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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 6LUC!Sh  
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第一章 名词 %!j:fJ()  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 %1U`@0  
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第一节 可数名词 x8#ODuH  
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考点一 单复数 \}]iS C.2  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 ?/#}ZZK^  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 N=1JhjVk"  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) :Ao!ls' =  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 bha?eN  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: }ynT2a#LU'  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 8cg`7(a  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories W  0[N0c  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives ,d,\-x-+/  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs dfj\RIV8  
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例题: g=)J~1&p  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. VDEv>u4  
   A         B           C       D  q"  @  
答案:A Q}AE.Ef@<  
应改为:Flowers WgGm#I>K  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 -#&kYK#Ph  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic *e"a0  
   A               B   C          D 8%{q%+  
pain. V1=*z  
答案:A vxlOh.a|/L  
应改为:Doctors USML~]G z  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 m@ xi0t  
考点二 复数形式特例 |VH!)vD  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 tV;% J4E'  
1.单复数词形相同 M+ +0zhS  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 8s}J!/2  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: SqPtWEq@P  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises =Ov7C[(  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula `|e!Kq?#Q  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena XH4d<?qu  
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: X~T/qFS   
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), - Xupq/[,  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), h,t|V}Wb  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: !F4;_A`X  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) 3 pWM~(#>-  
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5 不规则的名词复数 &K%aw  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice ;6;H*Y0,|E  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet '"YYj$> '  
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 Nud,\mXrY[  
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例题: y2Bh?>pg  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading j+ ::y) $  
       A            B           C n2-0. Er  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. 2!&pEqs  
            D n@>wwp  
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(2) *YV S|6bs  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed 85Y|CN] vQ  
  A      B           C           Ww9;UP'G  
feet. gSi5u# }J  
 D ZW4aY}~)$  
答案:D YcM;S  
应改为:foot U@lV  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 QJ X/7RA  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 ,Qc.;4s-  
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第二节 限定词 C3;[e0.1b  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: [~%`N*G  
1.之后肯定接单数: 5G*II_j  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. <e"J4gZf&  
例句: Each of them has two books. w9&#~k]5  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) N+Sq}hI  
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2.之后肯定接复数: @z,*K_AKr  
these, those, many, such, other, J\`^:tcG  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), fEqC] *s  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several ExhL[1E  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of ;bjnL>eW  
4O$2]D.\  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc @p!Q1-]=  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 #BJ\{"b_}z  
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考点一 否定限定词no 9M2f!kJP$  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: ;h=S7M9 .  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. 7'j9rmTXs  
No one is here. ;93KG4a  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: Bymny>.M  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; OgMI  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 Yn<)k_kp  
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例题: xZ ;bMxZ  
(1) P;GprJ`l  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. 9q|7<raS  
(A) none &o.iUk  
(B) no l9Pu&M?5  
(C) not h$&rE@N|  
(D) nor \R Z3Hh  
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答案: C F 6&P~H  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 (j N]OE^  
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(2) )% #?3X^sI  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when NbDda/7ki  
A                B           C 6/7F">@j  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. ^pw7o6}  
        D F@^N|;_2  
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答案: A MB O,\t.  
应改为: No |_I[1%&`N  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 npj5U/  
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考点二 their等物主代词 gvr]]}h:O  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars zKMv7;s?  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 lb95!.av+I  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. |VYr=hjo  
这里用their 而不用 the "i(U  
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例题: 5iv@@1c  
(1) APOea  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten ku-cn2M/  
              A      B        C UL ck  
the lives. }Fz!6F2w  
 D *NF&Y  
l`qP~ k#  
答案: D fGo_NB  
应改为: their Ltl]j*yei  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 wvX"D0eVn  
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(2) n } TTq6B  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any o KlF5I  
      A        B              C ko>M&/^  
specific way. O/nqNQ?<  
    D zQ=a ey%  
z 3Zu C{  
答案: B R:BBF9sK?  
应改为: its g8Ok ^  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 D`8E-Bq  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 1RmBtx\<  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 gp%tMT I1  
#T Z!#,q  
例题: zkH<aLRB  
(1) 7jhl0  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or o:h)~[n|  
        A        B        C W5TqC  
relating those objects. >h|UCJ1 `  
 D imC&pPBB/G  
LPsh?Ca?N  
答案: B _P>1`IR  
应改为: is a set !d/`[9jY  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 ;<86P3S  
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(2) hg(KNvl  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. h<t<]i'  
A       B     C           D cKaL K#~  
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答案: D Rh5@[cg%  
应改为: responses ,"4X&>_f  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few 0:~gW#lD  
\UV T_=Y  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 Tom}sFl][  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) \z(>h&  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) Yqq$kln  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 C`=`Ce~|d  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 i[V,IP +  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an :Map,]]B_  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: wFH(.E0@Q  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university nJnO/~|  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour J\,@Bm|1n{  
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). -0[>}!l=G  
[xH2n\7  
例题: 4.$hHFqS^5  
(1)       iyHp$~,q?t  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever QQ2OZy> W  
   A                 B           C @idp8J [td  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. 8DmX4*  
                 D 7i%P&oB  
答案: B有错 )Q N=>J  
应改为: puzzle. }sm56}_  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle et7T)(k0  
(2) G=0}IPfp  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a pNk,jeo  
   A        B       C          D q, 19NZ  
question of physiology and of culture. 5#A1u Nb  
答案: D有错 =&<$I  
应改为: day + P<w<GfQ  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day ]f+D& qZ B  
(3) HhT8YH  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the 2&G1Q'!  
  A      B       C LKwUpu!  
nonprofessional metal worker. y*TNJJ|  
    D lyc{Z%!3  
答案: C QK/+*hr;  
应改为: still a practical Eo3Aak o  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 "Y J;-$rb  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 'V*M_o(\  
例题: $9u  
(1) lr= !:D=K  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. X;[zfEB  
   A     B    C           D h,RUL  
答案: A "oGM> @q=B  
应改为: An emotion )*AA9   
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an f4; 8?  
(2) X9BBnZ  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine -W"0,.Dvg  
   A    B                       C e, 3(i!47  
chemically with other atoms. 7Mb t*[n  
         D SbNUX  
答案: A &JQ@(w  
应改为: an atom 7)8}8tY^{  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an rH_:7#.E  
;{C{V{  
考点二 定冠词the }u*@b10   
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: ~0$F V  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: -{sv3|P>  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower (+v*u]w4  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: =id $  
the first woman, the nineteenth century cNB$g )`  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby FwzA_ n n  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: gBS#Z.  
the largest city, the most advanced technology !rqR]nd  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: V.[#$ip6:  
the development of the watch, 7%FZXsD  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: s7.*o@G  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun 2cL )sP}  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: 1EPOYvf%U  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: ;l4 \^E1  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) 'i-O  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the I*R$*/)  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) TmZ[?IL,  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: E.bbIV6mQ  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) R51!j>[fqM  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: <|G~S<y }  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… )t=u(:u]  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: fb;"J+  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed $NRb'   
乘车的词组: 4N0nU  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), !QspmCo+  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) -{%''(G  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), ghj~r  
打球的词组: nv{4 U}&P  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball 5z>\'a1U  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. Vgk ,+l!4  
例题: gI3rF=  
(D)       *v3 |  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. AwrK82  
(A) it was the f~9Y1|6  
(B) that the ;qK6."b`;  
(C) there was a LS$82UB&  
(D) the .U%"oD  
答案:D 2f4c;YS  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 ~] M"  
(2) -=IM8Dny  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of fC|u  
           A            B Uroj%xN  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. (=/;rJ`q  
     C      D 2GzpWV(  
答案:D W9 'jz P  
应改为:of RkwY3 s"  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 p]eD@3Wz  
(3) AoeW<}MO  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to |hoZ:  
  A      B              C    s\!vko'M  
nineteenth century. >IjLFM+U  
  D q+~CA[H5K  
答案:D *xP:7K  
应改为:to the nineteenth 4N j?UDa  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the {[ *_HAy7  
第四节 不可数名词 m)}MkC-  
Kf~+jYobO  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 It-*CD9  
UULL:vqq  
抽象名词如: F2'cL@E3  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: #57z-x[1  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), t@M] ec  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), B$EP'5@ b  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) ,c l<74d  
还有表达学科类的名词如: i]pG}SJ  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, @un }&URp  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) /GGu` f  
o#/iR]3  
物质名词如: ] i2\2MTW8  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), -74T C  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) DjvgKy=Jr_  
vI}S6-"<  
;jI"|v{vnS  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 hATy 3*4  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, uf] $@6)  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), *PU,Rc()6  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) ygt)7f5  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 5N<v'6&=  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice i]%"s_l  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, [d>yo_iB  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 \zL 7 j 4  
例题: vK`h;  
(1) 9Ib(x0_  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and ?I#hrv@  
       A      B    C          D @6'E8NFl  
trade. $IZZ`Z]B  
答案:C X>8?p'*  
应改为:advertising ^T6!z^g1h  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 TFDCo_>o  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 0.+eF }'H  
B/kn&^z$|~  
考点二 限定词 g_c)Ts(  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: lILtxVBO2o  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) BG0M j2  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 NVWeJ+w  
例题: |hQ|'VC N  
(1) :P~& b P  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear Ilu`b|%D  
        A              B         C | 8Egw-f  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment.  )\\V s>9  
                     D `R52{B#&/  
答案:D mKQST ]5  
应改为:little. Q1\k`J  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little ]N <]  
(2) b_gN?F7_  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge 'EET3R K-S  
      A                    B j*~dFGl)  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. J$9xC{L4  
           C         D s?x>Yl %  
答案:B oT (:33$  
应改为:much evidence M:UB>-`bW  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 f,HzrHax  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 cov#Z ux  
例如: }vUlTH  
a lot of students , a lot of money `KJYm|@i  
the rest of the students, the rest of money >6l;/J  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. 1'v!9  
g y e(/N+I  
第五节 所有格及of结构 QTjftcu  
Ns!3- Y  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 H MjeGO.i  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, :ONuWNY N  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office _L4<^Etfm  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , Y!= k  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room U.hERe ~X  
例题: # NN"(I  
(1) WE.$at{*h  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. lsB9;I^+x  
(A) of the drop /K,|k EE'n  
(B) the drop's K(Q]&&<  
(C) drop of O@r.>  
(D) drops their kBy rhK5U  
答案: (B) AvrL9D  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 k'@7ZH  
(2) !]rETP_  
Over a very lar f8LrDR  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. dSe8vA!)  
(A) occurs '_.q_Tf-^  
(B) will occur crJ7pe9  
(C) can occur n^iN o  
(D) occurring W,HH *!  
答案:D 7b&JX'`Mb  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 )D[ "M$ZA^  
la\zaKC;>  
考点二 of结构 K\IYx|Hm a  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) >d8x<|D  
如: the title of the passage n#+%!HTh  
例如: j3x^<a\gJ  
(1) 9Z,*h-o  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names bJQ5- *F  
          A     B     C t&GA6ML#s  
of some works years after their completion. YgE]d?_h  
       D jWH{;V&ZV  
答案: C E?30J3S  
应改为: paintings iNod</+"K  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 )7&42>t  
(2) uY^v"cw/F  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and 0a"igH}  
      A         B     C         D vkd[: CC  
spinal cord. N\9}\Rk@  
答案: B ^FP} qW~;9  
应改为: stimulation v5(q) h  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 H>60D|v[  
ry.;u*F  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 j?EskT6  
06 QU  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 5]jx5!N  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 9YR]+*  
例题: T}C2e! _O  
(1) 86 *;z-G  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. y Wp i|   
(A) was a major collection ;W]D ~X&  
(B) that a major collection =EQJqj1T  
(C) a collection was major #@9)h  
(D) a major collection 9]"S:{KSCn  
答案: (D) l^.K'Q1~a  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 @.'z* |z  
(2) )h#]iGVN}  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of wZ#Rlv,3Wa  
    A         B        C     D {J (R  
medieval alchemists. A]7<'e l=  
答案:A !<&m]K  
应改为:beginnings. }.p<wCPy6  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 /D<"wF }@J  
z"lqrSJ:  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 "NDxgJ%J35  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 7|YN:7iA  
例题: %%>_B2vc  
(1) Wt^|BjbB4  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. 6R`Oh uN.>  
(A) new dance, the twist $$hv `HE^l  
(B) twist, was the new dance @9Q2$  
(C) twist, the new dance that qos`!=g?  
(D) new dance is the twist K%MW6y  
答案: (A) k@V#HC{t  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 h>alGLN>  
(2) JWROYED  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep ;#TaZN  
     A                B        !Vheq3"q/  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. 1S0pd-i  
 C               D +R6a}d/K  
答案: D DdSSd@,x*  
应改为: promise. fTq C:r|st  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 M\oTZ@  
:?Y$bX}a  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 9b;A1gu  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, Sm-wH^~KA  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 6P n8f  
例题: vyI%3+N@  
(1) pFsc}R/0/8  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. .>pgU{C `!  
(A) that institutes )US:.7A[.  
(B) while instituted FP^{=0  
(C) was an institution DJ@|QQ  
(D) an institute _:`!DIz~9}  
答案: (D) Y+~g\z-]c  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 rw7_5l  
(2) (08I  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. ?=;qK{)37  
(A) is the great modern choreographer m~#%Q?_ %  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers BxK^?b[E8  
(C) that the great modern choreographers r\`+R"  
(D) the modern choreographers were great a`(a)9i  
答案:B 7piuLq+  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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