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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 $ZPi M
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 M zLx
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62A b4! 2．被动形式 i\B >J?Q\
ij6M E6 jzEimKDE's .6$ST K sr v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 & 66G v 时间状语从句当中的时态： fXIe Cn ,i*^fpF`F" yQ+#Tlji 一般过去时 所有的过去 m^T$H_*; 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 ? b8NEVjw 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 # JuO 一．非谓语动词 [Bpg b57En
一．不定式： Os@ofnC
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k 一）不定式的常考形式： p$ [*GX
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1 ,D2][ 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. g-}Vu1w0{6 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 1 oX"}YY1 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 |nD2k,S<?
'` [nt25N 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. R"O9 ~s6N 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. yg\A&0I 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 tinN$o
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A| Y \Y } 二）不定式常考的考点： Sk;IAp#X9
k 92X)/ll' 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 }clFaT>m?
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Q 2）不定式做状语----目的 IyP\7WZ
Tm3$|+}$f 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. k9R1E/ ;
HHE FX9u 三)不定式的省略 ^@[[,1"K
Vs07d,@w> 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel j./bVmd .
%eT/:I + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； ;[9cj&7C< + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 j 6v +S I saw him work in the garden yesterday. Xq)'p8C?
i:[B#|% 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) KqtI^qC8 I saw him working in the garden yesterday. }W| C IgF* 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） <#R7sco' v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. B2
Orw8F 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to ^NnZYr.
Od R I ‘d like to have John do it. T Z>z5YTv
"?S#vUS+ 2 I have my package weighed. `$#64UZ>U1
K1+,y1c Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. bpU^|r^W
fi,=z 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do P4N{lQ.>
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2b@mX 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： 5?I]\Tb
'Klz`)F want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do x208^=F\\ force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do 2]C0d8= *? be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do tx.YW9xD :8 )4:4$^
五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 Y}WO`+Vf5
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<X accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. o1g[(zky 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 |LjCtm)@+
'"KK|] vJ He needs (a lot of) encouraging.
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>AfJxdd1 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 :@3d
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R!0nQ 1)是名词 seeing is believing h FjW.~B 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. /2U.,vw 一)动名词的形式: i4-L!<bJ
iy4JI,-W 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. LTCj w_<7 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. iN)@Cu7 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. < 37vWK 1+ 二) 动名词常考的点 0I&rZMpF&
IrVeP&KM+ 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 un\
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{P3,jY^ 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 WU \
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KOxD%bX _ 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. W%wS+3Q/
p\HXE4d' I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． 7 +fik0F A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） y>o#Hq&qM I regret not having taken your advice. AsLAm#zq 4)有些词后只能接动名词 *rbH|o 8
bw[!f4~ admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... r9%W?fEBp 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： J>'o,"D it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... RWoiV10 f+1]#"9i| eMF%!qUr 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 l^vq'<kI
g7H;d remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 oYF8:PYB
k z&)a>aA I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) WFB2 Ub7
KW 09 qar I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) >Kr,(8 rA
JvUKfsn u{ forgot与remember的用法类似。 OUs2)H 61 I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… o1Xk\R{
"L ,FUo^& I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 ?;*mSQA`J try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. b+C>p2 %
ctCfLlK try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. e88JT_zrO
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:BP I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 RF
ZrcM To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 \nJr jH
A prefer的用法： fLy s$*^)^ 我宁愿在这里等。 j
a:%j&: I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） ]y(#]Tw\ I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） e8[ *=& I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） rdC(+2+Ay q/G y&8
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O,bj_CW x 3 分词： k _^d7yH
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 4];NX
现在分词的形式: eAl&[_o|S
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) +/Z:L$C6
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) jeJGxfi i
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) r3KV.##u,
过去分词 yEz2F3[ S
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. S</" ^C51J
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) }q~A( u
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 7?kvrIuY&
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