高分语法讲解 %vMi
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第一章 名词 j#o0y5S
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 ZSHc@r*>
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第一节 可数名词 skr^m%W
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考点一 单复数 .LdLm991,Y
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 iv\
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TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。
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例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) N#Y4nllJ
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 O Y /QA
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: fq_ 6xs
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes hG; NJx-=R
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories 8qo{%
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives 1z0&+ C3z
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs 8K7zh.E
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例题: zZGPA j
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. 9^)ochY3
A B C D XBdC/DM[
答案:A )
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应改为:Flowers u7<B*d:
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 ')}$v+
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic wwmMpK}f
A B C D &l-g3l[
pain. [}+0NGgR
答案:A &H-39;?u
应改为:Doctors >rB7ms/@E
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 UW. F1)
考点二 复数形式特例 BAx)R6kS;
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 d]}
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1.单复数词形相同 4;7<)&#h
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 (uD(,3/Cw
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: >Czcs=(L.k
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises
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medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula Z8}Zhe.
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena `Z{;
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: BT2[@qH|qF
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), (t&P.N/
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), ;^=eiurv
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: tV[?WA[xt
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) uY5f mM9
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5 不规则的名词复数 !Z<GUblt
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice H*A)U'`
tooth - teeth foot - feet H]mY 6D51"
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 F'C]OMBE
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例题: )
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading <*3wnpj_
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. VrQw;-rQ
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(2) 1&i!92:E
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed 9cQKXh:R.
A B C o5BOe1_Pw
feet. .J&NM(qeZ
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答案:D KynQ<
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应改为:foot e@L+z
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 yXg783B|v
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 Mff_j0D
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第二节 限定词 ["Z]K'?P
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: P]yER9'
1.之后肯定接单数: 8{4I6;e-
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. )n5]+VTZ5
例句: Each of them has two books. U87VaUr
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) G?<L{J2"Q
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2.之后肯定接复数: !yojZG MB
these, those, many, such, other, ##}a0\x|
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), >J.a,!
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several h+R}O9BD
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of PM
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc YRW<n9=3
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 R?Iv<(I
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考点一 否定限定词no V0wK.^]+}/
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: k(u W( 6
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. %+o]1R
No one is here. G1$DVGo
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: 9
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no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; #/\FB'zC
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 P1T LH2)
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例题: A3C<9wXx
(1) "84.qgYaG
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. ~Z.lvdA_5
(A) none wz073-v>ZV
(B) no J*a`qU
(C) not M~ynJ@q
(D) nor ZL
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答案: C ={#r/x
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 h %MPppCEa
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(2) IF5+&O
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when @
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. PS(LD4mD
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答案: A &W".fRH_O
应改为: No Y,>])R[4
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 CO4*"~']t
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考点二 their等物主代词 XXxX;xz$
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars TtkB
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 ^[^uDE
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例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. /c3DltOdr
这里用their 而不用 the N:"E%:wSbi
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例题: u )
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A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten |D`Zi>lv
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the lives. KWN0$*4
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答案: D >{npg2
应改为: their +,c;Dff
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 kTs)u\r.
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(2) <f{m=Dc
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any 1`B5pcuI
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specific way. kwZ
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答案: B 7d'4"c;*;
应改为: its
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解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 q0DoR@
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 -
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 %#ms`"H
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例题: Jg;Hg[
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or {&w%3
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relating those objects. P{QRmEE
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答案: B LUS7-~:F
应改为: is a set /x-Ja[kL
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 69yTGUG3
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(2) De:w(Rm
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. &\Cvrxa
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答案: D ,,BNUj/:
应改为: responses Arfq
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few ] ^
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 |a\s}M1
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) l*% voKZG
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) ua7I K~8l
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第三节 冠词作限定词 >]C;sP
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 e$F7wto
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考点一 不定冠词a / an "lN<v=
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: `4;<\VYCr
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university pLyX9C
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour 8h AI l
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). ;y5cs;s
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例题: JmN;v|wF:c
(1) #"7:NR^H^
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever #o yvsS8
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. n]8_]0{qi
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答案: B有错 {b
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应改为: puzzle. ]/d2*#
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle eh)J'G]G
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Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a luC',QJB
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question of physiology and of culture. 7 ic]q,
答案: D有错 QMfYM~o
应改为: day ^OA}#k
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解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day n\cP17dr
(3) Pv/P<i^
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the Wg}#{[4
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nonprofessional metal worker. y?5*K
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答案: C j83p[qR7o
应改为: still a practical }#yRaIp
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 1/#N{rZ
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 wbr"z7}
例题: y>~KeUC
(1) .vT'hu
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. _$=xa6YA
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答案: A JBWiTUk
应改为: An emotion <!w-op2@ir
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an FG8bP
(2) jR/X}XQtY
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine _<3:vyfdC
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chemically with other atoms. 3\'.1p
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答案: A [C d2L&9
应改为: an atom %@rh\Z
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an
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考点二 定冠词the v4ueFEY
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: b(XhwkGVq
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: m' aakq
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower -}N{'S
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(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: _5X}&>>lhF
the first woman, the nineteenth century }7C{:H2d
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby N.isvDk%
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: cAiIbh>c
the largest city, the most advanced technology vG
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: z_Qw's
the development of the watch, VvltVYOZA
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: Az.
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the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun %ZQl.''ISa
在下列情况下,一般不用the: +ATN2
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(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: ,3Wa~\/Q
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) O Ov"h\,
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the }U
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the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江)
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(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: yDyq. -Q
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) D
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(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: I5bi^!i
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… 'l;?P
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: {2q
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed ++kiCoC
乘车的词组: fqr}tvMr=T
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), 3'']q3H
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) d[S!e`,iD
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), dyx4_!fO
打球的词组: j"NqNv
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball t /47lYN)
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. '/"( `f,
例题: ct]5\g?U'
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. B"EMir'
(A) it was the >kB?C!\
(B) that the jAJ
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(C) there was a 1/{:}9Z@
(D) the d)0%|yX6
答案:D 9u)h$VC
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 d3 OC[a?#R1
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to #uH1!UQb
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nineteenth century. Uvuvr_IP
D 6[CX[=P30
答案:D XkNi'GJf
应改为:to the nineteenth XRz.R/
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the xCQ<G{;C
第四节 不可数名词 MKH7d/x
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 IGp-`%9
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