考点四 名词(词组)作定语 Bw-s6MS
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 P|}\/}{`
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 uPU#c\
例题: SaNN;X0
(1) Czu1 )y
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, 9ECS,r*B
A B ,+-h7^{`
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. =]KIkS 3
C D [=~!w_
答案: D H m8y]>$
应改为: distribution/ distributing. x5vzPh`
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 6/7F">@j
(2) )E~mJln
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. F@^N|;_2
A B C D 2IzfP;V?
答案: D fLM.kCD?u
应改为: color Oga1u
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 #M:B3C!ouY
>w2f8tW`PP
o16~l]Z|f
第二章 形容词 *-7fa0<
ASq`)Rz
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 y4r2}8fi
lb95!.av+I
第一节 形容词修饰名词
P2QRvn6v
'A1E^rl]=
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 k!
vHO
例题: >vxWx[fRu
(1) 7YD\ !2b
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. vC-[#]<
A B C D 2_I+mQ
答案:C PbQE{&D#
应改为:certain. ^T+<!k
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 ^@Y9!G=
(2) 9?!u2 o
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. "d:.*2Z2
A B C D sgD@}":m
答案:C L*IU0Jy>
应改为:visual. -$b?rt]h1g
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 35}P0+
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: 37~rm
The man was awake. EO"=\C,
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) z3ZuC{
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable { .cB>L
例题: d{?)q
(1) -5o?#%
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 1RmBtx\<
A B C E8+8{
#f;
of on-the-spot, alive reports. s!bHS_\e|
D rknzo]N,
答案: D ZjE~W>pkQ
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) YHJ'
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) Mp!2`4rD
(2) Dy98[cL
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also 4;08n|C
A B C bn5"dxV
gather data from documentary and oral sources. ><MGZ?-N
D oC5gME"2
答案: A VOD1xWrb
应改为:like [ e$]pN%
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 jY1^+y{
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. E>o&GYc
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, i(dXA(p
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, m~b#:4D3
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: <6~/sa4GN
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 y}s
0J K
如: two young American students Tom}sFl][
my three red pencils qg/Y;tGSx
第二节 比较级 {'cs![U
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: zW|$x<M^
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; `K1PGibV
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 ."$=
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), c~Q`{2%+
2nOe^X!*
^v()iF
!
考点一 含有标志词than ^/4{\3
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, p;)klH@ X
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. wFH(.E0@Q
She possesses more books than I do. ~8S4Kj)%
He is more intelligent than I expected. @DjG?yLK$
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, )[a?J,
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, 2l;ge>DJ
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 CVn;RF6
例题: pw(*X,gj
(1) dvH67 x
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. aG8;,H=%,
(A) coolest (rCPr,@
0
(B) the coolest \n( 'KVbf
(C) cooler B@:XC&R^
(D) the cooler jw&}N6^G
答案:A \p_8YC
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 /3b
ca !O
(2) ?7uStqa
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. ce-m)o/
A B C D _@}MGWlAPt
答案:A kgib$t_7
应改为:more ?PH}b?f4
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 mYU dh L^
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: +
P<w<GfQ
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, Q{)F$]w
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. {e!uvz,e
(that 指代the population) LxYM"_1A;
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. _s#/f5<:B
(those 指代 designs) e#Zf>hlAz
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) j,V$vK P
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may 0OoO cc
probably contribute more to the success of a play. #+5mpDh
例题: D-\'P31
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. [Z`:1_^0}
(A) than do hSf#;=9'
(B) that are having "5z6~dq
(C) which have ^zs4tCW %
(D) that do 8 H"f9S=K
答案:A "oGM>@q=B
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 )*AA9
I4DlEX
考点二 (not) so /as…as .}u(&
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, E)Epr&9S
如:It is as good as it looks. ="nrq
&2
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. Q)i`.mHfFI
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 >"My\o
例题: ^Ypx|-Vu!
(1) ,f""|X5
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. 4I[FE;^
(A) possibly little nourishment u$ / ]59
(B) nourishment possibly little Oh85*3
(C) little as possible nourishment w*R-E4S?2
(D) little nourishment as possible r{3`zqo
答案:D bB:X<
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. 7%x+7
(2) $Lbe5d?\
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ') cgx9
(A) so early gd,%H@3
(B) the earliest l,2z5p
(C) as early as JF\viMfR
(D) so early that #\;w::
答案:C *U^hwL
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as ]<?)(xz
NS~knR\&
考点三 the same…as ^W05Z!}
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, G&H"8REm
如:She looks just the same as before. *w,gi.Y3
I got the same feeling as you did. P&^7wud-sb
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 aM}"DY-_
h
例题: nEEGO~e
(1) XFe7qt;%
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, YU,:3{9,
A B C }f'1x%RS^
shorter tails, and longer bills. D*Q#G/TF3
D OkUpgXU
答案:B W+S; Do
应改为:as. `R?W @,@'
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” Y"%o\DS*
(2) x7@HPf
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of 1y;zPJ<ntm
A B 9iNns;^`q
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. m3-J0D<
C D .)zISa*Xy
答案:D _q4m7C<
应改为:as R!qrb26k
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 I!O S&8:u
PtOnj)Q
考点四 the more…,the more… 2f4c;YS
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, ~]
M"
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. H12@12v
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. D:EF@il
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 `aycYoD
例题: #wiP
{+%b
(1) ;#
j82
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. j@!}r|-T
(A) the greater the need there is vDvGT<d
(B) greater need j
}l8k@f
(C) is there great need D0i30p`
(D) the great need }C.{+U
答案:A }}1Q<puM
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, .YF-t
`{
7bS[\5
0g-ESf``{n
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 1bkUT_
(2) ;i>E@
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. qH"a !
(A) the stress it is greater DA~ELje^j
(B) greater is the stress !k9h6/b6
(C) greater stress is fM.|#eLi
(D) the greater the stress I
q\oB
答案:D iZk``5tPE
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D ,c l<74d
89mre;v`
考点五 no longer /not…any longer :X*LlN
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, rK|&u
v*b
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. ^/vWK\-
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 =lQ[%&
例题: bz]O
(`
(1) \}NWR{=
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio K9'*q3z
A B HYmXPpse
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 7g+ ]
C D >+8I =S
答案:A
cLC7U?-
应改为:no longer. ^I?y\:.
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer