改错题常考要点 v$@1q9 5J
一、代词 /Bgqf,N |
代词中主要讲解六个问题 ZYY~A_C
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 z2Wblh"_
主格、宾格、所有格 AW\uE[kg
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) *ze/$vz-
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(二) 反身代词 X!6dg.n5
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ?`Mk$Y%my
He killed himself. (他自杀了) Ok)f5")N %
He killed him. (他杀了他) #X``^
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating {4SaSv^/
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a series of indicators that could help ~x4]p|)</
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themselves to predict earthquakes. 7s%1?$B
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 {=Ji2k0U'
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 gkTwGI+w
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 "ivVIq2
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 ]!1HN3
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies Hsov0
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the L{;Q6_
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Pacific. o*d (;
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 )BaGY
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 dpge:Qhr
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: qKeR}&b
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 rK;<-RE<[:
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined o9Mr7
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the word“normalcy”to express social and Z 6WNMQ1:
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economic conditions they promised the nation. y fuH
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 r>KmrU4Q
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 8/P!i2o
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John h<CRW-
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Keats, published the year of her death. z}
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. &(o&Y
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(四) Who和which的区别 ycIcM~<4
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 r M}o)
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 VS~+W=5}
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who +n
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. S]e;p\8$Z
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 7^#O{QYol
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 rof9Rxxe-
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(五) that和which的区别 BuitM|k'
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 Xoq -
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it OzTR#`oey
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. ?2gXF0+~Y2
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ?cK67|%W
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 &EC8{.7
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, %Go/\g
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 95/;II
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 9`&sZ|"3
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 3]&le[.
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly >v1.Gm
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. zRR^v&.9K
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 0OtUb:8LX
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has tCj\U+;
affected the way people in the United States----. zUWWXC%R
(A) living and working 2H
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(B) they live and work E7<l^/<2S+
(C) live and work 1b2xWzpG
(D) to live and to work T9>,Mx%D[
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 a,xy38T<
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二、介词 HoZsDs.XZ
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Rf{YASPIw&
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(一) 介词搭配 C&.Q|S2_
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. ztC,[
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 0.^67'
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal.
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分析:B错改为be rich in k!g%vx
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the lQVK~8t3
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. S6{y%K2y&
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 u/`
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 GOX2'N\h^
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 S|_"~Nd=
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. VW**N}1#C
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 9@YhAj
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 69zMWuY
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ]J
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 {br6*
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2、介词by +\25ynM
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by Pq3|O
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另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing OTWp,$YA=
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States Z':w
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. =dY!-#yg!
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 f
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 4&G
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 1F{,Zr
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supply moccasins and field rations. Eb9n6Fg
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Tvd: P^C
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with #2?3B
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements OF O,5
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that are often represented at symbols. ~SYW@o
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 -mG ,_}F
三、谓语动词 {ukQBu#}<
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ma@!"Z8S
①、主谓分割原则 %g~zEa-g
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, | *N;R+b
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. G$;cA:p-j
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 ^#4Ah[:XA
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②、与后者一致原则 =LKf.@]#
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, T%w5%{dqJ
not only…but also - #-Bo
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③、与前者一致原则 3e)$ <e
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, Em(Okr,0
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 >S]"-0tGD=
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ~
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. t\f[->f
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 2IXtIE
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④、就近原则 -?NAA]P5c@
or, either…or, neither…nor, /4KHf3Nr
单数名词+or+复数名词+are lLLPvW[Q
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ~bz$] o-<
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 sW76RKX8
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 FmgMd)#
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are +%Z:k
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. o $'K}U
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 *'@sm*
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 &a)d,4e<M
There are five apples that are red. bmJdZD7-<k
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 yQf(/Uxk*x
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets jwSPLq%
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. I=
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 4vV\vXT *
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 POf xN.
The rich are not always happier than the poor. F<Xtp8
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 "Y@q?ey[1
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 9 9^7Ek!z#
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: N6> rU
a. there be 句型 w|ahb
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 !Y&]Y
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b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 rV} 5&N*c
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. Wr-I~>D%_
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ^f9@=I
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific mF
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 & eqqgLz
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miles in width. X
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分析:倒装句,are改为is e)m6xiZ
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and V]m}xZ'?^
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film N(3Bzd)
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. IiJ$Ng
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 )u4=k(
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Q
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fifty percent of + 名词 R
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one percent of + 名词 \RRSrPLd-
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 4mtO"'|
one percent of my students + are A (p^Q
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. C' {B
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这里要强调两个结构 >AY9F|:
half of =fifty percent q&_\A0
most of + 可数名词 + are :UAcS^n7h"
most of + 不可数名词+ is NU+PG`Vb
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been D:?"Rf{)
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found in central and eastern Canada. EyA(W;r.
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 *5?Qam3
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized ~D`R"vzw=
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. o|c&$)m
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 e'c3.sQ|?
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 #3eI4KJ4+l
①、主要考察时间状语 6}0_o[23
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 2"j&_$#l5X
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was $}5M`p\&C
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②、For和since的区别 6 b?K-)kL
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 [u J<]
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 6 OvH"/X4
I has been a teacher for three years. SB5qm?pT8<
I has been a teacher since 1996. 7}~nQl2
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 !vc5NKv#n
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became .i*ja*
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the primary responsibility of the president. wdV)M?
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 QfM^J5j.M?
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of Vhb~kI!x
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. <Nc9F['
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 /BF7N3
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. I<xcVY9L
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live w>Ft5"z
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(三) 谓语的语态
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语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 HBk5p>&
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: &;GoCU Le
①、prove 2elj@EB,M
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 +s [_
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尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; a{?>F&vnU
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming D6e<1W
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be W^3'9nYU
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. nXxnyom,
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 J=n^&y
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②、Locate,Situate P|aSbsk:I<
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 ;:Kc{B.s
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 i{J[;rV9
这两个词也可以用作被动 ?/p."N:]H
My school was located near the river. %g4)f9>
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 OQT i$2
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. gti=GmL(L
(A)locates ,z0E2
(B)locating 6M8(KN^
(C)to locate ZJ_P=
(D)is located HMR!XF&JjC
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 xtp55"g
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③、表示需要概念的动词 .MRLAG
need, want, require等 "S&1J8D|
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My watch needed repairing ;WL0
My watch needed to be repaired. %M05& <
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④、表示人的情感的动词 HSk}09GV
move, annoy, surprise, please等 :.\h.H;
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。
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He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 K+c>C
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主动和被动技巧总结: *yA.D?
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 HLM"dmI
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the C/pu]%n@4
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, &Lgi
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power structures, and flood-control works along (*Y ENT}
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. YY<e]CriU
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 gs77")K&
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四、非谓语动词 !b+Kasss9
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(一) 分词 'H,l\i@"
现在分词和过去分词的区别 \6${Na'\
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 e: :H1V
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then "2bCq]I0
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. Ie?C<(8Ul
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning up7]Yy;o=
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 `D%bZ%25c
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in R@r"a&{/
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. !}^{W)h[
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living Y m|zM1qc
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一些动词后面必须用doing dg4 QA_"
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 fgP_NYfOj
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, T?c:z?j_9
advocate, suggest }CA oB::&
delay, quit 7!`
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forgive(原谅),tolerate, s7<x~v+^
avoid, escape(逃避) o+(
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spend+名词+doing; r"a0!]n
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Z!
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 5dS5,
A B C D a
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crops. ^'~+ w3M@
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 [|\~-6"7N|
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, *.AokY)_a
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. eW]K~SPd7
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing DQd~!21\|
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(二) 不定式 iNgHx[*?
A. 动词不定式的省略 M&
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①、help后面可以省略to G@anY=D\EB
help to do 9Nglt3J[
help sb. to do }|
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid oW(p (>
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the habits that might shorten the lives. ;OQ{
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分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 R 28v5
make, ]L%qfy4
let, aH
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have sb. do sth CE:TQzg
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. fP%hr gL
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians sXkWs2!
A B |j$&W;yC
to know when to play various parts of a composition. gR"'|c
C D 2c@R!*
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know z@^[.
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③、感官动词 7^#f<m;Ar!
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe ~mx me6"v
see sb do sth. 强调过程 aR ao\Wp|
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 Tk9u+;=6$
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 2@@OjeANsX
(1)表示第一人 kMAQHpDD
the first woman to do sth. O E0w/{
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(2)表示迫使的动词 fDhV
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一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do \dTX%<5D
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis u;p{&\
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. b[<