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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 }=Xlac_U  
一、代词 T+B8SZw#}!  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 jT!?lqr(Rb  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 y0-UO+ ;  
  主格、宾格、所有格 [4aw*M1z}.  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) wS+!>Q_]w  
o 0T1pGs'  
(二) 反身代词 i=1crJ:  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 qHtIjtt[q  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) q"oNFHYPDs  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) D _ 1O4/  
\Rb:t}  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  QPh3(K1w^  
    A                 B    \WbQS#Z9  
  a series of indicators that could help TI\xCIH  
             C      y/kB`Z(Yj  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. @rA V;D%  
    D u~2]$ /U  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 %K.rrn M  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 ?L0k|7  
FvYciU!  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 k#u)+e.'  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 8UXRM :Z"  
{qbe ye!  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies gujP{Z  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the (vX< B h  
     A   B      C          D $IjI{%  
  Pacific. UqyW8TCf?  
$COjC!M  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 s;=C&N5g  
%[s%H)e)  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 YYPJ (o\  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:  a@ <-L  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 3 u4Q!U%(D  
vp.?$(L^@/  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined QIlZZ  
                       A   @\XeRx;  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and MpGG}J[y  
             B Ox&G  [  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. =-X-${/  
   C       D N$IA~)  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 #0Y_!'j  
+egwZ$5I  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important FVBAB>   
        A     m 8b,_1  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John B(94;,(  
   B        C      KXK5\#+L  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  dXQC}JA  
      D X~c?C-fV  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 9J?s:"j  
\3^ue0  
fz:(mZ%  
(四) Who和which的区别 ^Y%_{   
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ],S {?!'1  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 *wj5(B<y  
ZI c.MNq  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who B5|\<CF  
              A            B Yg3nT:K_Y&  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 4d4+%5GE  
   C                  D !Kg ']4  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ektU,Oo  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 h )5S 4)  
YnU)f@b#  
(五) that和which的区别 &4S2fWx  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 I*3}erT  
jd-]q2fQ|  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it \"nut7";2  
              A        B p ZTrh&I]  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. +|,4g_(j  
      C              D Dz6xx?  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Q'jw=w!|g  
~BmA!BZV`  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 q -8G  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, C\GP}:[T3  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 4A!]kj 5T  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 7<] EH:9  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which c:Nm!+5_(  
5MAfuHq^  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly ! I0xq"  
              A         B   \xCCJWek  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. yEI@^8]s  
         C      D ?zf3Fn2y  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 w&aZ 97{  
m"iA#3l*=  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  tO3R&"{  
  affected the way people in the United States----. /D3{EjUE=  
   (A) living and working #;j:;LRU  
   (B) they live and work 2+ cs^M3  
   (C) live and work wwB3m&  
   (D) to live and to work w31 Ox1>s  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 ZP<<cyY  
J{1H$[W~}  
二、介词 F^ 75y?  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 PC#^L$cg}  
2M-[x"\1/  
(一) 介词搭配 |h\7Q1,1~2  
3S:Lce'f  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those >CqzC8JF  
    A         B   C      ~P1~:AT  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. K -U} sW  
                D YNEwX$)M,B  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 l<`>  
X g6ezlW  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. CI'RuR3y]Z  
A       B     C  D YA4D?'  
分析:B错改为be rich in mH'~pR>t  
/o;M ?Nt6  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the kOYUxr.b  
    A         B      C `@/)S^jBau  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. 1UP=(8j/  
             D }Y~Dk]*  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 =:- fK-d  
2?JV "O=  
i})s4%a  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 ;)(g$r^_i  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 :!%VSem  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. D0D=;k   
          A      B  C     D UlYFloZ  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 *NmY]  
I\~[GsDY  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has C0wtMD:G  
                 A  B     95l)s],  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on [FO4x`  
      C ?[ xgt )  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. _fHC+lwN  
      D x'GB#svi  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 p}1i[//S  
f[@96p ?a[  
2、介词by ar 3L|MN  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by n|(lPbD  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing b6D;98p  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 8dGsV5"*  
    A         B       sh<Q2X  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. i?x gV_q;  
   C     D uzYB`H<  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 &@0~]\,D7  
Ez3fL&*  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils o`bch? ]  
   A                      380`>"D  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to V ao:9 ~  
     B    C       D DB'v7 Ij0  
   supply moccasins and field rations. 3SVGx< ,2  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。  NkZG   
nV' 1 $L#  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 3BFOZV+  
        A                Q]ersA8 V>  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements 'p@f5[t  
        B          C   aJu&h2 G  
  that are often represented at symbols. %yRXOt2(  
              D HIg2y  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 d$t"Vp  
三、谓语动词 MpV<E0CmE  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 *uvM6F$ut  
①、主谓分割原则 ,81%8r  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, +|A`~\@N  
     A     ]C_+u_9  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. !/FRL<mp  
        B      C      D ;%e&6  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 77>oQ~q  
tl#sCf!c  
②、与后者一致原则 wKJG 31I^  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, #<{v~sVp&  
not only…but also x#1 Fi$.  
Et=Pr+Q{c  
N} EKV  
③、与前者一致原则 _CwTe=K}  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, @]3 \*&R}  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 l;-Ml{}|0  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and Knwy%5.Z  
     A      B  C     e3I""D{)[=  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. `DM%a~^yg  
         D -TUJ"ep]QJ  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is <WXVUEea  
.j}]J:{%  
④、就近原则 _w^,j"  
or, either…or, neither…nor, >0^<<=m  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are d NACE*g;q  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 7|,L{~  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 /\mtCa.O  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 d |17G  
IJ^~,+  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are Wjb_H (D  
        A      B        35\ |#2qw6  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. p-4$)w~6i  
    C              D F!+1w(b:  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 QLqtE;;)JK  
&@i OB #H  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ;;0'BdsL`  
There are five apples that are red. (W}F\P  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 2<D| {  
Tmzbh 9  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets t2[/eM.G  
      A            W!{RJWe  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. :[0 R F^2}  
   B   C    D Xf u0d1b  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 z; GQnAG@  
gk6f_0?X'  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 {JE [  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. "6B@V=d  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 ] Lv3XMa  
u/=hueR<^  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 L FWp}#%  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: P:{Aq n~zR  
a. there be 句型 =B}IsBn'J  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ~?\U];l  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 63l3WvoK  
X4%uY  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. oU\]#e^  
   A     B      C    D    E;Z(v  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is M%E<]H2;S  
;,77|]<XE  
<K CI@  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific |Y3w6!$  
             A     B    $1.-m{Bd  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 IxbQ6  
     C         TiD#t+g  
  miles in width. hF'VqJS  
     D  5} %R  
分析:倒装句,are改为is gmVN(K}SR5  
i:s=  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and G_+/ e]P  
   A    B       C         $gr>Y2i  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 2M x\D  
                    D DO~ D?/ia  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. d88A.Z3w  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 }+@!c%TCx~  
+u|"q+p  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 9J/[7TzSZ  
fifty percent of + 名词 0OO[@Ht  
one percent of + 名词 p8'$@:M\  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: lie,A  
  one percent of my students + are t+v %%N_  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. )Fx] LeI;  
'vNju1sfk  
这里要强调两个结构 xt|^~~ /  
half of =fifty percent O50_qu33ju  
most of + 可数名词 + are dFBFXy  
most of + 不可数名词+ is \Y!#Y#c  
x'g4DYl  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been j""ZFh04  
   A       B         C   *Z#OfB4}  
  found in central and eastern Canada. lpXGsK H2  
           D <|l}@\iRX  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 h/n(  
vCP[7KhGj  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized IL|Q-e}Ol  
                 A   B  1 !_p  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. %tP*_d:  
              C     D n~UI 47  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 HQ@g6  
[2-n*a(q  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 l7g'z'G  
①、主要考察时间状语 !S=YM<Ad  
{.2\}7.c  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 2VRGTx  
   A        B  C     D \96\!7$@O  
6C VH)=%  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was U> lf-iI2B  
@ZU$W9g  
#_.J kY  
②、For和since的区别 I(^0/]'  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 @$jV"Y  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 )I&.6l!#  
  I has been a teacher for three years. p=:Vpg<!  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. r>(,)rs(l  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 *,JE [M  
mcQL>7ts  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ,40OCd!  
   A      B              d~~kJKK  
  the primary responsibility of the president. _;03R{e*  
     C    D *:yG)J 3F  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 N#l2wT  
d9$RmCHe}  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 5csh8i'V  
             A  B  C   . f_ A%  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. y;ElSt;S  
            D bq ED5;d'#  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 cuN]}=D  
;+wB!/k,  
bq E'9 GI  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  5VV}wR  
   A       B        C     D n.+'9Fj  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live N; }$!sNIm  
>IIq_6Z#  
(三) 谓语的语态 nW)+-Wxq  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 ~`AB-0t.u  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: W,@ F!8  
①、prove -iiX!@  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 `0NU c)`  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ==[(Mn,%d  
-LiGO#U  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming w||t3!M+n  
                      A   yq-~5u i  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be K}CgFBk  
    B                  C D 5rH6*J  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. nNCR5&,q  
                  D )P(S:x'b0  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 c6[m'cy  
]pvHsiI:  
P7-k!p"  
②、Locate,Situate s^zlBvr|.  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 dT0W8oL  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 4<($Z N8  
这两个词也可以用作被动 J,Ki2'=  
  My school was located near the river. aE'nW_f  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 3?B1oIHQ  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. %:~Ah6R1  
   (A)locates {>hxmn  
   (B)locating 0G8@UJv6  
   (C)to locate $}(Z]z}O;  
   (D)is located ^P9mJ:  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 l?)>"^  
h^(U:M=A  
③、表示需要概念的动词 >I S4  
need, want, require等 J~K O#`  
.h <=C&Yg  
My watch needed repairing ;cVK2'  
My watch needed to be repaired. Gs~eRcIB  
^!B]V>L-  
④、表示人的情感的动词 gN}$$vS  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 F2zo !a8  
93n%:?l"<W  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 lai@,_<GV  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 R>"pJbS;L  
#!_4ZX  
主动和被动技巧总结: RK@K>)"f  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 R7IFlQH%  
N=u( 3So  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the .~I:Hcf /  
                 A      >0SG]er@  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 2. nT k   
                 B lFuW8G,-f@  
  power structures, and flood-control works along i+S%e,U*  
                    C `%|3c  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. yUcU-pQ  
                D KOR*y(*8  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 L"0dB.  
F+G+XtOS  
四、非谓语动词 UHV"<9tk  
x%)oL:ue  
(一) 分词 6a9:P@tY  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 [2Y@O7;n I  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 QX?moW6UW  
KD\%B5Jy  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then  {y{O ze  
   A <bJ|WS|  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. >8>s K(S]  
     B      C            D 0f_` ;{  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning -m ,Y6  
h+_:zWU  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 jU 3ceXV  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in  b utBS  
      A               B   Fv(FRZ)  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. |A|K);  
               C         D  `uDOIl  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living wU/fGg*M2  
i6FJG\d  
~4#D G^5  
一些动词后面必须用doing ]:n9MFv  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ',D%,N}J  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, Wj)v,v2&  
 advocate, suggest >`yRL[c;  
 delay, quit 0X C3O 8q  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, s[7/w[&  
 avoid, escape(逃避) GAs.?JHd  
 spend+名词+doing; -`X`Ff  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing WS@"8+re;  
|<8Fa%!HHc  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their _K!)0p  
   A     B    C              D 0a!|*Z  
  crops. 4 B[uF/[  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 mYk~ ]a-  
fC}uIci  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, {XC[Ia6jtL  
               A        B $EdL^Q2KAy  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 8h=K S   
        C          D ZBQ@S  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing pz{ ]O_px  
#g2&x sU  
(二) 不定式 IO2@^jup  
A. 动词不定式的省略 m*lcIa  
①、help后面可以省略to F0kAQgUv  
  help to do }P\6}cK  
  help sb. to do +KTHZpp!c2  
>oi?aD%  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid * ]D{[hV  
              A      B   Vkf{dHjW  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. 5Z:qU{[  
         C     D AW!A + ?F6  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 {DUtd u[  
R`Hy0;X  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 *l%&/\  
  make, \#N?  
  let, bV"t;R9  
  have sb. do sth `9T5Dem|#  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. m GJRCK_  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians 8NJT:6Q7l  
        A               B `'pAiu  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. &zP> pQr`#  
   C     D M7&G9SGZ  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know <:8Ew  
:V_UJ3xf  
③、感官动词 J`{  o`>  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe N8J(RR9O  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 47f\  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 ,^DP  
2n-kJl`: O  
GY^;$?  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Ji6.-[:  
(1)表示第一人 K5jeazasp  
the first woman to do sth. OEC/'QOae  
k*Aee7  
(2)表示迫使的动词 8N 3y(y0  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do 4G XS(  
XGjFb4Tw7  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis A(cR/$fn6  
     A                 B    w8 `1'*HG  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. BL"7_phM,  
       C           D @~UQU)-(  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 k1s5cg=n(  
KeXt"U  
#3'M>SaoH  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 <iGW~COd  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 i$<")q  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 Ndgx@LTQQ  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 mVh;=>8K  
  be apt to do ='m%Iq7X  
%H,s~IU  
(4)表示目的的名词, ju .pQ=PSX  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 \xv(&94U  
固定的句式: nAAv42j[  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. Hrph>v  
the objective 目标 J_-fs#[x  
aim AQT_s9"0  
goal M}f(-,9  
reason理由 sowwXrECg@  
function功能 Xtz:^tg  
intension意图 I~@8SSO,vH  
eF9GhwE=  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing G -+!h4p  
                       A  pRL:,q\  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. k+ w Ji  
           B          C     D ( N};.DB1Y  
分析:the function to provide, A错 4KnBb_w  
Y:t?W  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure |%mZ|,[  
                  A       }u=Oi@~  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds q CYu@Ho  
     B  El;"7Qn  
  that make up various components of a living cell. MGt>:&s(]  
    C    D $sE=[j'v  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 ]a4+]vLK  
f:<BUqa  
(5) 其他同根名词 wlaPE8Gc  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 {7z]+h  
 attempt to do 企图 Br 7q.  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 ^MF 2Q+  
 ambition, k_7b0 dr%F  
 be ambitious to do  10 *Tk 8  
 effort h-?yed*?  
6&ut r!\ 7  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 5P"R'/[PA_  
  A                    B   h%ys::\zF  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. R^o535pozc  
          C       D ^Z?m)qxvB  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 >Wt@O\k  
pF- _yyQ  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great n-cI~Ax+4  
  A                   B   YYYF a  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. @ztT1?!e  
       C            D ZZI} Ot{  
分析:efforts to register, C错 xsj ,l@Ey  
_uMG ?Sbx  
!~~KM?g  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 x-CjxU3  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 iIX%%r+  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. PKrG6% W+  
&'W7-Z\j-  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ~&D =;M/  
I am glad to see you. A&t8C8,  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. scH61Y8`  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. xz!0BG  
+?U[362>  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 #C&';HB;y  
It is difficult to decide. '2lzMc>wvP  
t;w<n"  
";rXCH.  
五、句子的结构 O~V^]   
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 k}fC58q  
SqPqL<,e  
(一) 主语的重复 ]j>xQm\  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 'fU#v`i  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any _F6<ba}o3  
          A      B      ';FJs&=I  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the VU,G.eLW  
          C          D !VWA4 e!+  
  League of Nations. DfAF-Yhut  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 yor'"6)i  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson P".}Y[GD  
yR>P  
 N~$>| gn  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are d9S/_iCI  
        A        B  g}<jn'@{  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. Bp7p X  
    C         D .ifz9 jM'  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 " 7^nRJy  
qF~9:`  
(二)谓语的重复 h<%$?h+}  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 =_-u;w1D  
e1W9"&4>G{  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  doL-G?8B  
    A            B    >ZOlSLu  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. gDU!dT  
         C   D G"F O%3&|  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 o^2MfFS  
F&wAre<  
(三)谓语的缺少 a U(.LC  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body s*Qyd{"z  
          A     B    7/~=[#]*  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. *MmH{!=  
         C               D Am*IC?@tq  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 a 4ViVy  
h_4*?w  
(四)主句的重复 L/jaUt[,  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 yq ;[1O_9C  
n{TWdC  
GxzO|vFQ  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite j#p;XI  
      A         B        C   -6DRX  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. 5c::U=  
     D _33 b %  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 q~> +x?30  
'zm5wqrkAd  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow $3"hOEN@5`  
        A   B       k ZG=C6a  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. f>6{tI 5X  
      C    D %@C8EFl%3  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ftRFG  
`C: 7 N=9  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided \ 86 g y/  
   A                     B  $CMye; yL  
  names for towns, only George Washington iHNQxLkk{:  
      C d;dT4vx$[M  
  is remembered in the name of a state. 8i[TeW"  
          D v Njc  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 r2#G|/=@  
六、比较级和最高级 dUa>XkPa\2  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 PpFQoY7M  
8WV5'cX  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 w` +,  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 1,=:an  
      A               {v'eP[  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. % WDTnEm  
     B       C           D W)ug %@)  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 XdA]);,  
<|k :%  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 CP\[9#]:  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. \h'7[vkr  
     A      B     C  D h'S0XU ;  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 ?J2A.x5` a  
@#hQ0F8  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere IN3-ZNx  
     A       B     C   D ;R0LJApey  
  is the grizzly bear. +)yoQRekX  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 !EKt$8W  
M{orw;1Isy  
T"htWo{v>  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 wg[ +NWJ  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 1d+Kn Jy  
'eBD/w5U  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with #f(tzPD  
   A           B  3}V (8  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. Qa/1*Mb  
   C                 D > A @yF?  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 0;LF>+fJ  
7R[7M%H  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 qGN> a[D  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 7_ 3 PM 3C  
7./-|#  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 H ABUf^~-  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 c/.s`hz  
the taller boy ?99r>01>  
bHm/ZZx  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 !W,LG$=/  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed 6K7lQ!#}Q  
          A            B ;=@O.iF;H  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is U.Vn|s(`z  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. a{e 2*V  
    C          D d]K8*a%[-  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they dpchZ{  
HZ!<dy3  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 qYVeFSS  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, ^PE|BCs  
  A  B         C     ze9n}oN  
  the Navajos form largest group. 2N |iOog  
         D IC"ktv bHz  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 q},,[t  
y+$vHnS/jC  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, 6)=;cc{Vr  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language F5H*z\/={  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the !s$1C=z5u  
'S74Ys=-0  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many D|$0~1y  
            A      B         C "WmsBdO  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. .L^j:2(L  
            D Omn $O>  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ;[Xf@xf  
~ [/jk !G  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the i&m6;>?`  
例如:my best friends #68$'Rl"o1  
}h/7M  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial "5$p=|  
            A    B     C &'DR`e O)  
  and banking center. ZF#lh]  
        D MVQ6I/EA4  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 Yc )Dx3  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 rK;<-RE<[:  
dF! B5(  
o9M r7  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary 6_rgRo&  
                 A         [ *C~BM  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. y fuH  
    B   C     D &01KHJY)/G  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 (<H@W/0$  
aAd1[?&  
七、平行结构 u]9 #d^%V  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 w!d(NA<|0]  
nD 4C $  
#4nBov3d  
(一) 对等连接词 0; w 4WJJ  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 Ya<V@qd  
单一式: and, or ,but U: <  
相关式: both…and, not … but, >G[:Q s  
     either …or, neither…nor W^;4t3eQf  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as ZRr.kN+F  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, NP!LBB)=Y  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also p ]s)Xys  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, .M[t5I'\  
SFEDR?s   
短语式: as well as < jX5}@`z  
     rather than (而不是) NOAz"m+o  
     other than (除…之外) .%0a  
     instead of (代替) NQOf\.#g  
5@W63!N  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 79jnYjk  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  UQb|J9HY4  
       A     B   \mt Y_O  
  but he is now living in Detroit. bXM&VW?OP  
       C   D LS-_GslE7\  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 &-vHb   
9D?JzTsyg  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics Y$ KR\ m  
       A         B (@* %moo  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford x.I?)x!C'  
  remained active in city and regional planning. gEgd/Le  
          C    D  .\ vrBf  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 a]8W32  
(二)平行的内容 *iSE)[W  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 ]4FAbY2'h  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of I;{Ua *  
             A         B   Q:ql~qew  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, SE M- t   
         C            D w[^lx q  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. iqWkhJphv  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 PFbkkQKsT  
btDTC 9O  
)L"J?wTe  
第二、名词单复数的平行 cNy*< Tv  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 k/Q8:qA  
C5X!H_p  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, +N|t:8qaf  
  A     B          C   AG G xx?I  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. a{.-qp  
                 D   {J;(K~>?m  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 SU.$bsu  
LS<*5 HWX  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, $A98h -*x  
                   A         B fz+dOIU3\L  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. +rDKx(Rk  
      C          D YgQb(umK  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have T4;gF6(0]  
-_>E8PhM  
第三、时态的平行 T >5N$i  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated gjB(Pwx  
                A     87R$Y> V  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops {t('`z  
                   B 5^N` ~  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. ' p T8S  
          C    D {YIVi:4q  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 sQO>1bh  
u X( #+  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- X $SXDb~G  
  spread from its home in Central America and Fw%S%*B8g  
  now grows throughout the tropics. Gr~J-#a3~D  
   (A) to be    (B) it   8~iggwZ~h"  
   (C) the     (D) its Aj"fkY|Q  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? &M #}?@!C  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ]!WD">d:  
Nbt.y 'd  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- $T*g@]   
  commercially for their meat and eggs. n-CFB:L  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised 3Io7!:+  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised hhJs$c(  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 uh3<%9#\k  
KtaoU2s  
第四、排列位置的平行 T{*!.+E  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. mzn#4;m$  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode #mRT>]di`D  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  H|<Zm:.%$  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes >8gb/?z  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes 28lor&Cc  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 v.>95|8  
E7@m& R  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: fh9w5hT={  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 mz3Dt>  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 et@<MU@ `  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 KOhIk*AC '  
32K  
八、词序的颠倒 F7JF1HfCP  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 < !PbD  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 J QA]O/|N  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage .\"8H1I\T  
              A    B        .-cx9&  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States.  1"RC!  
      C       D    2:;;  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 N$P\$  
S H6T\}X:  
kB_T9$0e#  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ^NFL3v8  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ?l^NKbw  
          A      B     S.*LsrSV  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. N$<R6DU]K  
    C         D nc.:Wm6Mj  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 sQLjb8!7  
2X0<-Y#'  
jXYjs8Iy  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 1i;#cIG  
#E4|@}30`  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were FR6 PY  
          A   B     C   &L r~x#Wx  
  in what is now the United States. }[SYWJIc  
    D 9~4@AGL  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 )8_MkFQe  
u4DrZ-v  
所有的系动词分为三大类: )&93YrHgC  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, b8|<O:]Hp  
    is, remain, keep, stay, Xx ou1l!  
    lie, exit(表示位于) u0nIr9  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 /&zlC{:G92  
    become, turn, grow, UD ;UdehC  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) zE i\#Zg$  
xpBQ(6Y  
第三种,感官动词 =-/sB>-C  
    seem(好像是) HSEz20s  
    look(看起来好像是) #{@qC2!2/  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste z[0tM&pv  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Gyb|{G_  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe +QeA*L$~  
    A               B     ba^/Ar(B  
   to cause numerous deaths. \w)ddc!ZS  
        C   D  t\f[->f  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 +NVXFjPC  
q2*1Gn9!j  
九、词性的混用 aev(CY,z  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 }H|'W[Q.  
Jv?EV,S/e  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 Ey{p;;H  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 9(lcQuE9  
"iUh.c=0F,  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ,JfP$HJ  
          A        B      jtgj h\Nt  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and &ju .5v|  
              C ijKQ`}JA  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. f6 s .xQ  
          D `W.g1"o8W4  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) P3v4!tR  
,s/laZ)V  
1 ]ePU8  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 +'_ peT.8  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 {u4AOM=)  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds Adgfo)X5  
         A       B      Y7;=\ /SV  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to zR )/h   
          C        `uC^"R(m  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. TeFi[1  
            D ElKMd  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 POf xN.  
bz.sWBugR  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 5 9i2*<k  
            A       V Ds0+RC  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of N#XC%66qy!  
      B      C 5 ed|]LP  
   urban Black people in the United States. }aQ*1Vcj  
   D &.qLE  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 C_yNSD  
\fp'=&tp~a  
fYpJ2y-sA  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 | GN/{KH]  
表示时间有两种可能, 9$D}j"  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 i:jns>E  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, xxwbX6^d  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 1 1(GCu  
GVfRy@7n  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 1(RRjT 9  
       A     B     2p 4iir  
  were made while the American Civil War.  J%T=FU  
   C    D q=-h#IF^  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 wQ[!~>A  
Mpco8b-b  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the ,_s.amL3O{  
   A      B           C    oOaLD{g>  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 4wGBB{X  
          D  $&1Dl  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 ]7oo`KcQ|  
)rlkQ'DN  
H9(UzyN>i  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ]&9=f#k%  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 2.]d~\  
LC$M_Cpw  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social j5A>aj  
                   A     D,|TQ Q  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. Y3s8@0b3  
     B   C    D mN.  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 wy{ sS}  
B9$pG  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples k\9kOZW  
   A        B   C      a dRIg:2  
  easily under the stress of compression. o iC@ /  
   D ^)a:D KL  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 ;' |CSjco  
cLvnLaA}  
G2 V$8lh  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 -AU'1iRcK7  
[*I7^h%  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine m-+>h:1b|9  
    A         B o|c&$)m  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. Qh6 vH9(D  
          C            D vu}U2 0@  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 1zw,;m n  
9`5.0**  
Pn4jI(  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, RlU?F  
         A u,}>I%21  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. z4` :n.  
   B      C      D Z#[%JUYp'  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 c* ~0R?  
|nr;OM  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 5|t-CY{?b  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; c,ct=m.|6A  
two hundred diligent students
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