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主题 : 医学博士英语历年真题摘要写作示范
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楼主  发表于: 2007-06-04   

医学博士英语历年真题摘要写作示范

医学博士英语历年真题摘要写作示范:97年题 (8(z42  
A Blind Zone in Childr-Nutrition c!%:f^7 g  
This article reveals a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves correcting. Most f V.(v&  
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parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat VmB/X))   
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and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive G#! j`  
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the food is the more nutritious it is. However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has ]eq3cwR[|  
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lead to malnutrition among many city kids. This is indicated in a survey recently made in ;.h5 ; `&  
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Shanghai. gGU3e(!Uc  
What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate in grains, starch and sugar, the main and most vwzTrWA=  
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inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism. The energy it f(?`PD[  
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supplies is the main source of calories in human bodies,about 60% of the total amount of }~-)31e'`  
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calories. If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be N1(}3O  
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used up to provide the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body. &^9>h/-XT  
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Consequently, it results in a retarded development in the children and even malnutrition. BoIe<{X(9  
Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food =fi.*d?$7  
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containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrients, none of which can be done rf1nC$ Sop  
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without. /IV:JVT  
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Writing Drill 4(98 FATMD) B?Y%y@.  
In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological %v~j10e  
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consultation(PC) they used to reject. In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about the T*h+"TmE  
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consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related #^#)OQ q]  
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questionnaires carefully. PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China. sQih yq6U;  
Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have ]P<&CEk  
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such obstacles. There have been reports on many severe cases resulting from misunderstanding @1Zf&'/6  
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and lack of PC. In view of this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological PL+fLCk,I  
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healthcare service for students. Many students have corrected their misunderstanding about & bw1  
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PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their 4qm5`o\hb  
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mental obstacles. Even some military cadets have begun to consult experts for advice. Ha+FH8rZ  
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Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental problems from developing into m/6oQ  
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obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide. caj)  
University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and ZA9']u%EJ  
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grown into a unique course in universities. Though it contributed to students’ healthy v\MH;DW^Z  
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growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both s)M2Z3>+  
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students and faculties. dIpt&nH&$  
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Writing Drill 5 老年健康饮食为先 W#lvH=y  
Aging usually brings about recession in many bodily functions such indigestion, c~tSt.^WX  
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hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and other metabolic dysfunctions. However, scientists find q!H 3JL  
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that these hypofunctions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating habits. This ?\O+#U%W  
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article discusses this problem and the solution to it. FI/YJ@21  
First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old KOmP-q=6  
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people. Second, less staple food and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged ?X9 =4Z~w  
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because overconsumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Third, more bean c df ll+  
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food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth, light food xXx`a\i  
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should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular 1`}fbX;"m)  
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diseases. Fifth, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, 4bxkp3~h;  
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metabolism and cardiovascular balance. .3U[@*b(  
In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food are of the first "~(&5M\8`  
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significance to the health of the aged and a long life. @*uX[)  
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Writing Drill 6  hY1|qp  
Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical C}h@El  
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diseases. It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying. These methods have ,Mhe:^3  
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different functions. Z M+Hb_6f  
Laughter activates over 80 muscles. In laughing, smooth muscles in organs contract and help #8z,'~\  
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improve digestion. Crying can give vent to harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by f)zg&Ib  
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stress. Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis, back pain, YF -w=Y6  
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diabetes, etc. that medication alone can’t do. y@M}T{,/  
Many diseases of today are caused by bad mental conditions, work and stress, family <c ovApx  
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problems, etc. Medication doesn’t usually effect in these cases because it doesn’t treat V WshFI  
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the cause of the ailments. Behavioral prescription, with its physical and mental massage >'6GcnEb4.  
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like sports and dancing, can help patients stay off the cause of their diseases. Therefore, #eC;3Kq#-  
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it is advocated by many doctors and health experts. Uk:.2%S2  
It is expected that behavioral prescription will applied more widely as an effective therapy H\I!J@6g  
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in the near future.f u 7"VeTz  
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Writing Drill 7 Smoking and Health S7kT3zB  
It is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. It ;a#*|vx  
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irritates the throat and respiratory passages. It sometimes leads to poor appetite, nausea, b!]0mXU  
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short breath, and irregular heartbeat. More importantly, smoking is associated with chronic y5/6nvH_6  
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and fatal diseases of respiratory tract. Evidence shows that smokers are more likely than lmQ6X  
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nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lungs, throat, tongue, and jaw, emphysema and bronchitis GzFE%< 9F  
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as well. As a result, many nations have made enormous efforts to warn people of the dangers Mjj}E >&  
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of smoking. h/Hl?O8[  
While smoking, particles of tobacco tar and smoke slow down the work of cilia. The tar <'[Ku;m  
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collected in the lungs can cause cancer. Moreover, nicotine in tobacco can be simulating by G*\abL  
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affecting various centers on the medulla oblongata region of the brain. It can affect other rKzlK 'U  
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physiological process that in turn affect the respiratory center in the brain. It can also qWO]s=V!  
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influence other centers that slow down the action of the heart, constrict the arteries, and j u*fyt  
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cause vomiting. .G}k/`a  
In brief, smoking does nothing but harm to people’s health. Therefore, smokers of any age 2QGMe}  
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or kind should try to give it up. SY,I >- %  
这篇短文的主旨是说明吸烟对健康危害及造成危害的原因,通读全文,根据其要点可以分为四个部分:1 a@#Q:O)4  
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)吸烟有害;2)吸烟有哪些具体的害处;3)为什么吸烟会有害,亦即其致害机理是什么;4)总结:吸 ATXF,o1  
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烟有害要戒烟。 ~BZXt7DE  
总之,摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”,要体现出层次感,结构要明快,这样可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻 ; 8P_av}C  
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辑。  hq<5lE^  
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Writing Drill 9 Handwashing and Health W+gpr|R2  
Hospital infection is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality. The risk of transmitting o+<29o  
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pathogens by the hands of health care workers (HCWs) is increasingly big today. A simple and nr OqH  
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effective way of prevention is handwashing. !?n u?  
But it is found that HCWs don’t always wash their hands before and after patient contacts. 1S W4Y  
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Semmelweis, a Viennese doctor in 1847, believed that high puerperal fever rate in some wards *z0K%@M  
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was caused by the hands of some medical students. He ordered that all students wash their  tPA:_  
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hands with chlorinated lime before and between all patient contacts. As a result, the rate flG=9~qcGQ  
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fell sharply. His methods were used by some other hospitals but his beliefs were ignored -vV'Lw(  
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largely at that time. CtM'L   
In the 1980s, a government health organization recommended that handwashing be imposed. But W,3zL.qH"  
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it has not been well compiled, even in ICUs, despite some efforts to improve compliance. The I!0JG`&  
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traditional handwashing practice has not been changed yet. @EHIp{0.  
HCWs have their own excuse for the resistance, such as no time, skin irritation, etc. Some Cxm6TO`-;  
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say they have done it but surveys prove otherwise. With more multidrug-resistant pathogens D`VFf\7  
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on the increase. HCWs have to know that handwashing means health. HCWs: wash your hands zDDK  
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before or between patient contacts. p0M=t-  
本篇短文主要讲了通过洗手防止和减少医院获得性感染的问题, 这篇短文总的说来结构比较清晰,总结 ,r=re!QI7  
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归纳起来相对容易,摘要写作当中,首先要将摘要分成三个部分,先象一般的论文一样写个引言,介绍主 ^s{hs(8%R  
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题,其次写Semmelweis首先发现了医务工作者不洗手而接触病人会造成感染,而洗手可以减少这种感染及 IU#x [P!  
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引起的死亡率,尽管他的方法没有得到当时医学界的认可,最后是结论部分,写20世纪80年代,政府健康 3qi_]*dD  
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机构也要求强制洗手,但执行情况并不尽如人意。 VFj(M j`}G  
总之,摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”,要体现出层次感,结构要明快,细节引用尽量地少,这样才可以 8>NwCjN  
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向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强,抓住了要点。 51by  
Writing Drill 10 Dangerous Factors in Maturing uS<_4A;sD,  
On their way to adulthood, adolescens are faced with many dangerous factors. These may p|qyTeg  
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include sexual encounters with HIV carriers, violence, mental and sexual abuse, drug abuse, g97]Y1g  
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smoking, as well as the negligence from the adults. W7=V{}b+  
What can doctors do to make the teenagers’ world a safer place? Perhaps we should first DlTR|(AL  
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call for attention from the medical profession to the long ignored needs of teenagers. Some :%X Ls,  
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critics suggest that adolescent medicine become a medical subspecialty for more and proper 4=[7Em?oLb  
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attention to teenagers’ needs. Of course, there are some difficulties such as policymakers ?&X6:KJQ  
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’ focus on more general practitioners whereas adolescents are poorly served by the medical UiQEJXwnz  
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community. 1|| +6bRP  
Adolescents deserve primary care that is attentive to their special needs. The best way is 0g=`DSC<(  
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to encourage policymakers to be interested in adolescent medicine. One of the ways for this 06 mlj6hV  
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is to require most medical students and trainees to master the skills needed to treat QM<y`cZ8  
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teenagers. ?1I GYyu!  
Writing Drill 14 Psychological Care of Medical Patients ^%>kO,  
There are more and more physically ill people accompanied by psychiatric morbidity, which jd-glE,Y/  
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can be physically and mentally harmful if not treated promptly and properly. C$yq\C+I  
However, there is a lack of psychiatric care of these patients, which has to be addressed in 0CExY9@Wq  
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no time. There are some cost-effective treatments for psychiatric disorder in physically ill _D, ;MB&7  
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people. But few hospitals arrange formal services for these patients, which may not be B4Y(?JTx  
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efficient in the future. Some health service reforms have also affected the formerly b1#dz]  
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cooperative relationship between psychiatrists and general hospital doctors. Pressure on ]< l6s  
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beds in both psychiatry and general medicine makes the already difficult task of caring for lSwcL  
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patients with coexisting mental and physical illness harder. Besides, increased consumerism hfWFD,  
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and heightened awareness of coexistence of mental and physical illness adds to demand for &[vw 0N-  
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relevant services. 56lCwXCgA  
In view of this situation, some British psychiatrists and physicians suggested that doctors D/ybFk  
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and nurses learn to identify mental problems in their patients and offer psychological care gV;H6"  
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and refer for psychiatric help. In their report, they also provided some relevant knowledge )-15 N  
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and approaches to treatment and psychiatric services. 3f.b\4 U  
本文的内容根据标题便可不言自明了;患有身体疾病的同时伴有心理疾病的人越来越多,但这些人的心理 %M F;`;1  
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护理亟需要得到科学的治疗和护理。摘要中要突出这种内科病人的心理护理缺医少药的问题,如缺乏正规 PX: '/{V  
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的治疗和医护人员,费用昂贵等,结论断要包含专家就此问题提出的建议和看法。 Pt:e!qX)  
摘要可以分成三个部分,一是引言段,引出问题;二是正文段,概述问题并加以讨论;三是结论段,用专 rEhX/(n#  
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家的建议作为结尾。 >2$5eI  
总之,摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”,要体现出层次感,结构要明快,不要拘泥于细节,这样可以向阅 /n~\\9#3  
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卷老师表明你的逻辑性强,抓住了要点。 [v7^i_d  
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沙发  发表于: 2007-09-23   
谢谢!太有用啦!
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板凳  发表于: 2007-09-23   
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