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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 2C/$Ei^t
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 iTag+G4*
3~}uqaGt 2．被动形式 /\H>y
,:
??P1 y2+p1 a&k _=/X& v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 ] r-C1bKD` v 时间状语从句当中的时态： 06Gt&_Q ;r6jx"i nwN@DqO 一般过去时 所有的过去 _ z;q9&J) 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 >/#KI~}'N 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 YOrrkbJ( 一．非谓语动词 !=y] Sv~h
一．不定式： /5#rADOS
)NO<s0?& 一）不定式的常考形式： k2xHH$+{#=
(70 8H_ 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. qiZO _=0 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. iL=
m{ 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 :=9] c17=
zh $}~RG[ 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. vm'5s]kdh 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. up2+ s# 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 }@ +NN
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OgcHS? 二）不定式常考的考点： J>^\oAgp E
DOz\n|8 S 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 f,z P*
m'-|{c 2）不定式做状语----目的 +f0~D(d! _
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a#<j 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. "C?5f]T
< p TTo 三)不定式的省略 Y :l dR
IZ3{>N V 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel B$ KwkhMe
=o p%8NJf + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； 7B3w\ + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 j %V["?) I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 0
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昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) l$*=<tV I saw him working in the garden yesterday. rs=q!
P"u[ 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） +KEkmXZ v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. sP'0Sl~NU 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I gL_5A
qP*}.Sqk7 I ‘d like to have John do it. ZiFooA
Oq(VvS/ I have my package weighed. uqyB5V 0gh
Dbx~n#n G Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. i;PL\Er:tX
fR-C0"c 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do '[ P}&<ie,
^4v*W;Q 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：
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o**y Z2 want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do C.!_]Pxs force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do ;% q39U} be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do ts9pM~_~ Ek.&Sf$cd' 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 |I[7,`C ~
b 1^n KB accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. H ;@!?I 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 :
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WN a0, He needs (a lot of) encouraging. \X}8 q nX%AeDB AT
IvBGpT"(I 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 73NZ:h%=
uf) Oy7FQ 1)是名词 seeing is believing yDd[e]zS` 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. zDBD .5R; 一)动名词的形式: X1J;1hRUP
/-*hjX$n 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. (7q^FtjA# 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. .{rbw9 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. }B!cv {{ 二) 动名词常考的点 I^0 t2[M
#+sF`qR, 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 b 6W#SpCF
;lfWu U%R 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 bejGfc
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F]e 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. *%- ?54B
z %2w(&1 I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． N~#D\X^t. A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） _`aR_ %Gx I regret not having taken your advice. Gp1EJ2d8 4)有些词后只能接动名词 ^87 42.
,t~sV@ap admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... x0x $ 9 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： _ g6wQdxT it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... EzP#Mnz^ %]jQ48^R z> :U{!5k 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 {E~l>Z88
IQ{?_' remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 =HPu {K$
,8`O7V {W I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)
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zlMlMyG4 I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) 0 WS|~?OR@
sX~45u \ forgot与remember的用法类似。 |8;?
*s`H I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你…
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Qi|?d 7k0 I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 }z{wQ\ try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. =BW9/fG
yjv&4pIc1 try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. LO}z)j~W
w= $'Lt! I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 M/)
B" q To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 b\M b*o prefer的用法： %O Fj 我宁愿在这里等。 X=#It&m%s I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） -PXoMZx% I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） *sAOpf@M I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） tKX}Ok:V% q@w"yz >
@ oA0{&G{ 3 分词： Fi/jR0]e2
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 TL]bY '%
现在分词的形式: mMslWe
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) e
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2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) pbFYiu+
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) "C& J wm?
过去分词 O68 b zi]
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. 4xp j<
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) ,Z?m`cx
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 S>(z\`1qm
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