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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 ?9_RI(a.}
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 @wy&Z
3c"$ @W:> 2．被动形式 yV~TfTJ
cR{F|0X #sg*GK+|:R .hM t:BMf* v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 k+%&dEE|vH v 时间状语从句当中的时态： 3~Ls a"/ |g >Q3E d&+ 0JI< 一般过去时 所有的过去 Yg?BcY\ 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 d/T&J= 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 tot~\
S 一．非谓语动词 IBvn
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一．不定式： 5]GgjQ
J2 / 19'QE 一）不定式的常考形式： C=|8C70[%N
?:M4GY" gV 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. zRa2iCi 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. $}r.fji,c 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 %.D!J",\/K
[= BMvP 5 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. _ si 5z 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. gwsIzYV 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 \@
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}vh4ix 二）不定式常考的考点： ~ +>e hU
wPm 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 "/RMIS
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]jm:VF]4 2）不定式做状语----目的 +}M3O]? 4
;x 2o|#`b 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. ."=p\:^j*
uoOUgNwGg 三)不定式的省略 K6
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V2`Ud[ 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel JKfJ%yy |
v*qb zW` + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； ,OubKcNg + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 V" 8 G-dK I saw him work in the garden yesterday. kE .4 #
}mK,Bi ?bj 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) 8{/.1: I saw him working in the garden yesterday. M-@X&b m,S 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） fglfnx0{ v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 5\XD/Q M 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to xlJWCA*>
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OO) I ‘d like to have John do it. 72"H#dy%U
Iq4B%xo6G I have my package weighed. \>Rfa+
uO eal^uS Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. {9}C U
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( ^y"'B 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do pKy4***I3
9l &q} 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： QCb%d'_w+
Z;81 " want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do +"<+JRI(M5 force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do (~zu4^9w be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 4x m
JQ>/ 4 k@n5JNa 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 ?l?l<`sTO
Wy7w zt accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. JOY&YA$U 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 zU ~ Ff
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w=WF$)ZU He needs (a lot of) encouraging. s __xBY zT78Fl iY6
d7vPZ_j^z 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 ^_Hf}8H7]
Mt-r`W3 q 1)是名词 seeing is believing " Esl I 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. \(j *K6# 一)动名词的形式: '?veM X
%}9tU>?F# 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. f_S$CFa@ 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. )xV37] 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. nTr%S&<+" 二) 动名词常考的点 I!Z`'1"
Z\CvaX 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 <3B^5p\/
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{$VHw 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 JfN5#+_i
"frZ%mv 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. Z2$_9 .
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~/ywS& I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． 9u( pn`e 3 A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） lrv-[}} I regret not having taken your advice. %`&n ;K.c 4)有些词后只能接动名词 )- 3~^Y#r_
_ Lh0 admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... cpa" ,8 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： 0 3fO m it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... ]\xt[ /?{ A`3KE9ED ZwMVFC-d 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 J=3{<Xl
:b44LXKCP remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 .4CDQ&B0K
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uEW I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) }+ KM"+@$<
L>14=Pr^( I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) cn} C I
Wa^Wn +r forgot与remember的用法类似。 5<(*
+mP` I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… \XB,)XDB
"^$Ht`p[ I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 ejV`W7U try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. h2zSOY{su
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try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. s1_Y~<y X
3 ~P$p< I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 viG= Ap.Th To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 w@-G_-6W prefer的用法： 3J" `mQ 我宁愿在这里等。 (>0`e8v! I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）
!b`f ykC I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） k$%{w\?Jf I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） t i+e U$ PJB_"?NTTC
LE}`rW3 3 分词：
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 [Z/P[370
现在分词的形式: TE&E f$h
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) RgoF4 g+@
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) ^iEf"r
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) C3 "EZe[R
过去分词 eM$a~4!d
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. Ds]
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2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) 1R-0b{w[
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 Aa1#Ew<r
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