词的增减 M _Lj5`
汉语里无主语的句子相当多,英语则不同,句子一般都需要有主语。所以在翻译这类无主语的句子时,有时要用“There be…”结构或用it作主语,有时要采用被动式,有时要根据具体上下文选择适当的代词(或名词)来补出主语。因此,汉译英时就需要做适当的增词翻译。一个英语并列句子中,后半句中,往往得省略其重复的部分,而汉语中,有时表示排比对仗,一个词有时会出现好几遍,其目的是为了达到某种气势或是造成排比的效果。因此,英译汉也需适当增词。 ~ebm,3?
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Sample 1 a!x?Apww
原文:有一个调查表明,不吸烟的妇女,如果在吸烟的家庭环境中生活40年或更长的时间,那么患肺癌的危险就会加倍。 d5LL(
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译文:It has been found from a survey that women,who may not have smoked themselves,would double their risk of suffering from lung cancer, if they were exposed to 40 or more years of household tobacco smoke. b Oh[(O!
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通过对比,可以看出:由于句型变动的需要,英语译文中用了主语从句句型,就出现了It has been found from a survey that…,自然就增加了形式主语it和介词from,就连“表明”这一谓语形式也得译成has been found that等比汉语多得多的词;汉语“不吸烟的妇女”译成英语为women,who may not have smoked themselves,增加了反身代词themselves和关系代词who;“如果在吸烟的家庭环境中生活40年或更长的时间”这一部分,译成英语为:if they were exposed to 40 or more years of household tobacco smoke,先是增加了条件从句中省略的人称主语they,主句部分又在risk前增加了物主代词their。由上述分析对比可以看出汉译英时增词译法用得较多。 5Obv/C
Sample 2 /LCRi
原文:Mr.Rading explained that according to the new traffic regulations,drivers in Sweden were required to keep the lights on day and night,which helped decrease the traffic accidents. y7 W7270)
译文:雷丁先生解释说,根据新的交通规则,在瑞典要强制司机日夜开灯行驶,这有助于降低交通事故的发生率。
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在这段英译汉翻译中,译文增词的情况和汉译英大不相同。就代词而论,由于把which helped decrease the traffic accidents翻译成了独立句子,就把原来的which译成了代词“这。”又把原文的explain译成了“解释说,”加了个“说”字。在翻译drivers in Sweden were required to keep the lights on day and night这一部分时,译成“在瑞典要强制司机日夜开灯行驶,”在开灯后面又加上了“行驶”二字以符合汉语语言表达重视“末尾信息焦点”这一传统。 7LW%:0
Sample 3 9[\$\l
原文:交出翻译之前,必须看几遍,看看有没有需要修改的地方,这样你才能把工作做得更好。 &