高分语法讲解 NP+*L|-;
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第一章 名词 BH;7CK=7R
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容
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第一节 可数名词 ;) c 4
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考点一 单复数 q@+#CUa&n
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 n[f<]4<
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 f7du
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例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) ,Oj
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 \v,mr|
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: &pk&8_=f
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes }i\U,mH0_&
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories %uUQBZ4
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives '*d);{D8
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs $Y3mO~
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例题: sfUKH;xC
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. H%
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答案:A ),%(A~\
应改为:Flowers $KAOJc4<
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 b$,~S\\c
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic gd=gc<z YP
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pain. ='U>P(
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答案:A <,\Op=$l3I
应改为:Doctors !$1'q~sO
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 ]Lz:oV^%
考点二 复数形式特例 hALg5.E{T
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 'G>gNq
1.单复数词形相同 Z H1UAf
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 f*tKj.P
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: L';b908r2
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises t7; ^rk*
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula !YZ$WiPl
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena EH2
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: >r8$vQ Gj
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), "u=U@1 ^
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), -z6{!
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: }]K^b1Fs5
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) +61h!/<W
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5 不规则的名词复数 DM[gjfMXu
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice 8Vf]K}d
tooth - teeth foot - feet A!bH0=<I
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 QgB%\mO=
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例题: ^PrG5|,s
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading bxFDB^
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. lAZn0EU
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(2)
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Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed j
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feet. aH(B}wh{
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答案:D 2
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应改为:foot B$)&;Q
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 B33H,e)
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 @5Zg![G
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第二节 限定词 q\q8xF~[p
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: {L9WeosQ
1.之后肯定接单数: 1 Ka,u20
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. :^H#i:4
例句: Each of them has two books. fBZAO
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) Qe,aIh
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2.之后肯定接复数: Wd78 bu|
these, those, many, such, other, y?4%
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大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), 8n`O{8:fi
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several fO'"UI
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of o1B8_$aYgc
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc t=B>t S.hO
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 QW[
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考点一 否定限定词no
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: 'Bc{N^
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. I(2qXOG
No one is here. LFHzd@Y7"
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: %n7Y5|Uh
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; y8k*{1MuO
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 %hnv
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例题: czH`a=mjH
(1) n>|7 k3
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. W:z?w2{VI(
(A) none <.6bni
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(B) no ZM$}Xy\9
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(D) nor N%:)M T,&g
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答案: C s'Op|`&X
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 7 g2@RKo
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Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when g
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. %M/rpEE"b%
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答案: A t(,_
应改为: No vxmz3ht,Q
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 Xgs 31#K
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考点二 their等物主代词 FN)vFQ#J
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars /6$8djw
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 V6.w=6:`X
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. G{8>
这里用their 而不用 the |KM<\v(A{
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例题: ^{vf|zZ _
(1) mnwYv..ePz
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten i5QG_^X&
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the lives. iHp@R-g
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答案: D KG5h$eM'
应改为: their BV9%|
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 b)5z'zQu
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(2) .Y?/J,Ch
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any 0^27grU>
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specific way. |]<eJ|\=
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答案: B 0S{dnp
应改为: its fC
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解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 gD[
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 !_EaF`oh(
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 (ei;Y~i
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例题: 4)o_gm~6c4
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or
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relating those objects.
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答案: B Ek [V A\G
应改为: is a set [e2sUO0~r
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 TJ:B_F*bSk
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(2) dQ=mg#(
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. Lx-ofN\
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答案: D Y$%/H"1bk
应改为: responses ZQT14. $L
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few g)*[W>M
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 tJ>OZ
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) (+<SR5,/3
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, )
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第三节 冠词作限定词 #zC_;u$
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 `A@{})+
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考点一 不定冠词a / an m~ %\f8w-x
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 5;+OpB
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university G#ov2
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour (W3~r
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). O/^7TBTn<r
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例题: "nXL7N0
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How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever >HatbbA
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. V6Kw71'9
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答案: B有错 +]-~UsM
应改为: puzzle. :T(3!}4
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle fOEw]B#@
(2) won;tO]\;@
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a Sw<@u+Z;%
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question of physiology and of culture. 62~8>71;'
答案: D有错 6p%;:mDB
应改为: day ,)3%@MwO
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day %
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(3) G9ku(2cq
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the 8 SII>iL{
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nonprofessional metal worker. /1ZRjf^
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答案: C 9frLYJz"
应改为: still a practical f
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解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 4Cs
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a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 R&Y+x;({
例题: k@MAi*
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A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. y/57 >.3
A B C D c\cPmj@
答案: A 2fIHFo\8
应改为: An emotion EM9K^l`
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an M?m Pi 3
(2) ~>vv9-_
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine tnL $v2e6q
A B C [\eh$r\
chemically with other atoms. KQGdV{VFs
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答案: A LsB|}_j7
应改为: an atom MvV\?Lzj
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an ~jcdnm]
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考点二 定冠词the #Bu W
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: JmlMfMpXMs
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: ;1x(~pD*o
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower tZ|0w
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(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: ;W
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the first woman, the nineteenth century $W} YXLFj?
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby hbfN1"z
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: Lt'FA
the largest city, the most advanced technology
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(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: s>pM+PoGYd
the development of the watch, e'nhP
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: C[X2]zr
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun /O`<?aP%
在下列情况下,一般不用the: xlKg0&D
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: PCqE9B)l
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) qnO>F^itF
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the ;q5.\m:
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) _|^cudRv
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: LZ'Y3 *
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) 8bTE#2+-
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: H;
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Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… zEBUR%9
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: PS:"mP7n
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed Ns2<wl-
乘车的词组: cPp<+ ts
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), BmhIKXE{*
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) V'M#."Of/
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), B'}pZOa[Wb
打球的词组: 'nQQqx%v
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball 9]4 W
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. Oaj$Z-
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例题: pP|LSrY!
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. eeM$c`Y<
(A) it was the VKb=)v[K
(B) that the ~ TfN*0
(C) there was a EvGKcu
(D) the !;%+1j?d
答案:D ]_js-+w6
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 W*WSjuFr2
(2) X%R )
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of N@x5h8
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Alaska and a territory of the Canada. kE[Hq-J=N
C D XCyAt;neon
答案:D LXq0hI
应改为:of njGZ#{"eC
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 79d<,q;uR
(3) E oh{+>:6
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to "?Yf3G: \0
A B C #-7m@EU;O
nineteenth century. b
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D HLb`'TC3r+
答案:D 7*C>4G
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应改为:to the nineteenth t2h
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解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the N?l
第四节 不可数名词 qk_YFR?R
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 |'!9mvt=
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抽象名词如: =v6qr~
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: Q7pjF`wu
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), g93Hl&
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), I!u fw\[
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) fp2uk3Bm[
还有表达学科类的名词如: @XN*H- |
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, I`uOsZBO/
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) UE 1tm
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物质名词如: ^+u/Lw&
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), @2/xu
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) -m_H]<lWZ
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 Lem:zXj
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, W
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如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), VL8yL`~zc.
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) sG:tyv
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2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 ;{Tf:j'g
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice L%31>)8
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, H57wzG{xG
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 {LqahO*
例题: 25/M2u?
(1) g$^I/OK?
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and Qkx}A7sK
A B C D 1aS66TS3
trade. O%m>4OdH
答案:C b9"HTQHl
应改为:advertising u$nYdda
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解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 +a74] H"
词汇:barter: 实物交易 e8VtKVcY
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考点二 限定词 (<ngdf`,
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: V@`A:Nc_>
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) V[avV*;3i
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 O"m(C[+[
例题: lJdwbuB6
(1) k_](u91
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear z1m$8-4
A B C DRmN+2I
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. ,xuA%CF-S
D MznMt2-u
答案:D ER)to<k
应改为:little. SEsLJ?Dv0
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little |5#iPw_wMY
(2) !R3ZyZcX
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge xL}~R7
A B ??
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thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. &v.Nj9{zi
C D lWWy|r'il
答案:B LRKl3"M
应改为:much evidence 6/l{e)rX2o
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 %G/j+Pf
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 al{}p
例如: `
;v>fTcy
a lot of students , a lot of money 0qhSV B5
the rest of the students, the rest of money -|YDKcL
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. P"ATqQG%D
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第五节 所有格及of结构 z3(:a'
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 ^>t
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所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, Nc[[o>/Cb
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office `cn}}1Lg]
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , >w)A~ F<
如: the students' union, the ladies' room hH*/[|z
例题: 3iv;4e ;
(1) H*V Z&{\7
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. <OA[u-ph%S
(A) of the drop C .{`-RO
(B) the drop's s7G!4en
(C) drop of 4Up\_
(D) drops their ^y p`<=
答案: (B) \*.u(8~2o
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 SE
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(2) J4>k9~q
Over a very lar .Q$/\E
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 3 V{&o,6
(A) occurs aFtL_#
U
(B) will occur <[w>Mbqj_
(C) can occur d>r_a9 .u
(D) occurring JtGBNz!"
答案:D qGH\3g-
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 \o2cztl=
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考点二 of结构 mb_~
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A
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) jo^+
如: the title of the passage />[X
k
例如: DP<[Uz&
(1) TOvpv@?-
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names fx`o
e
A B C d-BUdIz
of some works years after their completion.
[Adkj
D B`1"4[{
答案: C y4Fuh nb>
应改为: paintings Weu%&u-
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 2,.;Mdl
(2) =%IBl]Z!"
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and )/_T`cN
A B C D NP?hoqeKs
spinal cord. @h$4M t7N
答案: B ]
f<H?
应改为: stimulation Y]-7T-*+t
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 b2p;-rv
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 k6mC_
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 =SqI#v
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 vE=)qn= a
例题: '}|sRuftb
(1) {u4=*>?G
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. T~"T%r
(A) was a major collection r
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(B) that a major collection Pk6l*+"r<
(C) a collection was major knU=#
(D) a major collection FsdxLMwk1
答案: (D) \ R
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解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句
aHzS>
(2) FPBO=?H.
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of +o94w^'^$b
A B C D 3xU in
medieval alchemists. t:?8I9d
答案:A
{Hp*BE
应改为:beginnings. ',<Bo{
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 ?-g/hXx;
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语
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填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 M],}.l
例题: f4Yn=D=_
(1) 7@@,4_q E
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. I2R"
Y<
(A) new dance, the twist HpD<NVu
(B) twist, was the new dance H]XY
(C) twist, the new dance that MI,b`pQ
(D) new dance is the twist vA r
fsgk
答案: (A) 9Un3La8PX
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 2zz7/]?Q
(2) y]veqa
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep 2{sx"/k\A
A B yG`J3++
S
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. Wt%+q{
C D yi*2^??`
1
答案: D U^n71m>]%T
应改为: promise. VT;
Vm
3\
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 ?Bdhn{_
/g_cz&luR
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 ^4\hZ
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, $@[`v0y*
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 1j9R^
例题: R@+%~"Z
(1) ]f3eiHg*
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. ODbEL/
(A) that institutes v|WT m#
(B) while instituted xE2sb*
(C) was an institution
WB7pdSZ
(D) an institute $mV1K)ege
答案: (D) jc4#k+sb
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 X4c|*U=4
(2) rY~!hZ
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. _DlX F
(A) is the great modern choreographer
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(B) one of the great modern choreographers _{]\} =@
(C) that the great modern choreographers .d JX,^
(D) the modern choreographers were great ;yvx -
答案:B O7M8!3Eqm
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句