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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 @TPgA(5NR  
一、代词 ;@YF}%!+W  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 Fif^V  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 2G}7R5``9  
  主格、宾格、所有格 LO}:Ub  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) |U$de2LF  
HZ<f(  
(二) 反身代词 &c?hJ8"  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 |]!Ky[P  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) &Bz7fKCo  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) [g h[F  
CBnouKc:  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  kl3S~gE4@  
    A                 B    "kBqY+:Cn  
  a series of indicators that could help 1s}NQ3  
             C       2H K  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. zhX`~){N6  
    D + 65~,e  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 3  +8"  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 U_}A{bFG  
ADv"_bB:h  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ss0'GfP  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 bDFCZH-:'O  
#?$'nya*u  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies 7tfivIj)e  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the A M1C $  
     A   B      C          D #[U 9(44,  
  Pacific. $nf Bv f  
3?*M{Y|  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 :<t{ =0G  
4g6ksdFQ  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 H7yg9zFT N  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: b,rH&+2H  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 "'F;lzq  
{KU.  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined I| W'n-4Y  
                       A   2-$bh  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and `dgM|.w5=  
             B ;Y@!:p- H  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. 0E?s>-b  
   C       D C?w <$DU  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 0HHui7Yy>  
Gq0]m  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important jNe(w<',P  
        A     BLL]^qN;Y  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John |-(IJG#)  
   B        C      N ;Z`%&  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  Sg.+`xww3  
      D 6I v(  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. t_I\P.aMA  
I #M%%5e  
k'[ S@+5  
(四) Who和which的区别 $5TepH0D  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 SUH mBo"}  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 JJ/1daj  
=ze FK_S!  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who L bJtpwz>z  
              A            B vix&E`0yD  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. QP6z?j.  
   C                  D r-RCe3%g%  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 le7 `uz!%  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 eecw]P_?  
I86e&"40  
(五) that和which的区别 ''#p47$8<d  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 c%|vUAq *  
ss? ]  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it UF@IBb}0  
              A        B 79)A%@YHQQ  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. \\=.6cg<K  
      C              D ETU-]R3  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 +"]oc{W!  
`kv1@aQPL  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 :e1'o  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, wA?@v|,dZ  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when !8.En8Z<D-  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 4\p$4Hs}  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which BjM+0[HC  
`vudS?  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly )T>8XCL\}  
              A         B   aK ]7vp+  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. _1 sP.0 t  
         C      D fD'/#sA#'  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 m7JPH7P@BM  
:Df)"~/mO+  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  d-~vR(tU  
  affected the way people in the United States----. ;t}'X[U  
   (A) living and working brntE:  
   (B) they live and work Zp`~}LV{  
   (C) live and work ASR-a't6  
   (D) to live and to work *xPB<v2N:P  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 im=5{PbJ^  
(wife#)~  
二、介词 J==}QEhQ{  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 z OtkC3hY  
m$?.Yig?  
(一) 介词搭配 kfXS_\@iW1  
VUp. j  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those Mq@}snp"S  
    A         B   C      r&SO:#rOSM  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Tw x{' S  
                D hcyn  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 >PIPp7C  
*<r%aeG$em  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. bo1I&I  
A       B     C  D -,^WaB7u\  
分析:B错改为be rich in pw3 (t  
AF GwT%ZD  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the 1aq2aLx  
    A         B      C .a,(pq Jg  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. 3p_b8K_bG  
             D KaW~ERx5  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 wu2:'y>n  
$@2"{9Z  
UfKkgq#  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 0wFh%/:  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 sL i*SR  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. q`^3ov^</  
          A      B  C     D H* /&A9("  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 .!yq@Q|=u  
C_G1P)k  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 2ce'fMV  
                 A  B     rz.IoQo  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on <Oa9oM},d  
      C ;&kn"b}G;  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. M"(6&M=?  
      D JNBT^=x  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 U:n*<l-k}  
9"ugz^uKt  
2、介词by y]'CXCml)  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by H&bh<KPMh  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing q- :4=vkn  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States & @6 GI<  
    A         B       8=F%+  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. Z`s!dV]e9  
   C     D iBoEZEHjw  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 {|6z+vR  
GNU;jSh5  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ^|?1_r  
   A                      |<(t}}X  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to tjxvN 4l  
     B    C       D sRq U]i8l  
   supply moccasins and field rations. jBpVxv  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ezZph"&  
uyT/Xzo3  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with x?L hq2  
        A                ?9e]   
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements |zpx)8Q  
        B          C   F=}Z51|:~  
  that are often represented at symbols. uTGcQs}  
              D !8$RBD %  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 maDz W_3  
三、谓语动词 7Fl-(Nv`  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ``9 GY  
①、主谓分割原则 <TxC!{<  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, SRCOs1(EK9  
     A     a)9rs\Is{  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. @\}YAa>>"I  
        B      C      D %-j &e44  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 L'9N9CR{i  
LC-)'Z9}5  
②、与后者一致原则 AuCWQ~  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, HC7JMj  
not only…but also CLN+I'uX0  
Q)^g3J  
5 =Z!hQ}  
③、与前者一致原则 qI2'u %  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 0YS?=oi  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 EXpSh}  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and )}-$A-p#  
     A      B  C     DU{bonR`  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. xjq0D[  
         D )+Y&4Qu  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is CV^c",b_  
7GZq|M_:y  
④、就近原则 ;nB2o-%  
or, either…or, neither…nor, o^ h(#%O  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are .ECHxDp  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is cZQu*K^j  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ?_ RYqolz  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 .>]N+:O  
kh?. K#  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are gyus8#sT  
        A      B        ixw(c&gL  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. AcC8)xRpk4  
    C              D LprM;Q_  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ,Y!zORv<7  
H(qm>h$bU  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 1dv=xe.  
There are five apples that are red. xP@/9SM  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 Y60"M4j  
G5c7:iGm/c  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets Tsz NlRxc  
      A            pm]fQ uq  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. V}9;eJRvw  
   B   C    D /V^sJ($V$~  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 Qpu3( `d<  
-:]@HD:  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 r_2b tpL^  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. - ]Y wl  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 qrDcL>Hrn  
)%mAZk-*;^  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 ` clB43 i  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: gaeOgP.0  
a. there be 句型 ~B_ D@gV|  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 :s*>W$Wp4  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 -P#nT 2  
og-]tEWA1  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. yXF|Sqv  
   A     B      C    D    ,F: =(21  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is f z%tA39m  
kZ[mM'u#  
9^zx8MRXd  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific V2Y$yV8g1  
             A     B    Yu3_=: <C  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 <SQ(~xYi  
     C         ]u=Ca#!'  
  miles in width. lzfDH =&  
     D  0j$OE  
分析:倒装句,are改为is 8]C1K Zs  
` Zf9$K|  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and BXA]9eK  
   A    B       C         bi,mM,N/  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film k4R4YI"jV  
                    D U**)H_S/~  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. 0yTQ{'Cc  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 @?/\c:cp  
iQ{z6Qa  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 xid:"y=_&  
fifty percent of + 名词 o?dR\cxj  
one percent of + 名词 PP-kz;|  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: rIlBH*aT  
  one percent of my students + are w `!LFHK  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. \HG$V>2  
%uuH^A  
这里要强调两个结构 W.$6 pzB(  
half of =fifty percent 2 `&<bt[g  
most of + 可数名词 + are CWvlr nv  
most of + 不可数名词+ is C8MWIX}  
-fPT}v  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been -yA3 RP  
   A       B         C   4d-q!lRpa  
  found in central and eastern Canada. DZP*x  
           D -t>Z 9  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 G"C ;A`6  
p z @km  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized tQ[]Rc  
                 A   B  en%B>]QI  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. ?\M)WDO  
              C     D .FJ  j  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 f?5A"-NS  
0V7 _n  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 + Y;8~+  
①、主要考察时间状语 WP!il(Gr  
dm  2EH  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. Y2D >tpqNw  
   A        B  C     D o"4E+1qwM  
b?>VPuyBb  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was kkL(;H:%  
l{QC}{Ejc2  
}v&K~!*  
②、For和since的区别 ,0,Oe=d  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 jf8w7T  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 j^{b^!4~}  
  I has been a teacher for three years. G1TANy  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. MU*It"@}2  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 wE8]'o  
/wlFD,+8  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became }Wqtip:L  
   A      B              Zg2]GJP  
  the primary responsibility of the president. \ JG #m  
     C    D Gj*SPU  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 gz#+  
0yKh p: ^  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of Zq^^|[)bA  
             A  B  C   ?o8a_9+  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. &D^ e<j}RQ  
            D i"< ZVw  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 vyujC`61d  
0xLkyt0  
*0lt$F$~b  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  VYHOk3  
   A       B        C     D JOPTc]  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live &hO$4qtN  
fG3wc l~  
(三) 谓语的语态 G%Y*q(VrEu  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 'r6cVBb}  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ~R)1nN|  
①、prove Zi ma^IL  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 I{Rz,D uAL  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; FX cc1X/  
% /~os2R  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming $x/J+9Ww  
                      A   Q:kwQg:~  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ixg\[5.Q+  
    B                  C x,}ez  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. W31LNysH!;  
                  D gfV]^v  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 .V7Y2!4TE  
!,I7 ?O  
ex{)mE4Cd  
②、Locate,Situate 'W}~)+zK  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 KsZ@kTs  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 9zmD6G!}t  
这两个词也可以用作被动 F@B  
  My school was located near the river. /j`i/Ha1  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 )-MA!\=<  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. z ]'|nX  
   (A)locates lO%MyP  
   (B)locating Q]yV:7  
   (C)to locate SJso'6 g  
   (D)is located K(%dcUGDK>  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 Pn~pej5'K  
Y:DNu9  
③、表示需要概念的动词 Y{+zg9L*  
need, want, require等  EGp~Vo-  
@m *&c*r  
My watch needed repairing dt`9RB$  
My watch needed to be repaired. x. jYip  
UchALR^5  
④、表示人的情感的动词 K,`).YK  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 .= .yZ  
T%M1[<"Q  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 /\IAr,w[  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 eO|^Lu]+  
-D.B J(  
主动和被动技巧总结: [TiT ff&LV  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 N7RG5?  
6xDl=*&%  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the $71D)*{P  
                 A      !`O_VV`/@  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, (hRgYwUa<  
                 B O+{pF.P#V  
  power structures, and flood-control works along =F^->e0N  
                    C } K+Q9<~u  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. E :'  
                D o2 T/IJP  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 xVh\GU855  
,oB k>  
四、非谓语动词 84hi, S5P  
Y*5@|Q  
(一) 分词 &2< &X( )  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 ?@g;[310`  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 QYf/tQg$  
*`S)@'@:(  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then @gu77^='  
   A N18diP[C  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. k_En_\c?p2  
     B      C            D ()3x%3   
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning \KnD"0KW   
c9ov;Bw6S  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 2=!3[> B  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in 5.C[)`_  
      A               B   \0^rJ1*  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. cV=_G E  
               C         D #BT6bH08X  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living :}3 qZX  
kb}]sj  
 z7.C\l  
一些动词后面必须用doing ~D`oP/6  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 VATXsD  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, #iqhm,u7D  
 advocate, suggest "ZJ1`R=Mj  
 delay, quit G &rYz  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, p$b= r+1f  
 avoid, escape(逃避) 3Ld ;zW  
 spend+名词+doing; M;vlQ"Yl'  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing /Y\E68_Fh  
!>kv.`|7~  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their i37a}.;  
   A     B    C              D fFTvf 0j  
  crops. 3EW f|6RI  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 "TH-A6v1  
C+#;L+$Gi  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 5dNf$a0E  
               A        B b\|p  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. :Z]+Z_9p  
        C          D .L(j@I t  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing DneSzqO"o  
5t5S{aCDr  
(二) 不定式 `Py= ?[cD  
A. 动词不定式的省略 ^B6i6]Pd=9  
①、help后面可以省略to 4ysdna\+  
  help to do /%q9hI   
  help sb. to do gc8PA_bFz  
Gv+Tg/  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 0*:hm%g  
              A      B   ESf7b `tS  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. GqD!W8+  
         C     D AoOG[to7  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 NUnc"@  
56 kgL;$h  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 n]fbV/ x  
  make, @SG="L  
  let, (cA|N0  
  have sb. do sth Jx>B %vZ\  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. w~KBk)!*  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians {2clOUi  
        A               B wfTv<WG,.E  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. #!&R7/ KdD  
   C     D ?_j6})2zY  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know 59Q Q_#>  
m'"VuH?^  
③、感官动词 p{svXP K  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe 4NR5?s  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 NE%yv,B  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 x&/Syb  
;xtb2c8HT  
PZg]zz=V4  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 _v=WjN  
(1)表示第一人 AbI*/ |sY  
the first woman to do sth. "v(]"L  
\lIHC{V\  
(2)表示迫使的动词 mf_'| WDs  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do 9l_?n@   
K}3"KC  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis dB)hW'J?  
     A                 B    Q R$sIu@%  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. j?hyN@ns  
       C           D Eq;frnw>q  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 >t2)Z|1  
f_2^PF>?  
PlRs- %d  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 H>X1(sh#}  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 XXmu|h  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 7:E#c"S q  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 !rGI),  
  be apt to do vUx$[/<  
@Hdg-f>y]  
(4)表示目的的名词, VZbIU[5  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 B_jI!i{N%o  
固定的句式: bJ!f,a'/  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. <%uZwk>#  
the objective 目标 l 8us6  
aim k r^#B^  
goal usf(U>  
reason理由 >.~k?_Of  
function功能 4GA-dtyV&  
intension意图 @|A&\a-"J  
O'U,|A  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing 8@ g D03  
                       A  tzJtd  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. $:Z xb  
           B          C     D 98 nLj9  
分析:the function to provide, A错 4zbV' ]  
b?L43t,  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure >m{-&1Tx  
                  A       -ouL4  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds vG:,oB}  
     B  5*Iz3vTq  
  that make up various components of a living cell. <WkLwP3^  
    C    D vtjG&0GSK  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 RlI qH;n  
HXo'^^}q;  
(5) 其他同根名词 L6qA=b~iz  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 9j9?;3;  
 attempt to do 企图 36UW oo  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 mz '8  
 ambition, CcE TS}Q0C  
 be ambitious to do  ^r$5];n  
 effort |9M y>8k(  
!OemS 7{  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation NYRNop( N#  
  A                    B   W0hLh<Go  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 8yl /!O,v  
          C       D ),|bP`V  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 GV/FK{v5  
' 'N@ <|  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great K*[wr@)u  
  A                   B   -`o:W?V$u  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. HN%ZN}  
       C            D Rwk|cqr  
分析:efforts to register, C错 7ac3N  
O;"%z*g.  
2{\Y<%.  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 hBw~l?G  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 M"V@>E\L  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. b%F*Nr  
suwj1qYJ4  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 LV0{~g(!%  
I am glad to see you. +Oa1FvoEA  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. ),eiJblH  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. ;.Y`T/eWS  
q ^?{6}sy  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 LWE !+(n  
It is difficult to decide. WUWQ cJj  
as8<c4:v  
i%iU_`  
五、句子的结构 *` W82V  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 5+r#]^eQY-  
zc"eSy< w$  
(一) 主语的重复 4^5s\ f B  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 |(fWT}tg  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any E^!%m8--  
          A      B      sC j3h  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the Y!H"LI  
          C          D wU3Q  
  League of Nations. x]:mc%4-Z  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 ]=/f`  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson 9Y(<W_{/  
g8C+j6uR0  
``={FaV~m  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are )}R0'QGd  
        A        B  `CV a`%  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. {974m` 5  
    C         D .R1)i-^  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 opBv x>S  
Wrlmo'31  
(二)谓语的重复 </eh^<_~  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 -V\33cA  
.{6TX"M  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  MRs8l  
    A            B    I++!F,pB  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. #2pgh?  
         C   D &B) F_EI  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 -Iq#h)Q*  
YpiSH(70`  
(三)谓语的缺少 /HLQ  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 9Y7 tI 3  
          A     B    4X^0:.bT&  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. U-k6ZV3&8  
         C               D Dj[D|%9a  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 mCg5-E~;  
y&iLhd!p  
(四)主句的重复 (A1!)c  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 l9n 8v\8,o  
\A':}<Rj  
;R/=9l  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite E;%{hAD{  
      A         B        C   iXBc ~S  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. L-Z1Xs  
     D 3B>!9:w~f  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 K~[/n<ks  
B [03,zVf  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow w^dB1Y7c(W  
        A   B       P4s:wuJ^  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. !DLIIKO78  
      C    D (R.k.,z  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 lQ oa[#q  
~bg FU  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided T?Gi;ld7  
   A                     B  lxV> rmD  
  names for towns, only George Washington :  wb\N'b  
      C @aI`ru+a  
  is remembered in the name of a state. sA:0b5_a  
          D AM,@BnEcuT  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ,>e)8  
六、比较级和最高级 6D) vY  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 _^Rf*G!  
RfFeAg,]/  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 'Ko T8g\b  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which g5_]^[up w  
      A               =p ^Sn,t  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. qJUu9[3'm  
     B       C           D SkVW8n*s  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 -k")#1  
3<#4  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 m8#+w0p)  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. p e |k}{  
     A      B     C  D ;}WdxWw4  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 (hs [B4nV  
+Z#lf  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere tBp dKJn##  
     A       B     C   D d 6j'[  
  is the grizzly bear. cea%M3  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 Gd%KBb  
>Y!5c 2~`;  
7J.alV4`/  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 c"H*9u:  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 WfL5. &  
1-Sc@WXd  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with XSkx<"U*  
   A           B  [2WJ>2r}6  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. ;n?H/(6X8>  
   C                 D %D:Mt|  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 eZ8~t/8  
t n>$5}^;  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 ^0Cr-  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 9|jk=`4UK  
i?.MD+f8  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 |kB1>$  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 TyI"fP  
the taller boy 1\X1G>60m  
""|vhgP  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 *fQ$s  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed ROw9l!YF  
          A            B -Jr6aai3+  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is 0p YO-@E  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. 38ChS.(  
    C          D 2K0HN  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they -rb]<FrL^  
>AX&PMb`  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 @Fv"j9j-3G  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, EdbL AagI6  
  A  B         C     zGjf7VV2a  
  the Navajos form largest group. k GR5!8$z  
         D 'mx_]b^O  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 n%yMf!M .:  
mF7T=pl  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, A2.[P==  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language XaOq&7  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the DlIy'@ .  
s4h3mypw  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many t_%6,?S6  
            A      B         C CvDy;'{y1  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. vF,\{sgW  
            D YbjeM6#E  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 _o'_ z ]  
WPLM*]6  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the ?+EN.P[;3  
例如:my best friends G4DuqN~2m  
QJ1_LJ4)a  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial wa/ :JE  
            A    B     C a:nMW'!  
  and banking center. -OY[x|0  
        D V-rzn171Q)  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 wbg_%h:  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 cu&td g^q  
j n[%@zD}  
tu(k"'aJ  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary Z[+H$=$%  
                 A         NKae~ 1b  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. k8]=5C?k  
    B   C     D CYlZ<W'  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 XHq8p[F  
w783e  
七、平行结构 L\p@1N?K  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 p_z_d6?  
l+$ e|F  
zD8q(]: A  
(一) 对等连接词 >we/#C"x  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 TM sEHd  
单一式: and, or ,but 5tyr$P! N  
相关式: both…and, not … but, ]A*v\Qy  
     either …or, neither…nor k:D;C3vJd  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as **jD&h7$s-  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, i,G )kt'H  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also 3\Y}{(O |  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, w`~j(G4N  
_SS6@`X  
短语式: as well as Umwd <o  
     rather than (而不是) 7.O1 ~-  
     other than (除…之外) i2<dn)K[~-  
     instead of (代替) 2+G_Y>  
muSQFIvt  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 =A,32&;@N  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  eZ~^Z8F[6  
       A     B   aOYRenqu  
  but he is now living in Detroit. $;<h<#_n;  
       C   D m4:b?[   
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 Jt4T)c9  
N"~P` H![x  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics % ~%>3  
       A         B _tE$a3`  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford Q$iGpTL  
  remained active in city and regional planning. >mI-h  
          C    D  LyA=(h6  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 ;D_6u(IC4:  
(二)平行的内容 tR#uDE\wR  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 :SSlUl4sU$  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of fTM^:vkO  
             A         B   _nRY5YnL4P  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, zk]6|i$!I  
         C            D (E)/' sEb  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. LV=!nF0  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 k}-%NkQ 9O  
x U1dy*-  
Ai iOs?  
第二、名词单复数的平行 Qwx}e\=  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ,<zZKR_  
GpF,=:  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, &K k+RHM  
  A     B          C   NVFAmX.Z:  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper.  6" 3!9JC  
                 D   4BuS? #_  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 N|q:wyS|  
@N.W#<IG  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, Fw:s3ON9}  
                   A         B l;Zc[6   
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. Mz]LFM  
      C          D Q}]:lmqH  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have ) !ZA.sx  
hFa\x5I5  
第三、时态的平行 ycw'>W3.*  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated V6wYJ$]  
                A     7"4|`y^#  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops "_'9KBd!  
                   B ;?inf`t  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. & PHHacp  
          C    D %X GX(  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 WF-imI:EK  
&;9<a^td  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- x+yt| &B  
  spread from its home in Central America and Xg!Mc<wA[  
  now grows throughout the tropics. ~n"V0!:'4  
   (A) to be    (B) it   shn`>=0.&  
   (C) the     (D) its #C%<g:F8  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? _Zf1=& U#/  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow y''?yr  
>wcsJ {I  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- ci3{k"  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. 9zO;sg;3  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised _,F wt  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised oF ,8j1  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 ={maCYlE.  
!2&h=;i~V  
第四、排列位置的平行 s?%1/&.~  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 8-8= \  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode j1d #\  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  ,rX!V=Z5  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes ol`]6"Sc  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes kf5921(P  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 }P}l4k1W  
:syR4A WM  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: c1n? @L  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 `hH1rw@7<  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 I/^Lr_\  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 pbm4C0W}  
',1rW  
八、词序的颠倒 89 (k<m  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 A0[flIl  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 HmX (= Y  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage >Xb ]n_`  
              A    B        i!cz I8  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. W BiBtU  
      C       D    *2@ q=R-1  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 Qgf_  
bt j\v[D  
|`O7> (h  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ^Y'>3o21f  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only Jn:GqO  
          A      B     pCg0xbc`  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. kF\ QO [  
    C         D V25u'.'v  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 xSLN  
zizrc.g/Yg  
TAGqRYgi  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 ^|gN?:fA}  
a!>AhOk.  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were (nV/-#*  
          A   B     C   o\2#}eie  
  in what is now the United States. N:&Gv'`  
    D E&"bgwav{(  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 &t6L8[#yd  
L:%h]-  
所有的系动词分为三大类: u37+B  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, KD#ip3  
    is, remain, keep, stay, m$$U%=r>@  
    lie, exit(表示位于) \s)j0F)  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 US Q{o  
    become, turn, grow, @s@r5uR9B  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) GadD*psD2  
,>e<mphM  
第三种,感官动词 fw-LZ][  
    seem(好像是) i*F^;-q)  
    look(看起来好像是) tF=96u_X  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste ==Y^~ab;K  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 G `TO[p]q  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe %40|7 O  
    A               B     1tfm\/V}ho  
   to cause numerous deaths. V}Oxz 04  
        C   D  MF>?! !  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 cp] \<p('A  
Z(CzU{7c  
九、词性的混用 |nv8&L8  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 X $J  
.p <!2   
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 ALPZc:  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; (i&:=Bfn)  
!~PV\DQN  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high _18) XR  
          A        B      F d *p3a  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and 1@;Dn'  
              C yP6^& 'I+  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. 08cC rG  
          D f D2. Zh  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) x7>' 1  
3Vs8"BFjz  
GK~uoz:^O  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 q\/ph(HF  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 Qw}uB$S>  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds =g UOHH  
         A       B      Ja"?Pb  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to U]ynnw4  
          C        ~5q1zr)E  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. F}wy 7s2i  
            D Y;-$w|&P>  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 ,` 6O{Z~  
s'b 4Me  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 8BE] A_X  
            A       S6Y2(qdP  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of .o8Sy2PaV  
      B      C <hvs{}TS  
   urban Black people in the United States. 1-0tG+  
   D r2yJ{j&s  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 W X6}@mS.  
 Xdh2  
VK286[[fv  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 ,4:=n$e 0  
表示时间有两种可能, o=J-Ju  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 Znr@-=xZO*  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, `OFW^Esc  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 ~jC+6v  
qYoB;gp  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence ' _d4[Olu  
       A     B     xt_:R~/[  
  were made while the American Civil War. NNt  n  
   C    D C RBj>  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 =PU($  
$Nd,6w*`  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the Nv=78O1  
   A      B           C    U0gZf5;*  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. &r GB58  
          D Kci. ,I  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 }R`Rqg-W  
5r`rstV  
c/Xg ARCO  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 tI1OmhNN  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。  g5 T  
f(Y_<%  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social D"rbQXR7$  
                   A     }x?F53I)  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. baBBn %_V  
     B   C    D o:D,,MkSw  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 -QroT`gy  
.4p3~r?=S  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples PD)"od  
   A        B   C      `PC9t)%.pV  
  easily under the stress of compression. Pg%9hej f3  
   D X/yq<_ g  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 DMM<,1  
9<6q(]U  
")T\_ME  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 |5bLV^mv]i  
83n%p S4x  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine {drc}BL_  
    A         B pFvu,Q"  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. ^U }k   
          C            D %up?70  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 $-iEcxsi  
T#) )_aC  
]mTBD<3\  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, >Icr4?zq  
         A >?, Zn  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. VPe0\?!d  
   B      C      D v $Iw?y  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 WMSJU/-P  
# ]7Lieh[5  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 5E&#Kh(I  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; Bqq= 2lj  
two hundred diligent students
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