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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 %vMi kibI  
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第一章 名词 j# o0y5S  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 ZSHc@r*>  
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第一节 可数名词 skr^m%W  
+xB !T1p D  
考点一 单复数 .LdLm991,Y  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 iv\ ?TAZC  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 fMd]P:B  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) N#Y4nllJ  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 O Y/QA  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: fq _6xs  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes hG; NJx-=R  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories 8qo{%  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives 1z0&+C3z  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs 8K7zh.E  
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例题: zZGPA j  
:>;-uve8'  
(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. 9^)ochY3  
   A         B           C       D XBdC/DM[  
答案:A ) ^!oM  
应改为:Flowers u7<B*d:  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 ')}$v+ 9h  
v5RS<?o  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic wwmMpK}f  
   A               B   C          D &l-g3l[  
pain. [}+0N GgR  
答案:A &H-39;?u  
应改为:Doctors > rB7ms/@E  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 UW. F1)  
考点二 复数形式特例 BAx)R6kS;  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 d]} 7]  
1.单复数词形相同 4;7<)&#h  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 (uD(,3/Cw  
A!ba _14  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: >Czcs=(L.k  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises  fc+P`r  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula Z8}Zhe.  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena `Z{; c  
[64K?l0&  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: BT2[@qH|qF  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), (t&P. N/  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), ;^=eiurv  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: tV[?WA[xt  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) uY5f mM9  
<(>v|5K0]  
5 不规则的名词复数 !Z<GUbl t  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice H*A)U'`  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet H]mY6D51"  
_U.8 \J2  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 F'C]OMBE  
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例题: ) ok_"wB  
O8[dPm W  
(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading <*3wnpj_  
       A            B           C BaR9X ?~O$  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. VrQw;-rQ  
            D 8:huWjh]M  
pE^LQi  
(2) 1&i!92:E  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed 9cQKXh:R.  
  A      B           C           o5BOe1_Pw  
feet. .J&NM(qeZ  
 D CImB,AXS  
答案:D KynQ < I/  
应改为:foot e@L+z  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 yXg783B|v  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 Mff_j0D  
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第二节 限定词 ["Z]K'?P  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: P]yER9'  
1.之后肯定接单数: 8{4I6;e-  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. )n5]+VTZ5  
例句: Each of them has two books. U87VaUr  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) G?<L{J2"Q  
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2.之后肯定接复数: !yoj ZG MB  
these, those, many, such, other, ##}a0\x|  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), >J.a, !  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several h+R}O9BD  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of PM [6U#  
va~:oA  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc YRW<n9=3  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 R?Iv<(I  
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考点一 否定限定词no V0wK.^]+}/  
n." j0kc7=  
(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: k(u W( 6  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. %+o]1R  
No one is here. G1$DV Go  
IB(IiF5  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: 9 r+' o#  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; #/\FB'zC  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 P1TL H2)  
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例题: A3C<9wXx  
(1) "84.qgYaG  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. ~Z.lvdA_5  
(A) none wz073-v>ZV  
(B) no J*a`qU   
(C) not M~ynJ@q  
(D) nor ZL E4 XB]  
h=d&@k\g  
答案: C ={#r/x  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 h %MPppCEa  
f\^FUJy  
(2) IF5+&O  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when @ B+  
A                B           C 0DS<(  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. PS(LD4mD  
        D :rk]o*  
Bz /NFNi[p  
答案: A &W".fRH_O  
应改为: No Y,>])R[4  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 CO4*"~']t  
D{a{$P r  
考点二 their等物主代词 XXxX;xz$  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars TtkB  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 ^[^uDE <  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. /c3 DltOdr  
这里用their 而不用 the N:"E%:wSbi  
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例题: u) fbR  
(1) {PYN3\N,  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten |D`Zi>lv  
              A      B        C ];zi3oS^  
the lives. KWN0$*4  
 D I:AlM ?  
s)x fTr_$  
答案: D >{npg2  
应改为: their +,c;Dff  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 kTs)u\r.  
pEhWgCL  
(2) <f{m=Dc  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any 1`B5pcuI  
      A        B              C L=zeFn  
specific way. kwZ C 3p\\  
    D >N+e c_D^  
a,lH6lDk  
答案: B 7d'4"c;*;  
应改为: its  G0y%_"[  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 q0DoR@  
+z(" 'Cv  
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 - [Zau$;J<  
IO]Oo3  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 %#ms`"H  
Kq6m5A]z  
例题: Jg;Hg[  
(1) *%uv7G@%N  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or {&w%3  
        A        B        C D95$  
relating those objects. P{QRmEE  
 D Yg2z=&p-{"  
`acorfpi  
答案: B LUS7-~:F  
应改为: is a set /x-Ja[kL  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 69yTGUG3  
f&^Ea-c  
(2) De:w(Rm  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. &\C vrxa  
A       B     C           D >[ 72]<6  
as o8  
答案: D ,,BNUj/:  
应改为: responses Arfq  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few ] ^  
?ADk`ts~,}  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 |a\s}M1  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) l*%voKZG  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) ua7I K~8l  
ao F>{Z4&B  
第三节 冠词作限定词 >]C;sP  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 e$F7wto  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an "lN<v=  
z:< (b   
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: `4;<\VYCr  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university  pLyX9C  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour 8hAI l  
kAy.o  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). ;y5cs;s  
q &jW{  
例题: JmN;v|wF:c  
(1)       #"7:NR^H^  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever #o yvsS8  
   A                 B           C g3x192f  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. n]8_]0{qi  
                 D zROyG  
答案: B有错 {b c<0  
应改为: puzzle. ]/d2*#  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle eh)J'G]G  
(2) 2ix_,yTO  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a luC',QJB  
   A        B       C          D Bwll [=_I  
question of physiology and of culture. 7 ic]q,  
答案: D有错 QMfYM~o  
应改为: day ^OA}#k NTW  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day n\cP17dr  
(3) Pv/P<i^  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the Wg}#{[4  
  A      B       C & 6}vvgz  
nonprofessional metal worker. y?5*K  
    D Hs -NP#I  
答案: C j83p[qR7o  
应改为: still a practical }#yRa Ip  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 1/#N{rZ  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 wbr"z7}  
例题: y>~Ke UC  
(1) .vT'hu  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. _$=xa6YA  
   A     B    C           D =,0E3:X^  
答案: A JBWiTUk  
应改为: An emotion <!w-op2@ir  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an FG8bP  
(2) jR/X}XQtY  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine _<3:vyfdC  
   A    B                       C F^ Q  
chemically with other atoms. 3\'.1p  
         D Rw. Uz&  
答案: A [C d 2L&9  
应改为: an atom %@r h\Z  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an ?>AhC{  
PGw"\-F  
考点二 定冠词the v4ueFEY  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: b(XhwkGVq  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: m' aakq  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower -}N{'S ,Bp  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: _5X}&>>lhF  
the first woman, the nineteenth century }7C{:H2d  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby N.isvDk%  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: cAiIbh>c  
the largest city, the most advanced technology  vG  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: z_Qw's  
the development of the watch, VvltVYOZA  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: Az. Y-O<$\  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun %ZQl.''ISa  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: +ATN2 o  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: ,3W a~\/Q  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) OOv"h\,  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the }U #S*  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) Cw+ (,1  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: yDyq. -Q  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) D &oC1  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: I5bi^!i  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… 'l;?P  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: {2q   
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed ++kiCoC  
乘车的词组: fqr}tvMr=T  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), 3'']q3H  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) d[S!e`,iD  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), dyx 4_!fO  
打球的词组: j"NqNv  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball t /47lYN)  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. '/"(`f,  
例题: ct]5\g?U'  
(D)       =* (d+[_  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. B"EMir'  
(A) it was the >kB?C!\  
(B) that the jAJ kCCG  
(C) there was a 1/{:}9Z@  
(D) the d)0%|yX6  
答案:D 9u)h$VC  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 d3![b1  
(2) $@U`zy"Y  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of r*3;gyG.,#  
           A            B {-E{.7  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. t4<#k=  
     C      D BPPhVE  
答案:D xp39TiXJ*  
应改为:of Yw{](qG7e`  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 9S<W~# zz  
(3) OC [a?#R1  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to #uH1!UQb  
  A      B              C    I#mT#xs6  
nineteenth century. Uvuvr_IP  
  D 6[CX[=P30  
答案:D XkNi 'GJf  
应改为:to the nineteenth XRz.R/  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the xCQ<G{;C  
第四节 不可数名词 MKH7d/x  
# ._!.P  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 IGp-`%9  
? &1?uc  
抽象名词如: >!oN+8[~  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: Kc(_?`  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), a$KM q>  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), T @z$g  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) Y<|L|b6  
还有表达学科类的名词如:  KL|B| u  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, &B3kzs  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) mtF&Z\ag  
Pq`4Y K  
物质名词如: /bw-*  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), \t1vYIY]T  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) fG.w;Aemv5  
CsE|pXVG  
!Q?4sAB  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 Rc6Rk!^  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, WpvH} l r}  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), ;Lu}>.t  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) 'fgDe  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 XM)|v |  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice 'DIE#l`  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, 2R_k$kHl  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 @hv9 =v+  
例题: 8G@FX $$Q  
(1) _\1(7?0D  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and q&wMp{  
       A      B    C          D ?/u&U\P  
trade. pu^1s#g8w  
答案:C Mu:H'$"'H  
应改为:advertising tF;aB*  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 pLIBNo?  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 \k* ]w_m-  
R52!pB0[  
考点二 限定词 :_^YEm +A  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: ]~oM'?&!  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) wgufk {:  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 zzxU9m~"  
例题: ?^7~|?v  
(1) k{;:KW|  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear kj[[78  
        A              B         C m760K*:i\  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. ' ZB%McS  
                     D 1H ZexV  
答案:D 6$z UFIk  
应改为:little. }%}eyLm(  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little (thzW r6;  
(2) +I')>6  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge Oll\T GXP!  
      A                    B V2bod=&Lc  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. oDRNM^ gz  
           C         D i\3` ?d  
答案:B PeG8 _X}u9  
应改为:much evidence 7[K$os5al  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 68D.Li  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 3}sd%vCK  
例如: *v&g>Ni  
a lot of students , a lot of money =A,i9Z&  
the rest of the students, the rest of money 6g!t1%Kb  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. '91Ak,cWB  
HWc=.Qq  
第五节 所有格及of结构 :0]KIybt  
&< ~`?-c  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 :_vf1>[  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, tewC *%3V  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office h-6kf:XP%  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , No h*1u*  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room 3vMfms  
例题: k<AnTboa  
(1) 05w_/l+  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. `"    
(A) of the drop j]jwQRe  
(B) the drop's [5,#p$R  
(C) drop of Xo'_|-N+  
(D) drops their .)Du ;  
答案: (B) 2o6%P}C  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 {6RT&w  
(2) $_NVy>\&  
Over a very lar -MeGJX:^I  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. Q xKC5`1  
(A) occurs )f,iey\-  
(B) will occur meE&, {  
(C) can occur ^ @sg{_.~l  
(D) occurring TVQ9"C  
答案:D va| 1N/&  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 ^Qq_|{vynf  
4y:yFTp  
考点二 of结构 `cCsJm$V"  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) >q "mI6F  
如: the title of the passage #T&''a  
例如: )}tI8  
(1) r 1nl!  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names 1d"g $i4e  
          A     B     C X`ee}C.D_  
of some works years after their completion. >2tYw,m  
       D MQ7N8@!t  
答案: C b:SjJA,HM  
应改为: paintings 1pg&?L.MA  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 59 R;n.Q  
(2) iP)`yB5`  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and j KGfm9|zj  
      A         B     C         D *2P%731n5  
spinal cord. 3MH9%*w'0  
答案: B !{>'jvH  
应改为: stimulation [3"k :  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 H Rn Q*  
&{-r 5d23  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 }OL?k/w  
B]iPixA6  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 ])`w_y(>  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 qQ6rF nA  
例题: K2|2Ks_CS  
(1) =HapCmrx8  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. h}0}g]IUx  
(A) was a major collection Lz 6b9W  
(B) that a major collection ",O |uL  
(C) a collection was major Y &wtF8  
(D) a major collection G5A:C(r  
答案: (D) }$%j}F{  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 Z uFk}R"x  
(2) B! +rO~  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of ;YN`E  
    A         B        C     D /{Mo'.=Z  
medieval alchemists. 3']a1\sy^  
答案:A vbBNXy/  
应改为:beginnings. u1 Z;n  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 Y8v13"P6  
\3"jW1Wb  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 aC90IJ8^  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 j)nL!":O  
例题: ,ArHS  
(1) DplS\}='s  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. =y^`yv 3  
(A) new dance, the twist t| PQ4g<  
(B) twist, was the new dance {'8td^JEE  
(C) twist, the new dance that W{RZ@ 3ZY  
(D) new dance is the twist q\pI&B  
答案: (A) `' .;U=mF  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 ^r=Wj@`  
(2) NiH =T  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep aP$it 6Z  
     A                B        -1{f(/  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. 4aP 96  
 C               D n!dXj InV  
答案: D ["fUSQ  
应改为: promise. U)[LKO1  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 |*/-~5"  
wrQ0 2?  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 Z;O!KsJ  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, 1Q_Q-Z  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 0u;a*#V@  
例题: Z9G4in8  
(1) o|$r;<o3R  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. 5X>K#N  
(A) that institutes bf=!\L$  
(B) while instituted fig~z=m  
(C) was an institution l 88n*O  
(D) an institute m@Dra2Cv'@  
答案: (D) Hu9nJ  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 v%r/PHw  
(2) <&^[?FdAa  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. @SH[<c  
(A) is the great modern choreographer $Zr \$z2  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers sib/~j  
(C) that the great modern choreographers g:O/~L0Xb  
(D) the modern choreographers were great qnHjwMi  
答案:B .sc80i4  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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