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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 ?Ss~!38  
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第一章 名词 \jZ)r>US"  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 x:h)\ %Dg<  
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第一节 可数名词 oE2VJKs<B  
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考点一 单复数 8~T=p:z'  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 _xBh Mu2f  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。  4UK>Vzn  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) KTwP.!<v  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 K3h"oVn  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: d[nz0LI|mk  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes Bwu?DK  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories I3}]MAE  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives N vTp1kI]  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs vsQvJDna~  
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例题: t< RPDQ>  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. EMdU4YnE"  
   A         B           C       D Qstd;qE~  
答案:A &>R:oYN  
应改为:Flowers 7|"$YV'DM  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 5PP^w~n  
<*P)" G  
6Q{OM:L/;.  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic D9hq$?  
   A               B   C          D :bL^S1et  
pain. DF-.|-^9I  
答案:A ~PU}==*q  
应改为:Doctors 3C'6 i  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 ;ZMIYFXRqh  
考点二 复数形式特例 m9 ]Ge]  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 H6Gs&yk3  
1.单复数词形相同 i [Wxu M  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 D=Yr/qc?  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: 09{s'  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises G]mD_J1$  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula 2OqEyXh  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena B@ ms Gb C  
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: -8d z`o}  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), K}GR U)  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), .YP&E1lNi  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: !XM*y  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) O`aNN y  
Lr= ^0  
5 不规则的名词复数 #B#xSmak  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice 2U"2L^oKI  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet #7}YSfm^6  
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 d>Nh<PqH6  
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例题: FJxb!- 0&  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading DF gM7if  
       A            B           C lvNi/jk  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. _N>#/v)Yi  
            D _}T )\o   
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(2) {vZAOz7#  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed 4x@W]*i  
  A      B           C           !41"`D!1  
feet. vF>]9sMv  
 D ?,%PemN  
答案:D E\cX  
应改为:foot dO,; k +  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 %Nob B  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 XD_!5+\H1  
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第二节 限定词 >l=^3B,j  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: HS\'{4P  
1.之后肯定接单数: Nw-U*y  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. w|*D{`O  
例句: Each of them has two books. u]ps-R_$G  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) ;d]vAj  
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2.之后肯定接复数: $+Z2q<UT  
these, those, many, such, other, AE Elaq.B  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), TqOH(= {  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several `~41>mM%  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of #uICH t3  
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc t=s.w(3t  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 'm-5  
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考点一 否定限定词no 2+ g'ul`  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: 1&9w]\Ae7l  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. hb)C"q=  
No one is here. MIWc @.i2  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: b' ~WS4xlD  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; eYUq0~3  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 \0&$ n  
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例题: a( N;| <  
(1) NdX  C8  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. Wc;N;K52   
(A) none F"3'~ 6  
(B) no HsT6 #K  
(C) not %e|UA-(  
(D) nor L%-ENk  
Lc "{ePFh  
答案: C ejbtdU8N<  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 Kq+vAp).  
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(2) ~~I]SI k{  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when EZ hk(LE  
A                B           C mD*!<<Sw  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. ]"j%:fr  
        D ,JPDPI/a  
54RexB o  
答案: A ]+ tO  
应改为: No  J&+"  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 Q trU_c2k  
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考点二 their等物主代词 y S<&d#:"  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars z: )*Aobwv  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 r"\<+$ 7  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. PMvm4<  
这里用their 而不用 the  x_/H  
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例题: HPo><u  
(1) -; i:bE  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten i=fhK~Jd  
              A      B        C L%pAEoSG  
the lives. "Zm xHMf  
 D b8$%=Xp  
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答案: D 2%`8  
应改为: their ICTjUQP  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 {%\;'&@z\  
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(2) RGY#0.Z}  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any i/C0 (!  
      A        B              C ER4#5gd  
specific way. u}?{1B!  
    D ~BBh4t&  
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答案: B +>% AG&Pc  
应改为: its V<KjKa+sG  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 5?E;Yy A  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 V:gXP1P  
QX. U:p5C  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 ;*20b@  
grJ(z)c  
例题: l@@ qpaH  
(1) `0R>r7f)H  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or X8XE_VtP  
        A        B        C _Vr}ipx-k  
relating those objects. !B#tJD  
 D F}5skD=  
z7Z!wIzJ  
答案: B hCj8y.X|E(  
应改为: is a set \6/!{D,  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 Mo4igP  
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(2) uN$ <7KB"  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. c>#3{}X|x%  
A       B     C           D y*I,i*iv  
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答案: D z*N%kcw"  
应改为: responses !\q'{x5C  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few (abtCuZ8z  
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 NcIr; }  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) LlbE]_Z!U%  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) /,ISx }  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 3u= >Y^wu  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 U{3Pk0rZ  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an [} "m4+  
x< ) T,c5Y  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: l ZD"7om  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university Odbm"Y  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour 8?t}S2n2  
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). Kd3EZo.  
Fr,b5 M<L7  
例题: r59BBW)M  
(1)       #lx(F3  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever c.;<+dYsm*  
   A                 B           C kC0^2./p  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. e u?DSad  
                 D e1 P(-V  
答案: B有错 | < - t  
应改为: puzzle. {tF)%>\#  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle QZ_8r#2x  
(2) a*Ng+~5)6  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a *uvE`4V^Jg  
   A        B       C          D J"yq)0  
question of physiology and of culture. kr5'a:F)  
答案: D有错 =_,j89E  
应改为: day I p;;@o&D  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day uE,j$d  
(3) F;)qM|7  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the _qq>-{-Ym  
  A      B       C ]Kp -2KW  
nonprofessional metal worker. MD=!a5'  
    D 7N[Cs$_]  
答案: C >&uR=Yd  
应改为: still a practical zZ{(7K fz  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 (, 2U?p  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 ny[\yj4F  
例题: rb<9/z5-  
(1) "0Yb 2>F  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. R'p- 4  
   A     B    C           D I8{ohFFo  
答案: A $h8,QP y  
应改为: An emotion Cc!LJ  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an E sx`UG|  
(2) r>x >aJ  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine i$ S*5+  
   A    B                       C  eAbp5}B  
chemically with other atoms. uy oE MT#u  
         D <l"rnM%  
答案: A vON1\$bu `  
应改为: an atom 5WU ? Km  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an 95hdQ<W  
[p&2k&.XYe  
考点二 定冠词the ]ppws3*Pa  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: #FsoK*F  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: 1\ab3n  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower J#*R]LU|  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: ps@{1Rn1  
the first woman, the nineteenth century [Cf{2WB:7  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby YTYCv7  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: W#lt_2!j  
the largest city, the most advanced technology i4r8146D[  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: H|/U0;s  
the development of the watch, ?D S|vCae  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: =y WHm  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun 1n|K   
在下列情况下,一般不用the: 2&d|L|->  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: Sx}61?  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) A_JNj8<6r  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the g RBbL1  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) TOXZl3 s5#  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: >XK |jPK  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) mVdg0  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: Y<9]7R(\;  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… 9>h K4&m^  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: W+D{4:  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed Kuy0Ci  
乘车的词组: );oE^3]f  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), }D7} %P]  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) NG?-dkD  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), gzeTBlXg  
打球的词组: ry!0~ir  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball ~#y(]Xec2  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. 7o4B1YD  
例题: bA8RoC  
(D)       ISALR{Aq  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. U t'r^  
(A) it was the rw]7Lr_>  
(B) that the 6UnWtLE  
(C) there was a Ze-MB0w  
(D) the ~ w,hJ `  
答案:D +!Lz]@9K  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 sTChbks  
(2) g&`[r6B  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of 8PtX@s43\  
           A            B oES4X{,  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. Z|IFT1K  
     C      D IM$I=5y e  
答案:D e =Teq~K  
应改为:of Z &j?@k,k  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 xA {1XS}  
(3) >C"QV `+  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to i8H!4l  
  A      B              C    kV:C=MLI  
nineteenth century. HC\\w- `<  
  D >S=,ype~G  
答案:D $mZpX:7/u8  
应改为:to the nineteenth 'W]oQLD^R  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the o; N s-=  
第四节 不可数名词 :dkBr@u96O  
> g=u Y{Rf  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 j~VHU89  
T_1p1Sg  
抽象名词如: #RWHk  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: "Ir.1FN  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), 5'hQ6i8  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), $dgez#TPL  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) 6h_OxO&!U  
还有表达学科类的名词如: i1JWdHt  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, b1NB:  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) 0&k!=gj:>Z  
P2^((c  
物质名词如: Gaxa~?ek  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), y$^.HI02jP  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) sB>ZN3ptH^  
b$Ch2Qz0q  
2E X Rq  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 SXI3y  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, b!ea(D!:  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), wRi` L7  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) sXaIQhZ  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 s*0PJ\E2  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice _^)<d$R<  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, +5Bh C9=b  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 -n`igC  
例题: $SmmrM  
(1) T]fu[yRVvg  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and VY9|8g/  
       A      B    C          D !7 O!)WJ  
trade. Q< q&a8~  
答案:C -OS&(7  
应改为:advertising M9/c8zZ  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 ]E+deM  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 $`emP Hel  
T&]J3TFJ  
考点二 限定词 jB17]OCN  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: lo*)% fy  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) ho7L@NR  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 \ +cU}  
例题: 9;^r  
(1) .#,!&Lt  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear AAr[xo iYp  
        A              B         C k(oHmw  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. <J`",h  
                     D ,{HxX0  
答案:D L* Mt/  
应改为:little. :K ^T@F5n  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little MqBA?7  
(2) E*ug.nxy  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge "eq{_4dL  
      A                    B HWJ(O/N  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. FYI*44E  
           C         D =kz(1Pb  
答案:B !1tHg Z2\  
应改为:much evidence +!'\}"q  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 Une,Y4{u  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 /STFXR1@.u  
例如: wo($7'.@  
a lot of students , a lot of money l,n0=Ew  
the rest of the students, the rest of money wN"j:G(  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. IJxBPwh  
"+oP((9  
第五节 所有格及of结构 $4^cbk  
/;7\HZ$@/  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 39p&M"Yo  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, [?3]+xr :  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office :Ve>tZeW  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , Mu,}?%  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room S]E1+,-*  
例题: O)y|G%O  
(1) ;JM%O8  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape.  `mar-r_m  
(A) of the drop )HHG3cvU  
(B) the drop's @>Y.s6a  
(C) drop of $#3O:aW  
(D) drops their v6Vieo=  
答案: (B) q]%eLfC(  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 KIyhvY~  
(2) KIY/nu   
Over a very lar |mx)W}  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. =:)p\{B  
(A) occurs (x;Uy  
(B) will occur ^|u7+b'|t  
(C) can occur d']CBoK  
(D) occurring v:2*<;  
答案:D (OA-Mgyc  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 OVwcjhQ  
#~3$4j2U(y  
考点二 of结构 h(M_ K  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) <OX_6d*@  
如: the title of the passage "H{Et b/  
例如: K]~! =j)v  
(1) U +c ?x2\  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names |p4D!M+$7  
          A     B     C .<#oLM^  
of some works years after their completion. 79m',9{u  
       D 7D5[ L  
答案: C F0 .Rv):  
应改为: paintings ElFiR ;   
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 jN3K= MA  
(2) B^7B-R Bi0  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and )$EmKOTt:  
      A         B     C         D r6JQRSakR  
spinal cord. bD2):U*Fzo  
答案: B hg2a,EU\Z  
应改为: stimulation A7`+XqG  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 3^jkd)xw  
PZ#\O  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 +'-i(]@!'  
(+(YQ2  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 sKg IKYG}T  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 "dkDT7  
例题: **,(>4j  
(1) MH0xD  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. U%:K11Kr  
(A) was a major collection h^B~Fv>~  
(B) that a major collection KUV(vAY,  
(C) a collection was major TPBL|^3K  
(D) a major collection &UFj U%Z%  
答案: (D) Hf$pwfGcY]  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 >s%&t[r6  
(2) B4# XQ-  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of HV?Q{X K.b  
    A         B        C     D FjU -t/  
medieval alchemists. WC7ltw2  
答案:A j^T i6F>f  
应改为:beginnings. 7l+:gD  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 P \rA>ZY  
)c<X.4  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 _O$7*k  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 %.rVIc"  
例题: }m -A #4.  
(1) j /)A<j$  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. Ax AbU7m  
(A) new dance, the twist PR2;+i3  
(B) twist, was the new dance !+)5?o  
(C) twist, the new dance that Q/%]%d  
(D) new dance is the twist V|hr9  
答案: (A) eJy}W /  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 #zed8I:w  
(2) U3^3nL-M9  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep Koi-b  
     A                B        DyCnL@  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. )qeed-{  
 C               D oIv\Xdc81  
答案: D d",VOhW7)S  
应改为: promise. /4YxB,  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 y[DS$>E  
VT2f\d[Q  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 W}P9I &3  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, Zv5vYe9Ow  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. {lbNYjknS  
例题: 1xDh[:6   
(1) +GL[uxe "  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. VJSkQ\KD  
(A) that institutes ftaa~h*  
(B) while instituted BV )) #D9  
(C) was an institution 5I&Dk4v  
(D) an institute &W{< Yf9  
答案: (D) Y-.aSc53  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 X@\ 9}*9  
(2) OjurfVw  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. C#@-uo2  
(A) is the great modern choreographer (g3DI* Z  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers M~ g{}_ 0Z  
(C) that the great modern choreographers NL-V",gI-~  
(D) the modern choreographers were great 5Bp>*MR/".  
答案:B qoSZ+ khS$  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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