考博英语语法归纳

英语语法归纳 EjEXev<]

一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：

1．主动形式

>u .u#de @ <'a0)n>	过去 qX[C%	现在 dW^#}kN7V	将来 :c[T@[	过去将来 k.Z?BNP
一般 , d4i0;2}+	did 6H\|T )	do B,4GxoX`	will/shall do itO1ROmu	should/would do B=%YD"FAv
进行 ;q<:iaY9	was/were doing xtXK3[s	am/is/are doing P\ 2Bx *e	will/shall be doing 3ZYrNul"	/
完成 :\1vy5 _	had done Oo %%f+	have/has done @y# u!}	will/shall have done k0DX\|O8mXV	should/would have done用于虚拟语气
完成进行 C2 !F	had been doing 4-xg+*()	have/has been doing .-p?skm=a	/	/

2．被动形式

& =vi]z:[ `XbV*{7	过去 ;cWFh4_	现在 N5fMMi(O	将来 }9&~ +Q2	过去将来 I[v~nY~l`
一般 [UaM}-eR	was/were given Ob7F39):N	am/is/are given {UEZ:a	will/shall be given 0GiL(e\|	should/would be given \|Ns[ {/
进行 jQ?6I1o	was/were being given Tk0Senq,	am/is/are being given (K->5rSU	/	/
完成 "zBYhZr	had been given 1C\[n(9	have/has been given o8ADAU"	will/shall have been given \|B.tBt^	should/would have been given F:rT.n
完成进行 FQCz_z	/	/	/	`G^MTDp?L+

v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。
v 时间状语从句当中的时态：

一般过去时         所有的过去
用     一般现在时    表示现在和将来
现在完成时        现在完成和将来完成

一．非谓语动词 I&O}U|l06

一．不定式： B'L l\<mq@

一）不定式的常考形式：

1)    一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.
被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.
           语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 \]eB(&nq
],HF)21
2)    完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. d)&}% 2ku
被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. fYuz39#*
          语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 A[@xTqs{{
q;p:)Q"
二）不定式常考的考点： xM3T7PV9
.6m%/-whS
1）不定式做定语----将要发生 CfoT$g
WZa? Xb
2）不定式做状语----目的 PO,mg?JG(
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3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. l H@hV
mBC?Pg
三)不定式的省略 B=mk@gX,G
#&A)%Qbg
   1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel >:s#MwIwm
-Q6njt&
+ do　表示动作的完整性，真实性； 9#CE m &c
+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 y Q_lJIX
　I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 6^M!p4$hF
df=G} M(
　昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) FOAy'76p
　I saw him working in the garden yesterday. o\oS_f:RD
　昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） DdY89R 6
v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. OaeGukhX&
2) 使役动词   have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to a9hK 8e
SLyeonM-C
I ‘d like to have John do it. 3]=j!_yJf
Oq-O|qJj
I have my package weighed. K'6dlwn).
%s}c#n)N
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. 8J}gj7^8
IUt/V^
3) help   help sb do    help sb to do   help do help to do 9A@/5Z:v5W
B:-qUuS?R
四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： R4 8w\?L
3ZZ"mlk*
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect   allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do MGt[zLF9
force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do C5q n(tv
be   ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do I{e[Y_
x4$#x70?
五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 i&%~:K*
4CUzp.S`h
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. xc4g`Xi
三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 6:Fb>|]*PY
2pKkg>/S
He needs (a lot of) encouraging. p_^Jr*Mv
4f)B@A-
]LcCom:]
二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 d) i:-#Q
ZDQc_{e{
1)是名词     seeing is believing DZ-2Z@{PX
2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语   starving troops is necessary. zSJSus
一)动名词的形式: K{]9Yo
b3'U}0Ug
一般形式：I don't like you smoking.        q9 )]R
完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. /0.m|Th'm
被动形式：This question is far from being settled. aR- ?t14
二) 动名词常考的点 DJ zJ$Q
2LO8SJ#
1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 QPc4bg\J~t
(_9u<
2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 bS1?I@
_l {`lQ}
3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. |TQ#[9C0
n+'gVEBA
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． IBT1If3
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） IonphTcU!
I regret not having taken your advice. h4 X=d5qd
4)有些词后只能接动名词 s*g`| E{M
V6L0\
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... (9]8r2|.
另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： P]~apMi:
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... ehpU`vQz
}zO>y%eI
*^+]`S
5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 ^oLMgz
2FE13{+f
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 B-1Kfc
G`oY(2U
I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) 83 i;:cn
u6t%*''
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) p=d,kY
k9*6`w
forgot与remember的用法类似。 -UBH,U
I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… B>kVJK`X
3+4U?~^k*
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 hU~up a<dD
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. %_L~"E 2e
o'KBe%@/
try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. ]}Jb'(gMO4
@TraEBJGL
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 ) >H11o{&
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 n|'}W+
prefer的用法： Maw$^Tz,
我宁愿在这里等。 "MPr'3
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） #ULzh&yO
I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） [KW9J}]
I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） f~R`RBZ]9
vPSY1NC5
,ieew `
3 分词： ,R7RXpP7t
lhBu?q
现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 mum4Uj
现在分词的形式: qM(@wFg
1)一般式:     Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）?      (与谓语动词同步发生) LJwy, -
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) c{{RP6o/j=
Fvr$K*u
3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) THcX.%ToT
过去分词 Jl fIYf~
1)    过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. >l=;6QL
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) l:14uWu|
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 >/9Qgyc0

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