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第一节：非谓语动词 ldU?{o:\s
1．In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethe E(>=rD /+
price ofaproductor tomake afree contract with another private individual. gb[5&> (#
2．Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect, extremists ofthis kindthinkthatanimalslie outsidetheareaof moralchoice. =^M/{51j
第二节：名词性从句 'j#*6xD
一 主语从句 (KjoSN(
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1.Thatasmuchas one-fourth ofall timber harvested is notusedprovedto befalse. \ 2M_\Q`NY
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2.Itisoneofthe mostunpleasantdiscoverieswhichweallmakethatwemustdeclineinthis way, thatifweescapewars,accidentsanddiseasesweshalleventuallydieofoldage,and that this happens atarate whichdiffers little fromperson toperson, so that there are heavyodds in favor ofourdyingbetweenthe ages ofsixty-five andeighty. .s?L^Z^
二 宾语从句 P) Jgs
1. Somephilosophers arguethat rightsexist onlywithinasocialcontract, aspart ofan exchange ofduties andentitlements. kMIcK4.MH
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2. Itwasnecessaryto recognizethattheseinstitutions whicharebased on thesamepremises, letus saythesupernatural,mustbeconsideredtogether,our own amongtherest. XWBA^|-N
三 表语从句 5TH~.^`Fi
1. Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsare butcontributionsto an unending process. T6\[iJI|
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2. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person toturn the newly invented telescopeon the heavensto prove thattheplanetsrevolvearound the sunrather than around theearth. [_BP
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四 同位语从句 g| o,uD
1. Influencedbytheviewofsometwentieth-centuryfeministsthatwomen’spositionwithin the family is one of the central factors determining women’s social position, some historianshave underestimated thesignificance ofthewomansuffragemovement. ` 'DmDg
2. Thismodernfaithinmedicines is proved bythefactthatthe annualdrugbilloftheHealth Servicesismountingtoastronomicalfigures andshowsnosigns atpresentofceasing to rise. is?{MJZ_
第三节：定语从句 ROH|PKb7
1. Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalina \j$&DCv
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country aslarge as ours andwhere theeconomy is spread over somanystates andinvolves somanyinternationalcorporations. g@d*\ P)
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2. Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneursfromoverseasflockinsearchoffame,fastmoneyandtoparticipateina technologicalrevolutionwhoseimpactonmankindwillsurelysurpasstheepoch-making European Renaissance andIndustrial Revolution ofthebygoneage. LP. ]9 ut
第四节：状语从句 M[NV )q/)
1. Thegreaterinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthree decadesindicates thestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens, whatevertheir special conditions,deservetheopportunity tofullydeveloptheir capabilities. =>m<GvQz
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2. Initiallythebraincanfunctionnormallyasitlosesdopaminergicneuronsin thesubstantia nigra, eventhough itcannotreplacethedead cells. y'3rNa] G1
第五节：并列结构 s U=H &D99
1. Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswith in-built personalities willberegardedasworkmatesrather thantools,relaxation willbe in frontof smell-television,anddigitalage willhavearrived. D, k6$`
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2. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only as little more than a hundredyearsage,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintaining thebehavior oftheindividual is onlybeginning to berecognized andstudied. .j ?
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第六节：强调结构 ncaT?~u j
强调结构是指在句子当中，有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气，增强情感色彩或 加强对比，需要改变句子结构，这种结构叫做强调结构 ?al'F q
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1Do(does/did)+原形动词表强调 此种结构来强调谓语动词，往往只用于一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定句或肯定结构的 T~-ycVc
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1. Thus, intheAmericaneconomicsystemitis thedemandsofindividualconsumers,coupled with thedesireofbusinessmen tomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualsto maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used toproduce it. q9B $" n
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2. Itisanimalsandplantswhichlivedinornearwaterwhoseremainsaremostlikelytobe preserved,foroneof thenecessaryconditionsofpreservationis quickburial,and itisonly intheseasandrivers,and sometimes lakes,wheremudandsilthavebeencontinuously deposited,thatbodies andthelike can be rapidlycovered over andpreserved. ldf\;Qk
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第七节：比较结构 _T60;ZI+^
英语中，比较结构的句型复杂，表现形式多样。在翻译的时候，需要仔细分析，在准确 理解的基础上，才能进行贴切的表达。所以，从理解与表达的角度来看，比较的形式是次要 的，真正重要的是意义上的比较。只要意义上表示比较，就属于比较句式。常见的比较结构 的意义很容易理解，所以也比较容易翻译，如：I am tallerthan he.（我比他高）。因此，这 里不再叙述基本比较结构的翻译方法，而主要介绍在意义上容易混淆的比较结构的翻译。 ?d* z8 w
一、as…as…句型 "MeVE#O
（一）as…as…句型 "69s) ~
as…as…句型是同级比较，表示两者比较程度一样。所以在翻译的时候，通常翻译为“… /'SNw?&
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（二）notas (or so)…as…句型 RbB.q p
跟as…as…句型相反的结构notas(orso)…as…表示两者的程度不一样，前者不如后者， 所以，通常翻译为“…不如…”。
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（三）notsomuch…as…句型 N%
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not somuch…as…通常翻译为“与其说…不如说…”。 yxPazz
（四）notsomuch as…句型 {p2!|A&a
not somuchas…这个结构相当于“noteven…”，所以通常翻译为“甚至不…，甚至没有…”。 请注意与not somuch…as…这个结构的区别。 <)Dj9' _J
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二、比较级+thantodo…句型 Z-%\
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由比较级与than todosth.结合在一起的句型，通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。 G[ PtkPSJ
I hada bettercommand ofEnglish than tomakesuch foolish mistakes. E_rI ?t^
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三、more…than…句型 [(i
（一）more Athan B句型 P\tB~SZ*
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是A而不是B 与其说B不如说A less Athan B句型 A比B少 ; fTKf a
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（二）morethan…句型 -m zIT4
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1．morethan后面接数词，表示“多于…，….以上”的意思。 U+jOTq8 M
2．morethan后面接名词或者动词，表示“不只是…”的意思。 b~P`qj[
3．morethan后面接形容词、副词或者分词，表示“极其，非常”的意思。 %A/
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4．morethan…can…则表示“难以…，完全不能…”的意思。 F~vuM$+d
（三）nomore…than…句型 yPBZc h %-
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1. Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of themindsof themenwhowatchtheexperiments. y14;%aQN
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2. Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigital informationthan existintraditionalmedia. !-x$L>1$
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第八节：否定结构 Rok7n1gW
英语中的否定结构是翻译中的一个常见而以比较复杂质问题。由于英汉两种语言在表达 方法上存在很大差异，尤其在表达否定概念上，英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语都有 很大不同。有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式，而另一些肯定句型译成汉语后又 往往变成否定形式。在翻译过程中，这些否定句就象陷阱一样，稍有不慎，就会掉入其中。 因此翻译否定结构时，切不可望文生义，而必须细心揣摩，真正透彻理解其意义，然后根据 汉语的表达习惯进行翻译。只有正确地理解英语中的各种否定句型，才能使译文准确、恰当 地表达出原文的含义。 O6 3<AY@
1 形式肯定但意义否定 morethan can… anythingbut… )EuvRLo{S7
may (might)aswell… {]!mrAjD
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2 形式否定但意义肯定 /Iy]DU8
not…until（直到……才），not…too（越……越好），nonebut（只有），nothingbut（只有）， nothingmorethan（仅仅），no sooner…than（刚一……就），hardly…when…（刚一……就）,not only…butalso(不仅……而且)，not…longbefore（很快就），nomorethan（仅仅，只是），no other than（只有，正是） !Pvf;rNI1T
3 否定谓语转换为否定状语 英语原文否定谓语，翻译成汉语时，需要把否定转移到状语上。 Hedoesn’tstudy inthe classroom. 他不在教室里学习。 T*Exs|N2P-
4 主句的否定转换为从句的否定 英语原文否定主句，而翻译成汉语的时候，需要把否定转移到从句上。这样 结构常常 uBKgcpvTs
是not…because….，可以翻译为“并不是因为…才…”。 kCF>nt@
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1. Thecontemporaryphenomenonofcarworshipistobeexplainednotleastbythesenseof independence andfreedomthat ownership entails. 6vo;! V6
2. Childrenoftodaydonotautomaticallybecomemoresophisticatedbecausetheyhave access tomoreinformationthan children ofthepast. G6P?2@
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第九节：倒装结构 X/!o\yyT
1. Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthisdonottellhow able an underprivileged youngstermighthave been hadhegrown up under morefavorable circumstances. [T
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2. Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilarreligiousbeliefsandvaluesismorelikelyto havelawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeoplethanisaculturewherecitizenscome fromdiversebackgrounds. mHTXni<!
第十节：分裂结构 _ QI\
1. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary----thedangersofdruginteractions, for example----and manyare required bystate or federalregulations,itisn’tclear thatthey actuallyprotectthemanufacturers andsellersfromliabilityifacustomer isinjured. l"T44CL;
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2. Odd thoughitsounds,cosmic inflation isascientificallyplausible consequence ofsome respected ideasinelementary-particlephysics,and manyastrophysicists havebeen convinced forthebetter partof adecadethat it istrue. .
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