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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 :` ;(
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一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 D|"s E>
q< b"M$ 2．被动形式 =ltbS f7
<{3q{VW* qr<-eJf 4{Yy05PFS v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 khKv5K#) v 时间状语从句当中的时态： EL2 hD$ hPEp0(" #N VF\ 一般过去时 所有的过去 % RBI\tj 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 =0 !\F~ 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 /z.7: <gZ( 一．非谓语动词 _taHf %\4
一．不定式： pJ)+}vascR
a@V/sh 一）不定式的常考形式： S,)|~#5x
6Mf3)o2 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 9 z8<[> 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. s&QBFyKtJ 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 zvK5Zx l
Sce CucT 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. %t5BB$y 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. CL@h!h554_ 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 5M\=+5wB
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T1Qep 二）不定式常考的考点： @7[.> I(
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EB 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 U<,Kw6K
%&=(,;d 2）不定式做状语----目的 fO|~Oz<S
:C:N]6_{SZ 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. v<J;S9u=
DP6{HR$L 三)不定式的省略 ]htZ!; 8J
c] >&6-;rf 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel ?lwQne8/
o"ah\"#el + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； @aV~.!! + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 FG5c:Ep I saw him work in the garden yesterday. *A1TDc$
R;TEtu7 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) n-b<vEZw# I saw him working in the garden yesterday. Z/05 wB 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 0-~6}
r$ v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. mv%:[+! 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to ;`PkmAg
7" STS7_ I ‘d like to have John do it. `w=H'"Zv
V&+$V q I have my package weighed. +-!|%jG`%v
F3 l^^ Mc Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. C.B}Py+
G* ~*2>~ 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do eW*ae;-
$E,DxDT 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： 5<?c _l9X^
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Z want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do m3xj5]# ^$ force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do >fj
$ wOq be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do I.0P7eA- %3+hz $E 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 ^}7t:
6N+)LF}P b accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. Ww
tQ>'R" 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 y'O{8 Q8T
2-c0/?_4 He needs (a lot of) encouraging. [5eT|uy z(X6%p0
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6W+=T 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 Ahbu >LPk
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^z ,'C 1)是名词 seeing is believing )9 jQ_ 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. UYrzsUjg& 一)动名词的形式: N_Ld,J%g
j"u)/A8* 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. vl~ 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. GFa/9Bi 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. JsEEAM:w 二) 动名词常考的点 "[S
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1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 9ufs6 z
-?1J+}? 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 Z|S 7 " ,
rg/vxTl 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. ~'.yhPo g
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I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． Q b{5*> A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） \U>Kn_7m I regret not having taken your advice. B Q0\+ 4)有些词后只能接动名词 v nC&1
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admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... #e>MNc
'z 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： g"? D>} @= it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... @\}36y zL8A?G)= M oz@6 %3+ 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 =W*`HV-
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V <pjR@ remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 C~V$G}mM
yv4PK * I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) Vnb#N4vR
(SA*9% I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) \hN2w]e
cSk}53 forgot与remember的用法类似。 mDf WR I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… R,
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7*"LW I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 _I4sy=tYXK try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. X&Lt?e,&
=>*N W9c try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. G)7sXEe
mu sxX58% I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 O hEL9"\< To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 6u7wfAf prefer的用法： q|J] 我宁愿在这里等。 m.1BLN[9 I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） (Ln h> '2 I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） 2_X0Og8s[ I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） J]B5w{??b z?,5v`,t2
z, [ + 3 分词： PK"
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 MzD0F#Y
现在分词的形式: mN02T@R
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1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) Cq~Ir*"
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) 51x,[y+Xe
过去分词 o1\8>Ew
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. e-mlvi^-
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) pG&.Ye]j
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 Kl? 1)u3^4
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