考点四 名词(词组)作定语 f1PN|
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 j$da8] !
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 jEz+1Nl)
例题: dx,=Rd5'
(1) y[@\j9Hq
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, (]*H[)F/
A B 3K@@D B6
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. B$?qQ|0:=
C D /Jf~25F
答案: D ZAuWx@}
应改为: distribution/ distributing. /$"[k2 N
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 QHBtWQgS
(2) Q>qFM9Z
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. H ftxS
A B C D JIO$=+p
答案: D MYe
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应改为: color ?y XAu0
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 .w6eJ4]
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第二章 形容词 DZ
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 Uf*EJ1Ei
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 _L.
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 Zs zs1{t
例题: e yw'7
(1) qBk``!|s]
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. TB
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A B C D |f2A89
答案:C `BZ&~vJ_
应改为:certain. a?cn9i)#
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 VFD%h
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(2) K=u0nrG*
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. "u')g&
A B C D ;@4H5p
答案:C Xwu.AVsr
应改为:visual. `m%dX'0E
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 eTE2J~\
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: &w~Xa( uu
The man was awake. ^Ip3A
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) 1|y$~R.H
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable F#q&(
例题: CSn<]%GL
(1) @
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Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 0my9l;X
A B C 6517Km 4-
of on-the-spot, alive reports. ?AsDk ~3
D .5hp0L}
答案: D mc@M ,2@D
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) X.J
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) [QEwK|!L
(2) |+E KF.K
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also $iJnxqn
A B C 5j[#'3TSU
gather data from documentary and oral sources. 1MQ/r*(
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答案: A }$)&{d G
应改为:like &:vscOl
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 ?V+wjw
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. F3 f@9@b
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, Zc\S$+PM
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, 3q~Fl=|.o
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: 0BC`iql5
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 swZpWC
如: two young American students kMS5h~D[
my three red pencils ONWO`XD
第二节 比较级 X%J%A-k]
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: pN k8! k
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; I@
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或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 6UB6;-
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), 1~EO+
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考点一 含有标志词than OX)BP.h#
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, 2fBYT4*P;
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. J{H?xc
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She possesses more books than I do. 3Q$c'C
He is more intelligent than I expected. |UZOAGiBg
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, Xoi9d1fO
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, Qg{WMlyOP
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 q(1r<2
例题: <
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(1) $P_x v
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. o_3*;}k8
(A) coolest UGf6i"F
(B) the coolest Wa}"SqYr h
(C) cooler HYFN?~G
(D) the cooler $$~a=q,P[
答案:A
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解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 nO}$ 76*'0
(2) mQnL<0_<f
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has.
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A B C D (6o:4|xl0
答案:A ,aYU$~o#
应改为:more ,-!2 5G
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 79a9L{gso
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: "bi !=
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, T&!ZD2I
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. z2ds8-z
(that 指代the population) lf;~5/%wMG
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. #9I
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(those 指代 designs) Qv\bLR
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) !2wETs
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如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may +!G4tA$g
probably contribute more to the success of a play. v/ eB
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例题: RpU Lm1b
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. vD_u[j]
(A) than do Vn@A]Jx^
(B) that are having PnI)n=(\
(C) which have %f_FGh
(D) that do 7 FEzak'
答案:A RA!x
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 i?lX,9%
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考点二 (not) so /as…as (MZ A
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, D7%^Ly
如:It is as good as it looks. e!T
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The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. 8''9@xz
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 L~'^
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例题: "(9=h@@Y"
(1) FRb&@
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The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. Wh#os,U
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(A) possibly little nourishment KteZK.+#:
(B) nourishment possibly little &f
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(C) little as possible nourishment |:!EHFr
(D) little nourishment as possible XHU<4l:kl
答案:D =e"H1^Ml
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. 2<`gs(oxXe
(2) DW'0j$;
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. (:tTx>V#
(A) so early p{\qSPK
(B) the earliest PM#$H
(C) as early as `?Y_0Nh>
(D) so early that HYa$EE2
答案:C %[+a[/
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as 3G:NZ) p
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考点三 the same…as .3S\Rrv
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, 0jip::x
如:She looks just the same as before. &r5&6p
I got the same feeling as you did. B.C H9M
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 ai<MsQQ:=
例题: 2l\D~ y
(1) VR5e CJ:i
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, B6Wq/fl/
A B C hPEp0("
shorter tails, and longer bills. }
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D /:
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答案:B )Yy#`t
应改为:as. priT7!
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” E<
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(2) o\=i0HR9
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of {Y
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A B f3%^-Uy*b
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 7am/X.
C D :+?W
答案:D &ttv4BC^r
应改为:as s&QBFyKtJ
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 q|]0on~]
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考点四 the more…,the more… EZwdx
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, HHu7{,
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ~QEXB*X-g'
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 8t*%q+Z
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 Jq+$_Uqd
例题: :(?hLH.W[
(1) ~&j`9jdOj
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. G=bP<XF
(A) the greater the need there is V^$rH<
(B) greater need
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(C) is there great need a+>W
(D) the great need cLyuCaH>c
答案:A mTuB*
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, N>nvt.`P
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. `j!2uRFe>
(2) `2(R}zUHN
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. `2mbF^-4
(A) the stress it is greater K%TKQ<R|
(B) greater is the stress _9-D3_P[3
(C) greater stress is Z/05 wB
(D) the greater the stress ?'/5%f`
答案:D r?yJ
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D AIxBZt7{b
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer FvNSu"O~K1
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, J_[[BJ&}x
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. Oc/_T>
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 zI:5I @ X
例题: 6j"I5,-~!
(1) )< a8a@
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio HFx"fT
A B >eTgP._
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. ic]tUOC :
C D KJ^GUqVl
答案:A Ce'2lo
应改为:no longer. $0S" Lh{
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer