英语翻译笔记 ov<vSc<u
考研翻译的程序 H|S hi /
1. 划动词,定主谓,明确各分句。 ;qO3m-(d
2. 缕关系,定词义,按意群翻译。 :N!s@6
3. 按逻辑调整语序(意群内部的语序),写中文表达。 ZkWMo=vL
4. 重组合,删多余,核对和检查。 ev#/v:$?
定语从句的翻译 27i-B\r
定语从句就是起定语作用的从句。代词主要有which,that,who,where等等 :%gM
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定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两大类 ^M1jv(
在翻译时,限定性定语从句就是把定语前置;非限定性定语从句通常要独立成句。 G6}!PEwM
定语从句表示原因,结果,转折等状语关系意思,翻译时要把这种关系表达出来。 /2''EF';
定语从句的译法有三种:前置定语,独立成句,译成状语从句。 ]Exbuc
定语从句在翻译时由于信息量复杂,通常把定语从句从原句中解放出来,译成具有表达能力的独立叙述结构。 3&I3ViAH
一、 定语从句的前置 2Lytk OMf
1995年 c'XSs
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. s
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1. 划动词,定主谓,明确各分句。 validated,depends, interpreted. B}P!WRNmln
2. 缕关系,定词义,按意群翻译。 Wv%F^(R7
第一个意群How well the predictions will be validated by later performance $VjMd f
第二个意群depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used G5|'uKz2"
第三个意群and on the skill and wisdom H?eG5
第四个意群with which it is interpreted. DxD\o+:r
3. 按逻辑调整语序(意群内部的语序),写中文表达。 ecx_&J@D
第一个意群predictions 预测,validated 证实,performance 表现,how well多大程度 qo}yEl1
译文:这些预测将在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实。 WL|71?@C
第二个意群amount 数量,reliability可靠性,appropriateness适合性,appropriate v 拨款,the information used翻译时将定语前置,所用的信息。 03AQB;.
“名词 of 名词”结构的译法:后面的名词整个作为前面名词的定语 S?zP;
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如 city of Beijing 北京市 n
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depends upon 取决于 1cx%+-
译文:取决于所用信息的数量,可靠性以及适合性。 x?]fHin_
第三个意群 也取决于技巧和智慧。 G({5Lj gW
第四个意群 it指代information fT{jD_Q+3
此句还原为It is interpreted with the skill and wisdom 1;?w#/&t
with 用于第三个意群和第四个意群的译文用来解释信息的技巧和智慧 q,_EHPc
4.重组合,删多余,核对和检查。 Zl>wWJ3y
全句的译文:这些预测将在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实,这取决于所用信息的数量,可靠性以及适合性以及用来解释信息的技巧和智慧。 `g
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2002年 ZF
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It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self - governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values." Who will use a technology and to what ends? p.<d+S<
1. 划动词,定主谓,明确各分句。动词 are ,are, held ,given h#Mx(q
2. 缕关系,定词义,按意群翻译。 ?r*}1WsH
第一个意群They are the possessions of the autonomous (self - governing) man of traditional theory, +3M1^:
第二个意群and they are essential to practices <;@E
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第三个意群in which a person is held responsible for his conduct `Ba?4_>k
第四个意群and given credit for his achievements. _{
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指代问题 they指代Freedom and dignity 自由和尊严 g~(G P
3. 按逻辑调整语序(意群内部的语序),写中文表达。
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第一个意群possess 拥有,占有 possession拥有物,possessions财富 possessive 支配权,控制权 bdvpH DA
self - governing自我管理 autonomous region 自治区 (w+SmD
traditional theory 传统理论 !s !el;G
译文:自由和尊严是传统理论所认为的自主人的财富 ^jcVJpyT@R
第二个意群essential 必不可少practices做法 aI|X~b
第三个意群hold responsible for:对。。。负责 iA`.y9'2
第四个意群 credit 信任;信用;声望,名誉;赞扬,赞赏 #Uep|A
achievements成绩 Su[(IMw
4. 重组合,删多余,核对和检查。 GuaF B[4
译文:自由和尊严是传统理论所认为的自主人的财富,他们对于那种要求人对他的行为负责并且根据他的成绩给予赞扬的做法来说是必不可少的。 Lo Y*,Aa&
1999年 .]a`-Ofn
Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy." Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 0bD\`Jiv,
It指fallacy谬误、错误 90-s@a3B-j
划动词,定主谓,明确各分句。动词applies,view,equate \IE
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apply to适用于,适合于traditional historians传统的历史学家view sth,as sth把。。。视为。。。external 外部的 internal 内部的 RE-y5.kE^
criticism:中性词the action of giving you option about sb. or sth。评论,评价 -s7!:MB%g
sources史料 )nq(XM7
第一意群:这种谬误同样适用于那些把历史仅仅视为是对史料来源的内部外部评论的传统历史学家们。 cXr_,
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用中文来看错误不能用适用于来表示,将apply to译为存在于 ``@e7~F{
social science historians社会历史学家 Q4Qf/q;U
equate:把。。。与。。。相等同equation方程式,等式techniques技术,技巧 5`lVC$cP
第二意群:这种谬误同样存在于那些把他们的活动等同于具体技巧研究的社会历史学家们。 O%aHQL%Sz
1996年 9+8N-LZ
Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. -6X+:r`>u
动词began,came to,wants,foreseen 5zyd;y)|'
此句翻译参见(1994年阅读passage 4 第三段第二句The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. 动词:made,discovered,are,are gNkBHwv
译文:研究者在20世纪70年代早期取得了很大的进步,当时他们发现了癌基因是在正常细胞中没有活性的,癌基因是能导致癌症的基因。) b `}hw"f
第一意群:This trend began during the Second World War,这一趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间,during 必须翻译成期间,否则扣分 ~fzuz'"^
第二意群:when several governments came to the conclusion当时,一些国家的政府得出这样的结论: <K>qK]|C
establishment 建立,建造;机构scientific establishment科学机构 scientific and research establishment科研机构foreseen预见generally一般来说in detail详细 在句中起副词作用 W@%g_V}C*
句中有generally,surprisingly,ironically等词,通常把他们作为一个单独成分提到句子前面去翻译,因为他们修饰的一般是整个句子。 nU6UjC|3
从句that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.中间插入that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment作specific demands的定语 zyt >(A1
全文翻译:这一趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间,当时,一些国家的政府得出这样的结论:一个政府对于其科学机构所能做出的具体要求,一般来说是不可能被详细预见的。 l%?()]y
几点关于定语从句前置的总结 ZsYY)<n
1. 定语从句前置的条件:如果定语从句结构简单,意思清楚,信息负载量较小,则一般把它处理为前置定语放到先行词前面。 g:6
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2. 判断定语从句是否前置,还看定语从句和先行词之间的关系是否密切。 Zw<<p|{)<
3. 定语从句前置时的翻译技巧:a 分拆法 b 增词法 c 词类转译法 9T1-{s
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二、 定语从句独立成句 MOi1+`kwh
1994年 ~at:\h4:
According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 72) "In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions." WA*1_
动词:contends,was, expanded 可分为六个意群 /#q6.du
第一意群:"In short",简而言之 Bo'v!bI7
第二意群:a leader of the new school contends, leader 领导人,领袖 +=nWB=iCb
note: 确定一个词的词义一定要看它的搭配 Q~rE+?n9F
school n 学校,学院,学习,授课,求学,全体学生,学派,一群(鱼) pTncx%!W5
vt 锻炼,教育
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a school of fish一群(鱼) 9ESV[
此处school是学派的意思 $ERiBALN:
contend 斗争,竞争,主张,争辩,讨论,坚持认为 此处是坚持认为的意思 SO<9
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译文:一个新学派的领袖坚持认为 (rq(y$N
第三意群:the scientific revolution科学革命 the scientific and technologic revolution科技革命 ]*Kv[%r07c
第四意群:as we call it,我们所谓的(科学革命) a(G
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as we name it我们所谓的 aB`jFp-
第五意群:was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments R D?52\
improvement n 改进,进步,改良invention 发明use n 使用 a series of 一系列largely很大程度上 /bo`@ !-#
译文:很大程度上是一系列工具的改良、发明和使用 [N<rPHT
第六意群:that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."此句是定语从句,其先行词是the improvement and invention and use .SNg2.
reach v 到达,达到,伸出,影响 n 影响范围,势力范围,延伸,区域,河段 PSyUC#;
one reach 手能触及的范围内 within your reach在你力所能及的范围内 beyond your reach 超出能力范围之外 9w=[}<E
reach of science科学的影响范围 ySF^^X$J
innumerable adj 数不清的,无数的 uncountable无数的 countless无数的 *u < ZQq
directions方面 D.ySnYzh
extend是种线性拓展 和expanded是种面性拓展 0ZZ Wj%
状语翻译成中文时,要么放到整个句子的前面,要么放到谓语动词的前面 p\.IP2+c
译文:它在无数方面拓展了科学影响的范围 I8YCXh
全文翻译:个新学派的领袖坚持认为“简而言之,我们所谓的科学革命在很大程度上是一系列工具的改良、发明和使用,正是这些改良、发明和使用在无数方面拓展了科学影响的范围” cIrc@
2001 年 H?V
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71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. Wr'1Y7z
动词:be, disable,offend 可分为四个意群 %J1oz3n
第一个意群:There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, W! J@30
第二个意群:and cars with pollution monitors z*9 ke
第三个意群:that will disable them S6fbwZZMG
第四个意群:when they offend. 5du xW>D
第一个意群:robots机器人 host主持 television chat shows电视谈话节目talk show 脱口秀 There will be将来会出现 eo.B0NZsF
译文:将来会出现机器人主持的电视访谈节目 mU.c!|Y
第二个意群:monitors监控器,监听器,监视器 ;班长pollution monitors 污染监测器,污染监控装置 J93xxj
有实际含义的介词一般翻译成实体动词 with 装有 )lq+Gv[%F
译文:而且还会出现装有污染监控装置的汽车 ^`Hb7A(
第三个意群:them指代cars,disable使某人残废 to deliberately make a machine Eh$1piJG
or a piece of equipment impossible to use. G&"O)$h
译文:使汽车不能运行。 '|<S`,'#hg
第四个意群:offend触怒,冒犯they指代pollution Mz\l
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全文翻译:将来会出现机器人主持的电视访谈节目,而且还会出现装有污染监控装置的汽车,当汽车排污超标时,这种监控器就会使汽车无法行驶。 RaP,dR+P
73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. bR8`Y(=F9b
动词:pieced together, gives,can expect 2waPNb|
第一个意群:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world 9PMIF9
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第二个意群:to produce a unique millennium technology calendar sz%_9;`dpL
第三个意群:that gives the latest dates l,zhBnD
第四个意群:when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. <1
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第一个意群:around the world世界各地 Around the world in 80 days 3xiDt?&H
Pearson皮尔森 pieced together 汇集 the work 工作成果 5HIQw9g6
译文:皮尔森汇集了世界各地数百个研究人员的工作成果
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第二个意群:millennium n 千僖年 在这个句子中翻译成千年 G8!|Lo
millennium technology calendar 千年技术日历 w4M;e;8m[U
unique a 独一无二的,唯一的 \-f/\P/ w
注意:根据上下文确定词义,此处produce译为编制,编订。因为在中文中日历是被编订的,而不是生产 M|fV7g
译文:编订一个千年技术日历 P
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第三个意群:that指代calendar b};o:
第四个意群:key 重要的,关键的 breakthroughs突围,突破 {^1''
全文翻译:皮尔森汇集了世界各地数百个研究人员的工作成果来编制一个千年技术日历,这个日历给出了我们能够看到的数百个关键性突破和发现发生的最近日期 sx}S,aIU
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. "By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century." Vjw u:M
That指代breakthrough
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动词points out,is,be,lead to 可分为五个意群: ]}p<P):hO
第一个意群:But that, $2RSYI`py
第二个意群:Pearson points out,
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第三个意群:is only the start of man-machine integration: 1X&jlD?
第四个意群:It will be the beginning of the long process of integration
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第五个意群:that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century." ~_c1h@
第一个意群:译文:但是这种突破 ]5Dh<QY&.
第二个意群:译文:皮尔森指出 C+[)^2M{
第三个意群:integration :the combination of two or more things so that they become a united one整合,一体化 aT(
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the integration between western and eastern culture:中西方文化一体化 S!+>{Jy
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man-machine integration 人机一体化 o]<9wc:FZ
译文:仅仅是人机一体化的开端 zn7)>cQ905
第四个意群:long 漫长的 process 进程 Pg{1' -
译文:这个突破将会是漫长的人机一体化进程的开始。 XM,slQ
第五个意群:electronic human电子人fully完全地lead to导致before the end of the next century.在下世纪末之前 Wpi35JrC
译文:这个一体化进程将最终在下世纪末之前导致一个完全的电子人的诞生。 ] _5b
全文翻译:皮尔森指出,但是这种突破仅仅是人机一体化的开端,这个突破将会是漫长的人机一体化进程的开始,这个一体化进程将最终在下世纪末之前导致一个完全的电子人的诞生。 ~BX=n9
几点关于定语从句独立成句的总结 e}S+1G6r)
1. 当定语从句结构复杂,信息负载量大,放到先行词前会造成句子臃肿、妨碍理解的时候,则将其单独分拆成句。 )>S,#_e*b
2. 定语从句中,关系副词前的介词,通常被译为动词。 R&J?XQ
3. 使用技巧:重组法,增词法,分拆法。 e,MsF4'
4. 独立成句时,如果先行词是定语从句的主句,则必须重复先行词,或者使用代 "Y=`w,~~
倒装和分割结构
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为了强调句子的某些部分,或是为了保持句子平衡,英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来,倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分 Z0m`%(MJa
为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候,既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译,也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置,以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。 P(TBFu
1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. j)
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分析:本句中 had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为: if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。在正式文体中,可以将虚拟条件句中的 if 省略,并将助动词提前。 [n P s
译文:例如,它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公,因此不能说明一个贫困青年,要是在比较有利的境况下长大,会有多大才干。 n2hV}t9O
2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years. kuV7nsXiQ
分析:该句中 so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用 so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。 ;'= cNj
译文:不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用 —— 而且随着昔日在 “ 生育高峰期 ” 出生的一代人达到生育年龄,婴儿的出生数量增加了,这同样起了作用。 VL$
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3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job. f
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分析:该句的 Much as I have traveled 是一个由 as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于 though I have traveled much ,但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。 ,0q1Id
译文:我虽然见多识广,但还从未见过比她细心的人,不管什么职业。 ?!6Itkg
4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly. Xa?O)Bq.
分析:相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。 Only 后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是,如果 only 修饰的不是状语,则不用倒装。 m(6d3P
译文:只有很好地掌握了语法知识,写出来的东西才会正确。 -` U|5
5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West . Kbf(P95+uL
分析:当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时,一般要部分倒装。 &|~7`
译文: 1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。 "4)N]Nj
我的译文:在1980的人口普查统计资料中,没有其他地方比远西地区更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。 _y_}/
6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. f7lj,GAZ
分析: hardly…when 的结构表示 “ 刚 … 就 …” 。含有这种结构的句子常将 hardly 置于句首,而采用部分倒装的语序。此外, hardly 分句中一般采用过去完成时,而 when (或 before )分句中使用过去时。还有,与 hardly…when… 结构类似的用法还有 barely (scarcely)…when… bj`\;_oo
译文:他刚开始讲,听众就打断了他的话。 {;c'@U
7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out. :Kwu{<rJ!(
分析: such…that 结构可将 such 或含有 such 的词组放在句首,使全句采用部分倒装。 \7r0]& _
与此用法类似的还有 so…that 结构。 ,=P&{38\q
译文:她在排演中搞得太过分,以致两名男演员 QLWnP-
退出不干了。 ^H3N1eC,`F
8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. 6*q1%rs:w
分析:本句为表语前置,表示强调。正常语序应为: It is certain that… 。 ~v.mbh
译文:植物发育生长的全部基本过程当然是在水中发生的。 (?7=,A7^
9. We rally should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. ,PTM'O@aU#
分析:这两句话是为了使上下文紧密衔接,从而将第二个并列分句的表语前置。 Mw/9DrE7/
译文:我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。 ~oa}gJl:}-
10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen. Q&eyqk
分析:正常语序应为: The vehicle came down the thoroughfare 。为使语言生动形象,文学作品中常用这类倒装。在翻译时要尽量翻译出原句的语言效果。这里 bear=carry 。 tDX&