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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 1 <T|
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 4< 1V
9 4
6r#`q 2．被动形式 RJT55Rv{
4 #lLC-k 5pE@ Ww q1%xk =8 v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 %U97{ y v 时间状语从句当中的时态： 1a},(ZcdX 00A2[g O9 -n$hm +S 一般过去时 所有的过去 .-p?skm =a 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 JG'&anbm 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 IBv9xP]BZ 一．非谓语动词 V ;M'd@
一．不定式： 5kj=Y]9\I
;cWFh4_ 一）不定式的常考形式： RYX=;n
7(5 wP( 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. |F>'7JJJ 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. uacVF[9|W 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 /57)y_ \
sX= _|<[ 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. >K;C?gHo 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. lo cf6%2g~ 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 ;KW }F|
]4oF!S%F 二）不定式常考的考点： E.
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Sc$]ar]S 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 ;(9q, )
09rbu\h 2）不定式做状语----目的 ]1n
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^T/d34A;SP 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. ^0&
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[\S=K|/ 三)不定式的省略 H
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4o*wLCo7^ 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel N;]"_"
Q+'QJ7fw'| + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； '}NQ`\k + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 D>Dch0{H,: I saw him work in the garden yesterday. r@Tq-o
}*I:0" WH 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) p+ bT{: I saw him working in the garden yesterday. Z-,' M tD 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） !r*Ogv[ v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. U (cV#@Y 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to 'm,3znX!c
` -L{J0xq I ‘d like to have John do it. c 31k%/.
X!%CYmIRb I have my package weighed. Y^-faL7*\
.A`Q! Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. #4e Taik
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GN}k 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do `w
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i?&g;_n^ 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： S~mpXH@
f H/J8< want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do tz&oe force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do tGcp48R-:+ be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do `}YCUm[SI -5~&A6+ILn 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 " Y Z B@
6ZCSCBW accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. CnT]u U 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 kCO`J AH#
mBC?Pg He needs (a lot of) encouraging. B=mk@gX,G #&A)%Qb g
[nO\Q3c|@$ 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 `J%iFm/5*
F|t3%dpj 1)是名词 seeing is believing s3sAw~++ 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. h #ogL-UU 一)动名词的形式: tCFXb6Cz
XN@F6Gj 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. 5m _ $21 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. \z A G#{ 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. UQ mdm$. 二) 动名词常考的点 SLyeonM-C
3]=j!_yJf 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 2UPqn#.3
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s#v [Y 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 Q Q3a&
_sEk Kh8x 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. .DzFt c
>h?!6L- d I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． z
JhG`iWFw A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） llbf(! I regret not having taken your advice. j
F5Y-CX 4)有些词后只能接动名词 'G6g
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u@V|13p< admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... PB
XRey7>D 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： zGDLF` it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... qhFWQ1W op\'T;xIu ID /=YG@ 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 #le1
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- '<K_e; remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 Bu[sSoA
/$w,8pV = I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) k0@b"y*
~F gxhK2+ I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) (gdi 2
|" j{!Ei forgot与remember的用法类似。 C;mcb$@ I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… /2%6 46
Yo 0wufbfV I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 mE|?0mRA % try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. - rn%ASye
]0Y5 Z)3:z try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. & xAwk-{W
9oe=*#Ig1m I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 I34|<3t$ To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 ZOAHM1ci prefer的用法：
W 'w{}| 我宁愿在这里等。 )#(6J I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） {IB}g: I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） 0~/'c0Ho I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）
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# YiphR& 3 分词： l;~b:[r
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 4#^E$N:
现在分词的形式: |
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1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) 9 I|D"zXn
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) J,W<vrKOcN
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) j5Cf\*B4J
过去分词 -4;$NiB?
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. |7$Q'3V
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) _{
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这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。
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