考点四 名词(词组)作定语 :[#~,TW
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 Y[A`r0
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 B" -gK20vY
例题: ,@_$acm
(1) Pgy&/-u
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, FyZa1%Tv@
A B VtR?/+8X
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. vZdn
C D He)<S?X-6
答案: D [TZlvX(E
应改为: distribution/ distributing. @quNVx(y
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 wff&ci28
(2)
uC3o@qGW<
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. {gE19J3
A B C D rh*Pl]'3z
答案: D +\FTR
应改为: color ckqU2ETpD}
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 8K!
l X
Do7&OBI~
D?w?0b Eu
第二章 形容词 fF208A7U
I
A
KO#$OJE
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 ]X,
C9
p=U*4[9k
第一节 形容词修饰名词 Kk2PWJ7
G#ov2
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 ?Kw~O"L8
例题: VLW<"7I 6\
(1) Rh-e
C6P
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. @Otom'O
A B C D 1u&}Lq(
答案:C YaJ[39V
应改为:certain. q/,>UtRr
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 K1 M s
(2) mG2*s ^$
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. smQ<lwA
A B C D |Id0+-V
?
答案:C VSa\X~
应改为:visual. ~G.'pyW
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 _NQMi4 V(
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: @l:\0cO
The man was awake. r9<OB`)3+
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) $8gj}0}eH
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 7 sv
3=/`
例题: pEf1[ zq
(1) U_
ELeW5@
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means KECo7i= e
A B C y/57 >.3
of on-the-spot, alive reports. o
NX-vN-
D k I
答案: D r:fMd3;gq
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) .d{@`^dh1]
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) ?`ETlFtD4
(2) g{{DC )>
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also LYY3*d
A B C GH ]c
gather data from documentary and oral sources. !R@v\Eu
D 6! `^}4
答案: A FfEP@$
应改为:like NVyel*QE
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 tZ|0w
Pp
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. ,j3Y
vn W
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, #R^^XG`1
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, D1G9^7:^E
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: H5MO3DJ
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 Rda~Drz
如: two young American students -!Ov{GHr0
my three red pencils xlKg0&D
第二节 比较级 1s\
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: @O]v.<8
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; n^[VN[VC
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 .#Vup{.
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), !_i;6UVG
Y%zYO
?"@`SEdnU2
考点一 含有标志词than tS[@3h
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, +eUWf{(_
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. +{b3A@f|F
She possesses more books than I do. P9
yg
He is more intelligent than I expected. EK 8r V
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, VRQD
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, Ljs4^vy<J
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 zd0[f3~
例题: 1e)5D& njS
(1) 0J z|BE3Y
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. vxZ
:l
(A) coolest V2oXg
(B) the coolest (Kg( 6E,
(C) cooler
%G>
(D) the cooler =u<jxV9
答案:A 78h!D[6
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 @
3_."-d
(2) )u>/:
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. I~T~!^}U
A B C D Wu@v%!0
答案:A l|L
]==M
应改为:more uGY(`
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 i:n1Di1~E
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: d 6=Z
=4w
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, !)HB+yr
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. ]EfM;'j[
(that 指代the population) ?X nKKw\
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. f"aqg/l
(those 指代 designs) "W@>lf?"
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) !CUX13/0
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may @WTzFjv@?4
probably contribute more to the success of a play. nEfQLkb[|
例题: dw3H9(-lp
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. <>R\lPI2
(A) than do )|`w;F>
(B) that are having #OVS]Asn}
(C) which have SxW.dT8{
(D) that do v 0D@`C
答案:A * %w8bB
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 8~:s$~&r
wG",Obja
考点二 (not) so /as…as x?n13C
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, @9\L|O'~?
如:It is as good as it looks. ;[! W*8.c
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. +a74] H"
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 W,|JocDq
例题: D |9ItxYu
(1) V@`A:Nc_>
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. z~\Y*\f^Y3
(A) possibly little nourishment :i/uRR
(B) nourishment possibly little _OvIi~KW+
(C) little as possible nourishment 6i'kc3w
(D) little nourishment as possible
:qrCqFl
答案:D BOWR}n!g
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. %617f=(E?!
(2) (VB-5&b
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. H*vd
(A) so early ~.&2NUr
(B) the earliest %tT=q^%5
(C) as early as wSIfqf+y
(D) so early that
Vc?=cQ'c
答案:C `
;v>fTcy
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as {B)-+0 6
>Z!H9]f(
考点三 the same…as ,B||8W9
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, O+*<^*YyD
如:She looks just the same as before. ~-K<gT/
I got the same feeling as you did. &N\4/'wV
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 m5KAKpCR,
例题: ;vLg4k
(1) 5`Oaf\S
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, <OA[u-ph%S
A B C 'c&S%Ra[3G
shorter tails, and longer bills. qTi%].F"G
D ;1Zz-@
答案:B |"o/GUI~
应改为:as. {*Tnl-m~
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” ra>jVE0`
(2)
~N=$%C
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of }`*DMI
;-
A B [r;hF
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. ';.n#
C D \o2cztl=
答案:D [7*$Sd
应改为:as BkcA_a:W
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 <|R`N)AV;
PS3%V_2
考点四 the more…,the more… fx`o
e
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, jZLD^@AP
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. >wJt# ZB
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. "
? t@Y
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 AKkr
)VgY
例题: -|aNHZr
(1) XEvDtDR
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. EXD Qr'"
(A) the greater the need there is 8M9}os
(B) greater need +rcDA|
(C) is there great need X!/o7<
(D) the great need L4?)N&V
答案:A &hri4p/
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, tH\ aHU[
z0Bw+&
^]}
^:F |2
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. cm!|A)~
(2) kICZc{} `
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. ]BiLLDz(
(A) the stress it is greater \ R
ff3$
(B) greater is the stress WP b4L9<
(C) greater stress is (ev(~Wc
(D) the greater the stress
O?I~XM'S
答案:D ~ d!F|BH4
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D ',<Bo{
7Ne`F(c
考点五 no longer /not…any longer ?h*Ngbj>
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, O=Cz*j
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. -(Y( K!n
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 GVaIZh<
例题: jZX2)# a!
(1) |*w}bT(PfR
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio
@},25"x)
A B -/O_wqm#
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. j
m]d:=4_
C D *C*'J7
答案:A
%FDv6peH
应改为:no longer. aU)NbESu
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer