考点四 名词(词组)作定语 KG=57=[
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 5{xK&[wR*
这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等 msV i3`q~
例题: O)!S[5YI
(1) > } E
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, K|Xr~\=
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. I8/tD|3
C D $-p9cyk
答案: D aH_0EBRc
应改为: distribution/ distributing. v~A*?WU;n
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 R2A#2{+H
(2) N /zP!%L
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. ]*hH.ZBY"^
A B C D e^}@X[*'#
答案: D '5(T0Ws/w
应改为: color CK#i 6!~r
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 p^1~o/
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第二章 形容词 p<<dj %
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 I+,C iJ|4
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 =Qf{
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 eM@xs<BR
例题： LLKYc y
(1) .%!^L#g
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. Q/q>mN"#1
A B C D w D:2sri
答案：C p1\mjM
应改为：certain. ^X?uAX-RP|
解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 X:lStO#5
(2) yzMGZi`ut
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. =\ k:]
A B C D a`[9<AM1#
答案：C DN iH" 0%
应改为：visual. p I~;3T:!
解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词
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注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话： f7 |Tp m
The man was awake. B*
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There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) @qYT/V*/
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable t-5 Y,}j
例题： .wmqaLd%
(1) =6+99<G|%M
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means Ni%@b U $
A B C +KD7Di91<K
of on-the-spot, alive reports. " Zx<hL*
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答案： D 2Y<]X7Ch:
应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) fUGappb
解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) QxN1N^a0
(2) ^8A [
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Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also 7(oA(l 1V
A B C kN78j
gather data from documentary and oral sources. {~u Ti >U
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答案： A ,lStT+ A
应改为：like RGs7Hc
解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 7Xu# |k
注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. -B9e&J
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如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等， >Q!}tbg~9
注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, \/?J)k3H.
一般来说：这个排序的规则是: 1kw*Q:
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 6_])(F3+w.
如: two young American students xO Aq!, |V
my three red pencils ux)*B}/xh
第二节 比较级 U1 X"UN)
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级，主要有两种形式： 4xr^4\ lk
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词)，如：fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等； c9fz x
或在词前加more (多音节形容词)，如：more useful, more complex等 ` =P_ed%&'
少数词比较级形式特殊，如：good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的)，
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考点一 含有标志词than =g ! Pw]
1．最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象， G^#>HE|
如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. "q+Z*
She possesses more books than I do. `Ucj_6&Tqs
He is more intelligent than I expected. uJ
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than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中， h! %y,4IBR
空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级， Z>bNU
空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。
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例题： ~M{/cv
(1) &RA RK8 ^
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. Q| h$D~
(A) coolest bUm
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(B) the coolest v0oVbHO5<
(C) cooler 6,q_ M(;c
(D) the cooler .,xyE--;d
答案：A )5~T%_
解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确 #<b\B qYG
(2) SDO:Gma
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. 6[k< &;
A B C D %K|f,w =m
答案：A n4S
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应改为：more SR?mSpq5
解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级 Gk I '.
2．为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来: C{85#`z`
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, zY:3* DiM
如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 6_KvS
(that 指代the population) k-=lt \?
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. y*+8Z&i.:
(those 指代 designs) V s l,u
情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) s=(q#Z
如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may HP]5"ziA
probably contribute more to the success of a play. -_t4A *
例题： Jk>vn+q8P^
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. yPtE5"(o
(A) than do 56<U xIa~
(B) that are having M{G}-QK_ .
(C) which have 2sIt~ Gn
(D) that do bl
a`B=r
答案：A r+C4<-dT
解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 7ihcjyXB
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考点二 (not) so /as…as Vq]ixag2^
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形，而且as…as必须搭配使用， 6?[P^{GpH
如：It is as good as it looks. Z[*unIk
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. o FP8s[B
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 2YZ>nqy
例题： )S+fc=
(1) N`efLOMl]
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. $L0sBW&
(A) possibly little nourishment ?H PAX
(B) nourishment possibly little [nig^8
(C) little as possible nourishment `OMX 9i
(D) little nourishment as possible T>%
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答案：D LJ
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解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含as…as句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. 0ex.~S_Oj4
(2) %f
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There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. xSD*e 0
(A) so early ~) _ N
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(B) the earliest L
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(C) as early as n?cC]k;P~
(D) so early that e g/itty
答案：C v}u]tl$,
解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as...as rwXpB<@l@
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考点三 the same…as ZT!8h$SE:
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用， -(?/95 Y
如：She looks just the same as before. %Ve@DF8G
I got the same feeling as you did. `.pEI q^
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 #d$z W4ur2
例题： ^L $`)Ja
(1) <}[ !k<
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, QD!NV*
A B C Rs"=o>Qu
shorter tails, and longer bills. +
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答案：B u]NsCHKlT
应改为：as. W8 ^A{l4
解释：the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与．．．一样” 8[J%TWq%9
(2) *Lrrl
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of :'w xm3f
A B #Q7:Mu+
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 3G4WKg. ^
C D K>.}>)0
答案：D agwbjkU/
应改为：as cwvJH&%0
解释：与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 IQ\!wWKmY
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考点四 the more…，the more… S>x@9$( ym
此句式常表示“越……越……”，more在此处泛指比较级，此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开，句子结构平行，而且谓语动词一致时，为避免重复常进行省略， Bv~^keuj3t
如：The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ru`7iqcz
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. ( ww4(
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一，因此看到the more结构，要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 -'miM ~kG[
例题： gnN>
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(1) c$[2tZ
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. I52nQCXi
(A) the greater the need there is ?& :N|cltD
(B) greater need *<cRQfA1
(C) is there great need Cw:| (`9
(D) the great need :K~@JlJd
答案：A yj_/:eX
解释：这是典型的 “the more…, Na
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. hO> q|+mC
(2) (BH<\&yHE
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. Oq <3&*
(A) the stress it is greater .=}\yYGe
(B) greater is the stress Jityb}Z "
(C) greater stress is W="pu5q
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(D) the greater the stress _^ {RtP#=
答案：D %Jl6e}!
解释：此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行，当谓语一致时，后面的可省略，符合要求的只有D qY e`</
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer ?
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no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, Fi+ DG ?zu
如：He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. h;E.y
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用，no more /not…any more同理，这一句式在改错题中出现。 ok ,O/|E}?
例题： ]c_lNHssmq
(1) 3k6Dbz
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio ;X ;x.pi
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. oVUsI,8
C D , =*^XlO=c
答案：A _, F\%}
应改为：no longer. x=K'Jj
解释：根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ．．．”，英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
