DOL  
I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) cftn`:(&8  
` Mv5!H5l  
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) 'bQ s_  
P,+ 0   
forgotremember的用法类似。 ()rx>?x5  
I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你 v f/$`IJ  
z.\[Va$@l  
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 N1B$G  
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. OQX{<pQ6  
EIVQu~,H  
try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. "|~B};|MFF  
{ ?1 mY"  
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去,但我父亲不让我去。 +A&IxsTq5=  
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 8u~\]1 (  
prefer的用法: 4jZi62  
我宁愿在这里等。 { <ao4w6B  
I prefer to wait here. (所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去。) ;zxlwdfcr'  
I prefer waiting here.(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。) MX< ($M  
I prefer swimming to cycling. (这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。) l%)=s~6z  
  cq+M *1;  
 [laL6  
3 分词: ,:Ix s^-  
."#jN><t  
现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 2w.9Q (Sn  
现在分词的形式: VAB&&AL  
1)一般式:     Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)?      (与谓语动词同步发生) |@n{tog+-  
2)完成形式:Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) yK2*~T,6@  
m3v* ,~  
3)完成被动形式:Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) 2|_Jup  
过去分词 (nZ=9+j]d  
1)    过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared. y<LwrrJ>  
2)过去分词的进行形式:You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) 2b&;Y/z  
这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动,往往就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 xo"4mbTV  
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