改错题常考要点 } =Xlac_U
一、代词 T+B8SZw#}!
代词中主要讲解六个问题 jT!?lqr(Rb
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 y0-UO+;
主格、宾格、所有格 [4aw*M1z}.
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) wS+!>Q_]w
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(二) 反身代词 i=1crJ:
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 qHtIjtt[q
He killed himself. (他自杀了) q"oNFHYPDs
He killed him. (他杀了他) D_1O4/
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating QPh3(K1w^
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a series of indicators that could help TI\xCIH
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themselves to predict earthquakes. @rAV;D%
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 %K.r rn M
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 ?L0k|7
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 k#u)+e.'
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 8UXRM :Z"
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies gujP{Z
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the (vX<Bh
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Pacific. UqyW8TCf?
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 s;=C&N5g
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 YYPJ(o\
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:
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Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 3u4Q!U%(D
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined QIlZZ
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the word“normalcy”to express social and MpGG}J[y
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economic conditions they promised the nation. =-X-${/
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 #0Y_!'j
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important FVBAB>
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John B(94; ,(
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Keats, published the year of her death. dXQ C}JA
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 9J?s:"j
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(四) Who和which的区别 ^Y%_{
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ],S {?!'1
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 *wj5( B<y
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who B 5|\<CF
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 4d4+%5GE
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ektU,Oo
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 h )5S
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(五) that和which的区别 &4S2fWx
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 I*3}erT
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it \"nut7";2
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. +|,4g_(j
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Q'jw=w!|g
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略
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Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, C\GP}:[T3
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 4A!]kj5T
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 7<]
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way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which c:Nm!+5_(
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly !
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. yEI@^8]s
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 w&aZ 97{
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has tO3R&"{
affected the way people in the United States----. /D3{EjUE=
(A) living and working #;j:;LRU
(B) they live and work 2+
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(C) live and work wwB3m&
(D) to live and to work w31
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分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 ZP<<cyY
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二、介词 F^75y?
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 PC#^L$cg}
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(一) 介词搭配 |h\7Q1,1~2
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those >CqzC8JF
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. K
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 l<`>
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. CI'RuR3y]Z
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分析:B错改为be rich in mH'~pR>t
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the kOYUxr.b
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. 1UP=(8j/
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 =:-fK-d
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 ;)(g$r^_i
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 :!%V Sem
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. D0D=;k
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 *NmY]
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has C0wtMD:G
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on [FO4x`
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. _fHC+lwN
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 p}1i[//S
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2、介词by ar3L|MN
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by n|( lPbD
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing b6D;98p
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 8dGsV5" *
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. i?x gV_q;
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 &@0~]\,D7
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils o`bch?]
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to Vao:9~
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supply moccasins and field rations. 3SVGx<,2
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 3BFOZV+
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements 'p@f5[t
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that are often represented at symbols. %yR XOt2(
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 d$t"Vp
三、谓语动词 MpV<E0CmE
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 *uvM6F$ut
①、主谓分割原则 ,81%8r
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, +|A`~\@N
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. !/FRL<mp
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 77>oQ~q
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②、与后者一致原则 wKJG 31I^
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, #<{v~sVp&
not only…but also x#1Fi$.
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③、与前者一致原则 _CwTe=K}
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, @]3\*&R}
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 l;-Ml{}|0
例:The athlete, together with his coach and Knwy%5.Z
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. `DM%a~^yg
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is <WXVUEea
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④、就近原则 _w^,j"
or, either…or, neither…nor, > 0^<<=m
单数名词+or+复数名词+are dNACE*g;q
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 7|,L{~
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 /\mtCa.O
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 d |17G
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are Wjb_H
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. p-4$)w~6i
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 QLqtE;;)JK
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ;;0'BdsL`
There are five apples that are red. (W}F\P
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 2<D| {
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets t2[/eM.G
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. :[0 R F^2}
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 z; GQnAG@
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 {JE [
The rich are not always happier than the poor. "6B@V=d
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 ]Lv3XMa
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 L
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改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: P:{Aqn~zR
a. there be 句型 =B}IsBn'J
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ~?\U];l
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 63l3WvoK
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. oU\]#e^
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is M%E<]H2;S
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific |Y3w6 !$
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 IxbQ6
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miles in width. hF'VqJS
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分析:倒装句,are改为is gmVN(K}SR5
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and G_+/ e]P
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 2Mx\D
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. d88A.Z3w
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 }+@!c%TCx~
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 9J/[7TzSZ
fifty percent of + 名词 0OO[@Ht
one percent of + 名词 p8'$@:M\
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如:
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one percent of my students + are t+v%%N_
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. )Fx]
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这里要强调两个结构 xt|^~~ /
half of =fifty percent O50_qu33ju
most of + 可数名词 + are dFBFXy
most of + 不可数名词+ is \Y!#Y#c
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been j""ZFh04
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found in central and eastern Canada. lpXGsKH2
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 h/ n(
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized IL|Q-e}Ol
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. %tP*_d:
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 HQ@g6
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 l7g'z'G
①、主要考察时间状语 !S=YM<A d
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 2VRGTx
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was U>lf-iI2B
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②、For和since的区别 I(^0/]'
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 @$jV"Y
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 )I&.6l!#
I has been a teacher for three years. p=:Vpg<!
I has been a teacher since 1996. r>(,)rs(l
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 *,JE
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ,40OCd!
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the primary responsibility of the president. _;03R{e*
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 N#l2wT
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 5csh8i'V
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. y;ElSt;S
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 cuN ]}=D
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. 5VV}w R
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live N;
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(三) 谓语的语态 nW)+-Wxq
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 ~`AB-0t.u
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: W,@F!8
①、prove -iiX!@
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 `0NU
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尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ==[(Mn,%d
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming w||t3!M+n
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be K} CgFBk
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. nNCR5&,q
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 c6[m'cy
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②、Locate,Situate s^zlBvr|.
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 dT0W8oL
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 4<($Z
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这两个词也可以用作被动 J,Ki2'=
My school was located near the river. aE'nW_f
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 3?B1oIHQ
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. %:~Ah6R1
(A)locates
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(B)locating 0G8@UJv6
(C)to locate $}(Z]z}O ;
(D)is located ^P9mJ:
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 l?)>"^
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③、表示需要概念的动词 >I
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need, want, require等 J~KO#`
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My watch needed repairing ;cVK2'
My watch needed to be repaired. Gs~eRcIB
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④、表示人的情感的动词 gN}$$vS
move, annoy, surprise, please等 F2zo
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 lai@,_<GV
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 R>"pJbS;L
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主动和被动技巧总结: RK@K>)"f
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 R7IFlQH%
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the .~I:Hcf
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 2.nT k
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power structures, and flood-control works along i+S%e,U*
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. yUcU-pQ
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 L"0dB.
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四、非谓语动词 UHV"<9tk
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(一) 分词 6a9:P@tY
现在分词和过去分词的区别 [2Y@O7;nI
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 QX?moW6UW
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then {y{O ze
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. >8>s
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning -m,Y6
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动
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例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in butBS
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. |A|K);
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living wU/fGg*M2
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一些动词后面必须用doing ]:n9MFv
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ',D%,N}J
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, Wj)v,v2&
advocate, suggest >`yRL[c;
delay, quit 0X
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forgive(原谅),tolerate, s[7/w[&
avoid, escape(逃避) GAs.?JHd
spend+名词+doing; -`X`Ff
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing WS@"8+re;
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their _K!)0p
A B C D 0a!|*Z
crops. 4B[uF/[
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 mYk~ ]a-
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, {XC[Ia6jtL
A B $EdL^Q2KAy
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 8h=K S
C D ZBQ @S
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing pz{ ]O_px
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(二) 不定式 IO2@^jup
A. 动词不定式的省略 m*lcIa
①、help后面可以省略to F0kAQgUv
help to do }P\6}cK
help sb. to do +KTHZpp!c2
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid *
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A B Vkf{dHjW
the habits that might shorten the lives. 5Z:qU{[
C D AW!A+
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分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 {DUtd
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 *l%&/\
make, \#N?
let, bV"t;R9
have sb. do sth `9T5Dem|#
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. mGJRCK_
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians 8NJT:6Q7l
A B `'pAiu
to know when to play various parts of a composition. &zP>pQr`#
C D M7&G9SGZ
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know <:8Ew
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③、感官动词 J`{o`>
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe N8J(RR9O
see sb do sth. 强调过程 47f\
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 ,^DP
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Ji6.-[:
(1)表示第一人 K5jeazasp
the first woman to do sth. OEC/'QOae
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(2)表示迫使的动词 8N
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一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do 4GXS(
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis A(cR/$fn6
A B w8 `1'*HG
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. BL"7_phM,
C D @~UQU)-(
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 k1s5cg=n(
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 <iGW~COd
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 i$<")q
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 Ndgx@LTQQ
be lieable to do 易于…的 mVh;=>8K
be apt to do ='m%Iq7X
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(4)表示目的的名词, ju.pQ=PSX
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 \xv(&94U
固定的句式: nAAv42j[
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. Hrph>v
the objective 目标 J_-fs#[x
aim AQT_s9"0
goal M}f(-,9
reason理由 sowwXrECg@
function功能
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intension意图 I~@8SSO,vH
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing G -+!h4p
A pRL:,q\
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. k+w Ji
B C D ( N};.DB1Y
分析:the function to provide, A错 4KnBb_w
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure |%mZ|,[
A }u=Oi@~
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds q CYu@Ho
B El;"7Qn
that make up various components of a living cell. MGt>:&s(]
C D $sE=[j'v
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 ]a4+] vLK
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(5) 其他同根名词 wlaPE8Gc
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 {7z]+ h
attempt to do 企图 Br7q.
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 ^MF 2Q+
ambition, k_7b0dr%F
be ambitious to do 10*Tk 8
effort
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7
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 5P"R'/[PA_
A B h%ys::\zF
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. R^o535pozc
C D ^Z?m)qxvB
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 >Wt@O\k
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great n-cI~Ax+4
A B YYYF a
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. @ztT1?!e
C D ZZI}
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分析:efforts to register, C错 xsj,l@Ey
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 x-CjxU3
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 iIX%%r+
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. PKrG6%
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ~&D
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I am glad to see you. A&t8C8,
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. scH61Y8`
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. xz!0BG
+?U[362>
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 #C&';HB;y
It is difficult to decide. '2lzMc>wvP
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五、句子的结构 O~V^]
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 k}fC58q
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(一) 主语的重复 ]j>xQm\
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 'fU #v`i
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any _F6<ba}o3
A B ';FJs&=I
compromises concerning the establishment of the VU,G.eLW
C D !VWA4 e!+
League of Nations. DfAF-Yhut
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 yor'"6)i
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson P".}Y[GD
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are d9S/_iCI
A B
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lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. Bp7p X
C D .ifz9jM'
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 "
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(二)谓语的重复 h<%$?h+}
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 =_-u;w1D
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of doL-G?8B
A B >ZOlSLu
one or more sentences related to the same idea. gDU!dT
C D G"FO%3&|
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 o^2MfFS
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(三)谓语的缺少 a
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例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body s*Qyd{"z
A B 7/~=[#]*
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. *MmH{!=
C D Am*IC?@tq
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 a
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(四)主句的重复 L/jaUt[,
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 yq;[1O_9C
n{TWdC
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite j#p;XI
A B C -6DRX
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die.
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D _3 3 b %
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 q~> +x?30
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow $3"hOEN@5`
A B k
ZG=C6a
sweeps across the face of the Earth. f>6{tI5X
C D %@C8EFl%3
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ftRFG
`C: 7N=9
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided \
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A B $CMye; yL
names for towns, only George Washington iHNQxLkk{:
C d;dT4vx$[M
is remembered in the name of a state. 8i[TeW"
D v
Njc
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 r2#G|/=@
六、比较级和最高级 dUa>XkPa\2
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 PpFQoY7M
8WV5'cX
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 w` +,
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 1,=:an
A {v'eP[
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. % WDTnEm
B C D W)ug%@ )
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 Xd A]);,
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 CP\[9#]:
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. \h'7[vkr
A B C D h'S0XU
;
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 ?J2A.x5`a
@#hQ0F8
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere I N3-ZNx
A B C D ;R0LJApey
is the grizzly bear. +)yoQRekX
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 !EKt$8W
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 wg[
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改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 1d+Kn Jy
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with #f(tzPD
A B 3}V
(8
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. Qa/1*Mb
C D >A
@yF?
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 0 ;LF>+fJ
7R[7M%H
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 qGN>a[D
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 7_
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 HABUf^~-
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 c/.s`hz
the taller boy ?99r>01>
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 !W,LG$=/
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed 6K7lQ!#}Q
A B ;=@O.iF;H
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is U.Vn|s(`z
abundant, and humidity is moderate. a{e
2*V
C D d]K8*a%[-
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they dpchZ{
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 qYVeFSS
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, ^PE|BCs
A B C ze9n}oN
the Navajos form largest group. 2N |iOog
D IC"ktv bHz
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 q},,[t
y+$vHnS/jC
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, 6)=;cc{Vr
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language F5H*z\/={
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the !s$1C=z5u
'S74Ys=-0
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many D|$0~1y
A B C "WmsBdO
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. .L^j:2(L
D Omn$O>
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ;[Xf@xf
~ [/jk !G
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the i&m6;>?`
例如:my best friends #68$'Rl"o1
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial "5$p=|
A B C &'DR`e O)
and banking center. ZF#lh]
D MVQ6I/EA4
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 Yc
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Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 rK;<-RE<[:
dF! B5(
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary 6_rgRo&
A [ *C~BM
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. y fuH
B C D &01KHJY)/G
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 (<H@W/0$
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七、平行结构 u]9 #d^%V
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 w!d(NA<|0]
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(一) 对等连接词 0;
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一共有三类连接平行结构的词 Ya<V@qd
单一式: and, or ,but U:
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相关式: both…and, not … but, >G [:Q
s
either …or, neither…nor W^;4t3eQf
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as ZRr.kN+F
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and,
NP!LBB)=Y
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also p]s)Xys
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, .M[t5I'\
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短语式: as well as
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rather than (而不是) NOAz"m+o
other than (除…之外) .%0a
instead of (代替) NQOf\.#g
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 79jnYjk
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, UQb|J9HY4
A B \mt Y_O
but he is now living in Detroit. bXM&VW?OP
C D LS-_GslE7\
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 &-vHb
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics Y$ KR\ m
A B (@*%moo
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford x.I?)x!C'
remained active in city and regional planning. gEgd/Le
C D .\
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分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 a]8W32
(二)平行的内容 *iSE)[W
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 ]4FAbY2'h
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of I;{Ua*
A B Q:ql~qew
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, SE
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C D w[^lx
q
or yearly periods of light and darkness. iqWkhJphv
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 PFbkkQKsT
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第二、名词单复数的平行 cNy*< Tv
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 k/Q8:qA
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, +N|t:8qaf
A B C AG Gxx?I
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. a{.-qp
D {J;(K~>?m
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 SU. $bsu
LS<*5HWX
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, $A98h-*x
A B fz+dOIU3\L
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. +rDKx(Rk
C D YgQb(umK
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have T4;gF6(0]
-_>E8PhM
第三、时态的平行 T
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例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated gjB(Pwx
A 87R$Y> V
with the imagist movement , but later develops {t('`z
B 5^N`~
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. '
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C D {YIVi:4q
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 sQO>1bh
u X(
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- X$SXDb~G
spread from its home in Central America and Fw%S%*B8g
now grows throughout the tropics. Gr~J-#a3~D
(A) to be (B) it 8~iggwZ~h"
(C) the (D) its Aj"fkY|Q
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? &M#}?@!C
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ]!WD">d:
Nbt.y 'd
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- $T*g@]
commercially for their meat and eggs. n-CFB:L
(A) raised (B) and are raised 3Io7!:+
(C) raised as (D) are raised hhJs$c(
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 uh3<%9#\k
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第四、排列位置的平行 T{*!.+E
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. mzn#4;m$
(A) Not only does rust corrode #mRT>]di`D
(B) Not only rust corrodes H|<Zm:.%$
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes >8gb/?z
(D) Rust not only corrodes 28lor&Cc
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 v.>95|8
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: fh9w5hT={
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 mz3Dt>
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 et@<MU@`
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 KOhIk*AC'
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八、词序的颠倒 F7JF1HfCP
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 <!PbD
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 JQA]O/|N
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage .\"8H1I\T
A B .-cx9&
that can be given to any individual in the United States. 1"RC!
C D 2:;;
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 N$P\$
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ^NFL3v8
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ?l^NKbw
A B S.*LsrSV
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. N$<R6DU]K
C D nc.:Wm6Mj
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 sQLjb8!7
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 1i;#cIG
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were FR6PY
A B C &L r~x#Wx
in what is now the United States. }[SYWJIc
D 9~4@AGL
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 )8_MkFQe
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所有的系动词分为三大类: )&93YrHgC
第一种:表示保持某种状态, b8|<O:]Hp
is, remain, keep, stay, Xx ou1l!
lie, exit(表示位于) u0nIr9
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 /&zlC{:G92
become, turn, grow, UD ;UdehC
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) zEi\#Zg$
x pBQ(6Y
第三种,感官动词 =-/sB>-C
seem(好像是) HSEz20s
look(看起来好像是) #{@qC2!2/
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste z[0tM&pv
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Gyb|{G_
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe +QeA*L$~
A B ba^/Ar(B
to cause numerous deaths. \w)ddc!ZS
C D t\f[->f
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 +NVXFjPC
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九、词性的混用 aev(CY,z
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 }H|'W[Q.
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 Ey{p;;H
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 9(lcQuE9
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ,JfP$HJ
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and &ju
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. f6 s .xQ
D `W.g1"o8W4
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) P3v4!tR
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 +'_ peT.8
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 {u4AOM=)
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds Adgfo)X5
A B Y7;=\
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to zR)/h
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. TeFi[1
D ElK Md
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 POf xN.
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 59i2*<k
A
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of N#XC%66qy!
B C 5
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urban Black people in the United States. }aQ*1V cj
D &.qLE
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 C_yNSD
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(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 | GN/{KH]
表示时间有两种可能, 9$D}j"
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 i:jns>E
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, xxwbX6^d
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 1
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 1(RRjT9
A B 2p
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were made while the American Civil War. J%T=FU
C D q=-h#IF^
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 wQ[!~>A
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the ,_s.amL3O{
A B C oOaLD{g>
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 4wGBB{X
D
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 ]7oo`KcQ|
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ]&9=f#k%
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 2.]d~\
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social j5A>aj
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. Y3s8@0b3
B C D mN .
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 wy{sS}
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples k\9kOZW
A B C a
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easily under the stress of compression. oiC@ /
D ^)a:DKL
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 ;' |CSjco
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 -AU'1iRcK7
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine m-+>h:1b|9
A B o|c&$)m
article that gives personal comments on current events. Qh6vH9(D
C D vu}U2 0@
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 1zw,;m n
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, RlU ?F
A u,}>I%21
which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. z4` :n.
B C D Z#[%JUYp'
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 c* ~0R?
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 5|t-CY{?b
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; c,ct=m.|6A
two hundred diligent students