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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 :[#~,TW  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 Y[A`r0  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 B"-gK20vY  
例题: ,@_$acm  
(1) Pgy&/-u  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, FyZa1%Tv@  
 A                       B VtR?/+8X  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. vZdn  
   C         D He)<S?X-6  
答案: D [TZlvX(E  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. @quNVx(y  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 wff&ci28  
(2) uC3o@qGW<  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. {gE19J3  
   A  B      C         D r h*Pl]'3z  
答案: D +\FTR  
应改为: color ckqU2ETpD}  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 8K! l X  
Do7&OBI~  
D?w?0b Eu  
第二章 形容词 fF208A7U I  
A KO#$OJE  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 ] X, C9  
p=U*4[9k  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 Kk2PWJ7  
G#ov2  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 ?Kw~O"L8  
例题: VLW<"7I 6\  
(1) Rh-e C6P  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. @Otom'O  
       A  B   C          D 1u&}Lq(  
答案:C YaJ[39V  
应改为:certain. q/,>UtRr  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 K1Ms  
(2) mG2*s ^$  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. smQ<lwA  
  A       B         C   D |Id0+-V ?  
答案:C VSa\X~  
应改为:visual. ~G.'pyW  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 _NQMi4 V(  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: @l:\0cO  
The man was awake. r9<OB`)3+  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) $8gj}0}eH  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 7 sv 3=/`  
例题: pEf1[ zq  
(1) U_ ELeW5@  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means KECo7i=e  
     A                 B        C y/57 >.3  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. o NX-vN-  
       D k I  
答案: D r:fMd3;gq  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) .d{@`^dh1]  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) ?`ETlFtD4  
(2) g{{DC )>  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also LY Y3*d  
 A              B               C GH ] c  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. !R@v\Eu  
                 D 6! `^}4  
答案: A FfEP@$  
应改为:like NVyel*QE  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 tZ|0w Pp  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. ,j3Y vn W  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, #R^^XG`1  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, D1G9^7:^E  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: H5MO3DJ  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 Rda~Drz  
如: two young American students -!Ov{GHr0  
    my three red pencils xlKg0 &D  
第二节 比较级 1s\   
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: @O]v.<8  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; n^[VN[ VC  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 .#Vup{.  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), !_i;6UVG  
 Y%zYO  
?"@`SEdnU2  
考点一 含有标志词than tS[@3h  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, +eUWf{(_  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. +{b3A@f|F  
  She possesses more books than I do. P9 yg  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. EK 8rV  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, VRQD  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, Ljs4^vy <J  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 zd0 [f3~  
例题: 1e)5D& njS  
(1) 0J z|BE3Y  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. vxZ :l  
(A) coolest V2oXg  
(B) the coolest (Kg( 6E,  
(C) cooler  %G>  
(D) the cooler =u<jxV9  
答案:A 78h!D[6  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 @ 3_."-d  
(2) )u>/:  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. I~T~!^}U  
           A   B              C     D Wu@v%!0  
答案:A l|L ]==M  
应改为:more uGY(`  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 i:n1Di1~E  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: d 6=Z =4w  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, !)HB+yr  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. ]EfM;'j[  
   (that 指代the population) ?XnKKw\  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. f"aqg/l  
   (those 指代 designs) "W@>lf?"  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) !CUX13/0  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may @WTzFjv@?4  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. nEfQLkb[|  
例题: dw3H9(-lp  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. <>R\lPI2  
(A) than do )|`w;F>  
(B) that are having #OVS]Asn}  
(C) which have SxW.dT8{  
(D) that do v 0D@`C  
答案:A * %w8bB  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 8~:s$~&r  
wG",Obja  
考点二 (not) so /as…as x?n13C  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, @9\L|O'~?  
如:It is as good as it looks. ;[!W*8.c  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. +a74] H"  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 W ,|JocDq  
例题: D |9ItxYu  
(1) V@`A:Nc_>  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. z~\Y*\f^Y3  
(A) possibly little nourishment :i/uRR  
(B) nourishment possibly little _OvIi~KW+  
(C) little as possible nourishment 6 i'kc3w  
(D) little nourishment as possible  :qrCqFl  
答案:D BOWR}n!g  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. %617f=(E?!  
(2) (VB-5&b  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. H* vd  
(A) so early ~.&2N Ur  
(B) the earliest %tT=q^%5  
(C) as early as wSIfqf+y  
(D) so early that Vc?=cQ'c  
答案:C ` ;v>fTcy  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as {B)-+0 6  
>Z!H9]f(  
考点三 the same…as ,B||8W9  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, O+*<^*YyD  
如:She looks just the same as before. ~-K<gT/  
  I got the same feeling as you did. &N\4/'wV  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 m5KAKpCR,  
例题: ;vLg4k  
(1) 5`O af\S  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, <OA[u-ph%S  
         A       B          C 'c&S%Ra[3G  
shorter tails, and longer bills. qTi%].F"G  
            D ;1Zz-@  
答案:B |"o/GUI~  
应改为:as. {*Tnl-m~  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” ra>jVE0 `  
(2)  ~N=$%C  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of }`*DMI ;-  
  A                 B    [ r;hF  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. ';.n#  
   C          D \o2cztl=  
答案:D [7*$Sd  
应改为:as BkcA_a:W  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 <|R`N)AV;  
PS3%V_2  
考点四 the more…,the more… fx `o e  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, jZLD^@AP  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. >wJt# ZB  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. " ? t@Y  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 AKkr )VgY  
例题: -|aNHZr  
(1) XEvDtDR  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. EXD Qr'"  
(A) the greater the need there is 8M9}os  
(B) greater need +rcDA|  
(C) is there great need X!/o7<  
(D) the great need L4?)N&V  
答案:A &hri4p/  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, tH\ aHU[  
z0Bw+& ^]}  
^:F |2  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. cm!|A)~  
(2) k ICZc{} `  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. ]BiLLDz(  
(A) the stress it is greater \R ff3$  
(B) greater is the stress WP b4L9<  
(C) greater stress is (ev(~Wc  
(D) the greater the stress O?I~XM'S  
答案:D ~ d!F|BH4  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D ',<B o{  
7Ne`F(c  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer ? h*Ngbj>  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, O=C z*j  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. -(Y(K!n  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 GV aIZh<  
例题: jZX2)#a!  
(1) |*w}bT(PfR  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio @},25"x)  
          A           B      -/O_wqm#  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. j m]d:=4_  
    C                           D *C*'J7  
答案:A %FDv6peH  
应改为:no longer. aU)NbESu  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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