高分语法讲解 6LUC!Sh
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第一章 名词 %!j:fJ()
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 %1U`@0
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第一节 可数名词 x8#ODuH
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考点一 单复数 \}]iS C.2
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 ?/#}ZZK^
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 N=1JhjVk"
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式)
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 bha?eN
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: }ynT2a#LU'
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 8cg`7(a
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories W 0[N0c
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives ,d,\-x-+/
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs dfj\RIV8
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例题: g=)J~1&p
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. VDEv>u4
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答案:A Q}AE.Ef@<
应改为:Flowers WgGm#I>K
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 -#&kYK#Ph
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic *e"a0
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pain. V1=*z
答案:A vxlOh.a|/L
应改为:Doctors USML~]G
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解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 m@
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考点二 复数形式特例 |VH!)vD
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 tV;%J4E'
1.单复数词形相同 M+
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如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 8s}J!/2
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: SqPtWEq@P
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises =Ov7C[(
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula `|e!Kq?#Q
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena XH 4d<?qu
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: X~T/qFS
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), - Xupq/[,
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), h,t|V}Wb
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: !F4;_A`X
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) 3 pWM~(#>-
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5 不规则的名词复数 &K%aw
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice ;6;H*Y0,|E
tooth - teeth foot - feet '"YYj$>
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 Nud,\mXrY[
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例题: y2Bh?>pg
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading j+ ::y) $
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. 2!&pEqs
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(2) *YV
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Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed 85Y|CN] vQ
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feet. gSi5u#}J
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答案:D YcM;S
应改为:foot U@lV
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 QJX/7RA
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 ,Qc.;4s-
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第二节 限定词 C3 ;[e0.1b
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: [~%`N*G
1.之后肯定接单数: 5G*II_j
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. <e"J4gZf&
例句: Each of them has two books. w9~k]5
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) N +Sq}hI
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2.之后肯定接复数: @z,*K_AKr
these, those, many, such, other, J\`^:tcG
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), fEqC] *s
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several
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one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of ;bjnL>eW
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc @p!Q1-] =
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 #BJ\{"b_}z
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考点一 否定限定词no 9M2f!kJP$
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: ;h=S7M9
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No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. 7'j9rmTXs
No one is here. ;93KG4a
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: Bymny>.M
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; OgMI
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 Yn<)k_kp
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例题: xZ ;bMxZ
(1) P;GprJ`l
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. 9q|7<raS
(A) none &o.iUk
(B) no l9Pu&M?5
(C) not h$&rE@N|
(D) nor \R Z3Hh
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答案: C F
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解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 (j N]OE^
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Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when NbDda/7ki
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. ^pw7o6}
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答案: A MBO,\t.
应改为: No |_I[1%&`N
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 npj5U/
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考点二 their等物主代词 gvr]]}h:O
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars zKMv7;s?
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 lb95!.av+I
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. |VYr=hjo
这里用their 而不用 the "i(U
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例题: 5 iv@@1c
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A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten ku-cn2M/
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the lives. }Fz!6F2w
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答案: D fGo_NB
应改为: their Ltl]j*yei
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 wvX"D0eVn
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A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any o
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specific way. O/nqNQ?<
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答案: B R:BBF9sK?
应改为: its g8Ok ^
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 D`8E-Bq
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 1RmBtx\<
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 gp%tMTI1
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例题: zkH<aLRB
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or o:h)~[n|
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relating those objects. >h|UC J1
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答案: B _P>1`IR
应改为: is a set !d/`[9jY
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 ;<86P3S
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At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. h<t<]i'
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答案: D Rh5@[cg%
应改为: responses ,"4X&>_f
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few 0:~gW#lD
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 Tom}sFl][
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) \z(>h&
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) Yqq$kln
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第三节 冠词作限定词 C`=`Ce~|d
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 i[V,IP +
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考点一 不定冠词a / an :Map,]]B_
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: wFH(.E0@Q
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university nJnO/~|
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour J\,@Bm|1n{
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). -0[>}!l=G
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例题: 4.$hHFqS^5
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How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever QQ2OZy>W
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. 8DmX4*
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答案: B有错 )Q N=>J
应改为: puzzle. }sm56}_
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle et7 T)(k0
(2) G=0}IPfp
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a pNk,jeo
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question of physiology and of culture. 5#A1u
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答案: D有错 =&