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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 v$@1q9 5J  
一、代词 /Bgqf,N |  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 ZYY~A_C  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 z2Wblh"_  
  主格、宾格、所有格 AW \uE[kg  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) *ze/$vz-  
WU=EJY}#n  
(二) 反身代词 X! 6dg.n5  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ?`Mk$Y%my  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) Ok)f5")N %  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) #X``^  
`K@N\V M  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  {4SaS v^/  
    A                 B    1,zc8>M  
  a series of indicators that could help ~x4]p|)</  
             C      "fv+}'  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. 7s%1?$B  
    D ~ m vv :u  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 {=Ji2k0U'  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 gkTwGI+w  
r$M<vo6C  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 "ivVIq2  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 ] !1HN3  
7)O+s/.P)  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies Hsov0  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the L{;Q6_ m  
     A   B      C          D !jEV75  
  Pacific. o*d(;  
Ed;!A(64r  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 )BaGY  
D8B\F5..c#  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 dpge:Qhr  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: qKeR}&b  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 rK;<-RE<[:  
dF! B5(  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined o9M r7  
                       A   4 u0?[v[Hu  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and Z6WNMQ1:  
             B `x#}co  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. y fuH  
   C       D y'oH>l+n  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 r>KmrU4Q  
BGH'&t_5  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 8/P!i2o  
        A     >*^SQ{9  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John h<CRW-  
   B        C      S5L0[SZ$!  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  z} r  
      D L cy6G%A  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. &(o&Y  
ofYZ! -V  
K1;b4Sl?A  
(四) Who和which的区别 ycIcM~<4  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 r M}o)  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 VS~+W=5}  
x A*6Z)Y  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who +n &8" )  
              A            B < jX5}@`z  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. S]e;p\8$Z  
   C                  D S,Qa\\~z  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 7^#O{QYol  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 rof9Rxxe-  
egWfKL&iy  
(五) that和which的区别 BuitM|k'  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 Xoq -  
1:|o7`  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it OzTR#`oey  
              A        B \2Q#'  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. ?2gXF0+~Y2  
      C              D P+e{,~o  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ?cK67|%W  
lm{4x~y$h  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 &EC8{.7  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, %Go/\g   
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 95/;II  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 9`&sZ|"3  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 3]&le[.  
$9 G".T  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly >v1.Gm  
              A         B   +5:9?&lH  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. zRR^v&.9K  
         C      D A#F6~QX(.9  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 0OtUb:8LX  
+\.0Pr  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  tCj\U+;  
  affected the way people in the United States----. zUWWXC%R  
   (A) living and working 2H ~E~6G  
   (B) they live and work E7<l^/<2S+  
   (C) live and work 1b2xWzpG  
   (D) to live and to work T9>,Mx%D[  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 a,xy3 8T<  
w)>/fG|;  
二、介词 HoZsDs.XZ  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Rf{YASPIw&  
V#~.n ;d  
(一) 介词搭配 C&.Q|S2_  
6""i<oR  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those e,*@+E\4  
    A         B   C      K[q-[q#yc  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. ztC,[   
                D "Q[?W( SA  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 0.^67'  
^W0eRT  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. y*- D  
A       B     C  D 22EI`}"J  
分析:B错改为be rich in k !g%vx  
o"qG'\x  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the lQVK~8t3  
    A         B      C M1K[6V!   
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. S6{y%K2y&  
             D ~[0^{$rrWs  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 u/` t+-A  
lt{"N'Gw6  
o r[! C %  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 GOX2'N\h^  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 S|_"~Nd=  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. VW**N}1#C  
          A      B  C     D [:l=>yJ{(  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 9@YhAj   
Bv^5L>JZ/  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 69zMWuY  
                 A  B     Ym9~/'%]  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on {s?x NU  
      C }IV=qW,  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ]J .|XRp/  
      D rf =Wq_  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 {br6*  
R(#ZaFuo[  
2、介词by +\25ynM  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by Pq3|O Z  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing OTWp,$YA=  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States Z':w X  
    A         B       Z (C 0+A\  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. =dY!-#yg!  
   C     D \T^ptj(0  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 f SMy?8  
+sx$%N  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 4&G #Bi  
   A                      >]ZW.?1h  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 1F{,Zr  
     B    C       D __,F_9M  
   supply moccasins and field rations. Eb9n6Fg  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Tvd: P^ C  
HD>UTX`&mc  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with # 2?3B  
        A                ,7SqR Y,+  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements  OF O,5  
        B          C   V6fJaZ  
  that are often represented at symbols. ~SYW@o  
              D b-YmS=*  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 -mG ,_}F  
三、谓语动词 {ukQBu#}<  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ma@!"Z8 S  
①、主谓分割原则 %g~zE a-g  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, |*N;R+b  
     A     T (? CDc+  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. G$;cA:p-j  
        B      C      D <l<6W-I   
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 ^#4Ah[:XA  
4X5KrecNr  
②、与后者一致原则 =LKf.@]#  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, T%w5%{dqJ  
not only…but also - #-Bo  
i-R}O6  
=4g PoS  
③、与前者一致原则 3e)$<e  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, Em(Okr,0  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 >S]"-0tGD=  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ~ #7uNH2  
     A      B  C     z&CBjlh  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. t\f[->f  
         D +NVXFjPC  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 2IXtIE  
 vPAL,  
④、就近原则 -?NAA]P5c@  
or, either…or, neither…nor, /4KHf3Nr  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are lLLPvW[Q  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ~bz$]o-<  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 sW76RKX8  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 FmgMd)#  
Xq}}T%jcd  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are +%Z:k  
        A      B        m;!X{CV  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. o $'K}U  
    C              D * bUOd'vh  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 *'@ sm*  
-B#K}xL|x  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 &a)d,4e<M  
There are five apples that are red. bmJdZD7-<k  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 yQf(/Uxk*x  
^DVryeLD  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets jwSPLq%  
      A            O^@F?CG :1  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. I= a?z<  
   B   C    D t*`Sme]"B  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 4vV\vXT*  
fNBI!=  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 POf xN.  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. F<Xtp8  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 "Y@q?ey[1  
1 hD(l6tG@  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 9 9^7Ek!z#  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: N 6> rU  
a. there be 句型 w| ahb  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ! Y&]Y G  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 rV} 5&N*c  
,C|{_4  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. Wr-I~>D%_  
   A     B      C    D    sE ^YOT<  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ^f9@ =I  
zGy+jeH:.  
:jC$$oC].  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific mF UsTb]f  
             A     B    ?bg /%o  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 &eqqgLz  
     C         5\h6'  
  miles in width. X Vb9)a  
     D  +ej5C:El_}  
分析:倒装句,are改为is e)m6xiZ  
1Zi` \N4T  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and V]m}xZ'?^  
   A    B       C         %@|)&][hO  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film N(3Bzd)   
                    D EBiLe;=X  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. IiJ$Ng  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 )u4=k(  
/Ak\Q5 O'3  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Q laoa)d#  
fifty percent of + 名词 R %q:].  
one percent of + 名词 \RRSrPLd-  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 4mtO"'|  
  one percent of my students + are A (p^Q  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. C'{B  
g9NE>n(3  
这里要强调两个结构 >AY9 F|:  
half of =fifty percent q&_\A0  
most of + 可数名词 + are :UAcS^n7h"  
most of + 不可数名词+ is N U+PG`Vb  
\I^"^'CP  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been D:?"Rf{)  
   A       B         C   :eT\XtxM~{  
  found in central and eastern Canada. EyA(W;r.  
           D }Kp$/CYd  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 *5?Qam3  
EwgNd Gcj  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized ~D`R"vzw=  
                 A   B  CfD4m,6  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. o|c&$)m  
              C     D nh80"Ny5  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 e'c3.sQ|?  
;l<Hen*  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 #3eI4KJ4+l  
①、主要考察时间状语 6}0_o[23  
vb]uO ' l  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 2"j&_$#l5X  
   A        B  C     D lbw+!{Ch  
dM19;R@4  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was $}5M`p\&C  
n "^rS}Y]  
0(9gTxdB  
②、For和since的区别 6 b?K-)kL  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 [u J<]  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 6 OvH"/X4  
  I has been a teacher for three years. SB5qm?pT8<  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. 7}~nQl2  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 !vc 5NKv#n  
g2*}XS 3  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became .i*ja*   
   A      B              <Hz11 }<(  
  the primary responsibility of the president. wdV)M?  
     C    D R$MR|  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 QfM^J5j.M?  
f(K1 ,L:&7  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of Vhb~kI!x  
             A  B  C   Q&%gpa ).W  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. <Nc9F['&#  
            D FT}^Fi7  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 /BF7N3  
//Xz  
dr(e)eD(R>  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  I<xcVY9L  
   A       B        C     D 4K4u]"1  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live w> Ft5"z  
^BI&-bR@  
(三) 谓语的语态  |Xv\3r  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 HBk5 p>&  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: &;Go CU Le  
①、prove 2elj@EB,M  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 +s [_ 4  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; a{?>F&vnU  
<!|=_W6  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming D6e<1W  
                      A   X&K,,C  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be W^3'9nYU  
    B                  C qrt2uE{K  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. nXxnyom,  
                  D yG>sBc  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 J=n^&y  
g|!=@9[dv  
UB% ;P-RD  
②、Locate,Situate P|aSbsk:I<  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 ;:Kc{B.s  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 i{J[;rV9  
这两个词也可以用作被动 ?/p."N:]H  
  My school was located near the river. %g4)f9>  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 OQT i$2  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. gti=GmL(L  
   (A)locates ,z0E2  
   (B)locating 6M8(KN^  
   (C)to locate ZJ_P=  
   (D)is located HMR!XF&JjC  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 xtp55"g  
 HYg7B  
③、表示需要概念的动词 .MRLA G  
need, want, require等 "S&1J8D|  
`P9%[8`C 9  
My watch needed repairing ;WL0  
My watch needed to be repaired. %M05& <  
8L(KdDY  
④、表示人的情感的动词 H Sk}09GV  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 :.\h.H;  
wijY]$  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 H*>5ne=x  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 K+c>C j}H  
~bJ*LM?wOP  
主动和被动技巧总结: *yA. D?  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 HLM"dmI   
px_%5^zRQ  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the C/pu]%n@4  
                 A      GD .>u  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, &Lgi  
                 B T k4"qGC.  
  power structures, and flood-control works along (*YENT}  
                    C \(ZOt.3!J  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. YY<e]CriU  
                D gG=E2+=uy  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 gs77")K&  
bga2{<VF  
四、非谓语动词 !b+Kasss9  
V]9 ?9-r  
(一) 分词 'H,l\i@"  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 \6${Na' \  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 e: :H1V  
Gwkp(9d  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then "2bCq]I0  
   A {GiR-q{t  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. Ie?C<(8Ul  
     B      C            D 4<&`\<jZ  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning up7]Yy;o=  
kSw.Q2ao  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 `D%bZ%25c  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in R@r"a&{/  
      A               B   9YpD\H`  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. !}^ {W)h[  
               C         D Y75,{1\l0  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living Y m|zM1qc  
e? fFh,a  
j xr~cp?4  
一些动词后面必须用doing dg 4 QA_"  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 fgP_NYfOj  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, T?c:z?j_9  
 advocate, suggest }CA oB::&  
 delay, quit 7!` ,P  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, s7<x~v+^  
 avoid, escape(逃避) o+( .Pb  
 spend+名词+doing; r"a0!]n  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Z! m0nx  
4*_9Gl  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 5 d S5,  
   A     B    C              D a jW[}/)  
  crops. ^'~+w3M@  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 [|\~-6"7N|  
hd.^ZD7  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, *.AokY)_a  
               A        B I m1e/F]  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. eW]K~SPd7  
        C          D VAF+\Cea=  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing DQd~!21\|  
=)(o(bfSKr  
(二) 不定式 iNgHx[*?  
A. 动词不定式的省略 M& GA:`  
①、help后面可以省略to G@anY=D\EB  
  help to do 9Nglt3J[  
  help sb. to do }| _uqvin  
IDb|J%e^P  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid oW(p (>  
              A      B   %8tlJQvu  
  the habits that might shorten the lives.  ;OQ{  
         C     D Funep[rA  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 %lAJ]$m  
nk]jIR y^T  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 R 28v5  
  make, ]L%qfy4  
  let, aH e/MucK  
  have sb. do sth CE:TQzg  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. fP%hr gL  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians sXkWs2!  
        A               B |j$&W;yC  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. gR"'|c   
   C     D 2c@R!*  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know z@^[.  
C] qY  
③、感官动词 7^#f<m;Ar!  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe ~mx me6"v  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 aR ao\Wp|  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 Tk9u+;=6$  
MQY^#N  
\@vR*E  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 2@@OjeANsX  
(1)表示第一人 kMAQHpDD  
the first woman to do sth. O E0w/{  
-z./6dQ  
(2)表示迫使的动词 fDhV *LqW  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do \dTX%<5D  
rlmzbIu I9  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis u;p{&\ (]  
     A                 B    b26#0;i  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. b[<r+e8  
       C           D <61T)7  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 eTem RNz  
aa2&yc29hp  
wv>*g:El'  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 ]l7) F-v  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 R7}=k)U?d@  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 '=K [3%U  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 ma[%,u`  
  be apt to do .|iMKRq  
"{1`~pDj?  
(4)表示目的的名词, kIhP 73M  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 U>?q|(u  
固定的句式: S7]\tw_L)  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. (? j $n?p  
the objective 目标 ' RK .w^  
aim %Z9&zmO  
goal qpzzk9ba[  
reason理由 3fPd|F.kF  
function功能 uvR9BL2=  
intension意图 zmd,uhNc:  
/{@^h#4M1  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ^f*}]`S  
                       A  u"eO&Vc  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. pa4,W!t  
           B          C     D 8>^(-ca_  
分析:the function to provide, A错  .>? h  
x?s5vxAKf  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure 5@l[!Jl0k  
                  A       /){F0Zjjt  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds XfY~q~f8  
     B  pkTg.70wU  
  that make up various components of a living cell. )Dn~e#  
    C    D qkQ _#  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 2y6@:VxSh  
">pW:apl%  
(5) 其他同根名词 WZ}je!82  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ~yacJU=  
 attempt to do 企图 _<Hx1l~  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 % 1f, 8BM  
 ambition, dzA5l:5  
 be ambitious to do  nT7{`aaQl  
 effort g7*"*%v 2  
>R|*FYam  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation X`xI~&t_  
  A                    B   D@]gc&JN[  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. ZHPsGHA  
          C       D ,$;g'z!N  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 L|sWSrqd  
Y-8qAF?SJ]  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great _-N S-E  
  A                   B   eF O+@  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. M~&|-Hm  
       C            D ]>utLi5dX  
分析:efforts to register, C错 ~&E|;\G  
$D,m o2I  
3J\NkaSR  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 jgiP2k[Xom  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 C:tA|<b|  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock.  L_+0[A  
#=WDJ T:  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 e O,  
I am glad to see you. T[$Sbz`  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. Df_W>QC  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. I3Sl>e(Z  
ArkFC  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 >/"XX,3  
It is difficult to decide. (l 2 2p  
(4V1%0  
dE5DH~ldV  
五、句子的结构 h3;Ij'  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 f}4c#x  
f5a%/1?  
(一) 主语的重复 ? Di, '  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 3w )S=4lB  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any 4x'^?0H@  
          A      B      yh_s( >sh  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the kyJv,!};  
          C          D eEsEW<su  
  League of Nations. nGW wXySq  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 $#4z >~0  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson }sy3M rb  
|iM*}Ix-  
(Xq eX(s  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are <O$'3 _S"D  
        A        B  #Mbt%m  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. 4v2(YJ%u  
    C         D qUtVqS  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 %n}.E30 4  
1rPeh{SZ  
(二)谓语的重复 /LSiDys  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 wuYo@DDU#  
xC;$/u%'  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  Kg]( kP  
    A            B    Jy|Mfl%d  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. C)C;U&Qd  
         C   D P`bR;2o  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 M3z7P.\G  
zV80r+y  
(三)谓语的缺少 p>}N9v;Bo  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 0N T3  
          A     B    ^cAJCbp7  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. U_8I$v-~  
         C               D fglZjT  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 !CMN/=  
X 1'Ze,34  
(四)主句的重复 x) U;  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 -"nYCF  
h n ]6he  
O71rLk;  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite O0l;Qi  
      A         B        C   "nefRz%j+  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. VsMNi#?  
     D 1 M{#"t{6  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 3// v{ce1]  
c,fedH;  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow +~v(*s C  
        A   B       v%- V|L  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. n 3]y$wK  
      C    D gA|j\T{c  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 q'r3a+  
D-!%L<<  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided c 1GP3  
   A                     B  FHC7\#p/9Z  
  names for towns, only George Washington 5b'S~Qj#r$  
      C d!:SoZ  
  is remembered in the name of a state. 4\3t 5n  
          D GZt] 38V)g  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 wp*1HnWj8Y  
六、比较级和最高级 "!?bC#d#(  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 OEW,[d  
e8 aV qq[  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 Gp+XM  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which gEsR-A!m  
      A               @k,(i=**  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. #^ #i]{g  
     B       C           D y9hZ2iT  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 T7~v40jn|  
|GQ$UB  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 cx(F,?SbS  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. {;DZ@2|  
     A      B     C  D e~;)-Z  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 pH%c7X/[3L  
)d u{ZWr  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere s[4 !R&b  
     A       B     C   D )\Q|}JV  
  is the grizzly bear. iQ C&d_#  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 3uG5b8?  
Aq'E:/  
 89=JC[c  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 O>5u5n  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 X]"OW  
g*r;( H>e  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 'OW"*b  
   A           B  U2lC !j%K  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. YPDsE&,J)  
   C                 D pbxcsA\  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 6Ok=q:;  
NZW)X[nXM  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 SH$cn,3F8  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as ff./DMDafI  
MGyB8(  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 ~w9 =Fd6  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 SJc@iffS  
the taller boy @&xaaqQ-  
o``>sBZOq  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 +ls*//R  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Sc$8tLDLj  
          A            B mS~ ]I$  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is 5h=TV  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. X8SRQO^  
    C          D l8AEEG8>  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they zvb} p  
SM#S/|.]  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 ;!JX-Jq  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, $K_YC~  
  A  B         C     6^IqSNn-  
  the Navajos form largest group. {29S`-|P  
         D =Wk/q_.  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 >AzWM .r  
Tq\~<rEo  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, uJam $V  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language hUT^V(  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 0+<eRR9 -  
4`U0">gY  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many :9F''f$AP  
            A      B         C 9sU+IT K4  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. RE>ks[  
            D 4d e]?#=  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 lTr*'fX  
C3\E.u ?  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the _))I.c=v  
例如:my best friends jkF+g$B  
/j' B\,  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial @ 2!C^}d3F  
            A    B     C 0Ws;|Yg  
  and banking center. cZgMA8 F  
        D AUxM)H  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 wMz-U- z  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ^IVe[P'  
xEVLE,*?>  
?L@@;tt  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary 4O`6h)!NQ  
                 A         nw0L1TP/J  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. w{3Q( =&  
    B   C     D g@@&sB-A"  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 SPkKiEdM  
aXdf>2c{JD  
七、平行结构 K DYYB6|  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 2yln7[a  
 c6Lif)4  
'lhP!E_)q  
(一) 对等连接词 Mo}H_8y  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 e(yQKwVD  
单一式: and, or ,but 5M%,N-P^  
相关式: both…and, not … but, Ag0]U  
     either …or, neither…nor d5DP^u  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as 2Co@+I[,4&  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, "~u_\STn <  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also Fr-[UZ~V  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, [tUv*jw%  
]o-Fi$h!  
短语式: as well as 6Wj@r!u  
     rather than (而不是) I-xwJi9?,  
     other than (除…之外) h4f ~5- Y  
     instead of (代替) Oqpp=7  
P: n#S%  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 W1v CN31  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  eY T8$  
       A     B   #wF1  
  but he is now living in Detroit. p ZtgIS(3  
       C   D e1Ob!N-  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 J' W}7r  
[4p=X= B  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics `)6>nPr7P  
       A         B Z | We9%  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford * vYn_wE  
  remained active in city and regional planning. `\!X}xiWd  
          C    D  c15r':.5  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 AM'gnP>  
(二)平行的内容 ,+se  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 +semfZ)  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of {7qA&c=  
             A         B   e&0NK8&#+  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, LP9)zi  
         C            D .]P 2}w)x?  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. 8V-,Xig;`  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ltoqtB\s  
bj}=8k0  
/PXioiGcs  
第二、名词单复数的平行 cx{T '1  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 >Q=Ukn;k  
|g<*Rk0  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ?g3 ]~;#  
  A     B          C   `XW*kxpm  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. L,?/'!xV  
                 D   v0#*X5 C1'  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 o>F*Itr{  
Q`A6(y/s?  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ZB[k{Y  
                   A         B PK 4`5uT  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. ?gSSli[  
      C          D 8:thWGLN  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have KzphNHd  
Gr: 3{o`  
第三、时态的平行 gcf6\f}\<  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated u1Ek y/e-  
                A     7LCp7$Cp  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops brSi<  
                   B {q3:Z{#>7  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. c0ez/q1S  
          C    D <&<,l58[c  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 G[h(xp?,l  
= 96P7#%  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- p!zJ;rh)  
  spread from its home in Central America and WKl+{e  
  now grows throughout the tropics. Quzo8 u  
   (A) to be    (B) it   lA^+Flh  
   (C) the     (D) its e ZLMP  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? U# JIs  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow Q@-ovuxi  
mC[UXN/  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- F|+W.9  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. <rIz Z'D  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised bAwl:l\`  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised ymN!-x8q>'  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 $uj(G7_  
p$E8Bn%[  
第四、排列位置的平行 v [njdP  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. RA O`i>@  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode ]N{0:Va@D  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  mQ~:Y  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes fc _2D|  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes E=]4ctK  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 ,*I@  
:G5uocVk  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: u3 0s_\  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 *QGm/ /b  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 LOy0hN-$b  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 a>O9pX  
!p/%lU65  
八、词序的颠倒 k^"bLf(4  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 -_ C#wtC  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 PxS4,`#~  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage .xhK'}l[  
              A    B        #|GSQJ$F)`  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. gD`>Twa&6  
      C       D    U6E\AvbRn  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 FGWN}&K  
_A13[Mt3  
W14F  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 7>XDNI  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only .MQ^(  
          A      B     uiq^|5Z  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 'r1LSht'  
    C         D p'7*6bj1  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 tCxF~L@  
o<IAeH {+  
WE]e m >  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 akw,P$i  
rc&%m  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were  |@NiW\O  
          A   B     C   niB `2 J  
  in what is now the United States. lL1k.& |5m  
    D f& v9Q97=  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 ;7N{^"r  
^B8b%'\  
所有的系动词分为三大类: {uzf"%VtP  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, jZ NOt  
    is, remain, keep, stay, 7{& |;U  
    lie, exit(表示位于) ;M"9$M'  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 dOa%9[  
    become, turn, grow, l;o1 d-n]  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 6@DF  
J:V?EE,\-  
第三种,感官动词 )"Ztlhs`#  
    seem(好像是) x.S3Zi}=  
    look(看起来好像是) N-lkYL-%\j  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste ]U"94S U:)  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 H;RwO @v  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe 6gc>X%d`K  
    A               B     x.-+[l[1 !  
   to cause numerous deaths. W6Y]N/v3>  
        C   D  |\pbir  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 !qG7V:6  
Jv^h\~*jH  
九、词性的混用 ](hE^\ SC  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 R17?eucZ  
0Vx.nUQ  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 ]q4rlT.i  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; @;"|@!l|  
_*f`iu:`  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high YOcO4   
          A        B      79;<_(Y  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and PUUwv_  
              C 'dn]rV0(C  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. kDsFR#w&`  
          D #{;k{~;PF  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) Abc)i7!.,.  
o2F)%TDY  
{e 14[0U-  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 tS6qWtE  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 F1yqxWHeo  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds " )1V]}+m  
         A       B      Bx< <~[Ws}  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to %#kg#@z_`e  
          C        9w7n1k.  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. "]} bFO7C  
            D 3ca (i/c  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 _z|65H  
<eWf<  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, W:pIPDx1=!  
            A       , s"^kFl  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of V2wb%;q  
      B      C [M=7M}f;  
   urban Black people in the United States. !$gR{XH$]  
   D ?^al9D[:lz  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 Mh]Gw(?w  
SE1=>S% p  
V_.5b&@  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 Rl?_^dPx  
表示时间有两种可能, g}1B;zGf  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 iP ->S\  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, &]|?o_p3W  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 , /Z%@-rF  
Yi %;|]  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence kTOzSiq  
       A     B     f<d`B]$(  
  were made while the American Civil War. - M4J JV(  
   C    D T $>&[f$6  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 iL-(O;n  
KQ!8ks]  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the rr],DGg+B]  
   A      B           C    wDal5GJp  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. PR#exm&  
          D {HltvO%8  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 Tztu}t]N  
'}53f2%gKa  
$]/{[@5  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 !C ' :  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 99e.n0  
3w*R&  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social C!<Ou6}!b  
                   A     )4e.k$X^  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. l`lk-nb  
     B   C    D )0]'QLH  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 %D{6[8  
$Vg>I>i  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples C_}]`[  
   A        B   C      Uiw2oi&_  
  easily under the stress of compression. t\dN DS  
   D V+Y%v.F  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 q 'yva  
Vx u0F]%  
v0{i 0%d,?  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 Ty?cC**  
eF$x1|  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine iOghb*aW  
    A         B %YscBG  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. 194)QeoFw  
          C            D )m T<MkP  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 b2Fe<~S{  
(y~TL*B  
1.GQau~  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, `*R:gE=  
         A {%H'z$|{  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. D/&o& G96  
   B      C      D +'HqgSPyb  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 !*N@ZL&X  
G5 WVr$  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 wlqksG[B  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; cdT7 @  
two hundred diligent students
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