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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 f1PN |  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 j$da8] !  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 jEz+1Nl)  
例题: dx,=Rd5'  
(1) y[@\j9Hq  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, (]*H[)F/  
 A                       B 3K@@D B6  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. B$?qQ|0:=  
   C         D /Jf~25F  
答案: D ZAuWx@}  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. /$"[k2 N  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 QHBtWQgS  
(2) Q>qFM9Z  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. HftxS  
   A  B      C         D JIO$=+p  
答案: D MYe HS   
应改为: color ?yXAu0  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 .w6eJ4 ]  
= \ , qP  
K3GSOD>  
第二章 形容词 DZ ^1s~  
(/ " &  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 Uf*EJ1Ei  
lz | 64J  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 _L. n,  
/DS?}I.*]  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 Zszs1{t  
例题: eyw'7  
(1) qBk``!|s]  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. TB aVW  
       A  B   C          D |f2A89  
答案:C `BZ&~vJ_  
应改为:certain. a?cn9i)#  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 VFD%h }  
(2) K=u0nrG*  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. "u' )g&   
  A       B         C   D ;@4H5p  
答案:C Xwu.AVsr  
应改为:visual. `m%dX'0 E  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 eTE2J~\  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: &w~Xa( uu  
The man was awake. ^Ip3A  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) 1|y$~R.H  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable F#q&(  
例题: CSn<]%GL  
(1) @ 6xGJ,s  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 0my9l;X   
     A                 B        C 6517Km 4-  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. ?AsDk~3  
       D . 5hp0L}  
答案: D mc@M,2@D  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) X.J  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) [QEwK|!L  
(2) |+EKF.K  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also $iJnxqn  
 A              B               C 5j [#'3TSU  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. 1MQ/ r*(  
                 D W%8+t)  
答案: A }$)&{d G  
应改为:like &:vsc Ol  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 ?V+wjw  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. F3 f@9@b   
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, Zc\S$+PM  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, 3q~Fl=|.o  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: 0 BC`iql5  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 swZpWC  
如: two young American students kMS5h~D[  
    my three red pencils ONWO`XD  
第二节 比较级 X% J%A-k]  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: pN k8! k  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; I@ PJl  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 6UB6;-  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的),  1~EO+  
twv lQ|  
W?PWJkIw  
考点一 含有标志词than OX)BP.h#  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, 2fBYT4*P;  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. J{H?xc o  
  She possesses more books than I do. 3Q$c'C  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. |UZOAGiBg  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, Xoi9d1fO  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, Qg{WMlyOP  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 q (1r<2  
例题: < [5#c*A  
(1) $P_x v  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. o_3*;}k8  
(A) coolest UGf6i"F  
(B) the coolest Wa}"SqYr h  
(C) cooler HYFN?~G  
(D) the cooler $$~a=q,P[  
答案:A x {vIT- f  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 nO}$ 76*'0  
(2) mQnL<0_<f  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. )?9\$^I  
           A   B              C     D (6o:4|xl0  
答案:A ,aYU$~o#  
应改为:more ,-!2 5G  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 79a9L{gso  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: "bi  !=  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, T&!ZD2I  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. z2ds8-z  
   (that 指代the population) lf;~5/%wMG  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. #9I NX`s-  
   (those 指代 designs) Qv\bLR  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) !2wETs ?  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may +!G4tA$g  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. v/ eB ,p  
例题: RpULm1b  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. vD_u[j]  
(A) than do Vn@A]Jx^  
(B) that are having PnI)n=(\  
(C) which have %f_FGh  
(D) that do 7 FEzak'  
答案:A RA! x  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 i?lX,9%  
i:MlD5 F  
考点二 (not) so /as…as (MZ A  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, D7 %^Ly  
如:It is as good as it looks. e!T G< (S  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. 8''9@xz  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 L~'^ W/N  
例题: "(9=h@@Y"  
(1) FRb&@ (;  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. Wh#os,U $  
(A) possibly little nourishment KteZK.+#:  
(B) nourishment possibly little &f (sfM_n  
(C) little as possible nourishment |:!E HFr  
(D) little nourishment as possible XHU<4l:kl  
答案:D =e"H1^Ml  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. 2<`gs(oxXe  
(2) DW'0j$;  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. (:tTx>V#  
(A) so early p{\qSPK  
(B) the earliest PM#$H  
(C) as early as `?Y_0Nh>  
(D) so early that HYa$EE2  
答案:C %[+a[/  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as 3G:NZ)p  
Z<$E.##  
考点三 the same…as .3S\Rrv  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用,  0jip::x  
如:She looks just the same as before. &r 5&6p  
  I got the same feeling as you did. B.CH9M  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 ai<MsQQ:=  
例题: 2l\D~ y  
(1) VR5e CJ:i  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, B6Wq/fl/  
         A       B          C hPEp0("  
shorter tails, and longer bills. } Y7W1$he  
            D /: \VwH  
答案:B )Yy#`t  
应改为:as. priT 7!  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” E< 98ahZ?l  
(2) o\=i0HR9  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of {Y O%JTQ  
  A                 B    f3%^-Uy*b  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 7am/X.  
   C          D :+?W  
答案:D &ttv4BC^r  
应改为:as s&QBFyKtJ  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 q|]0on~ ]  
n.)[MC}  
考点四 the more…,the more… EZwdx  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, HHu7{,  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ~QEXB*X-g'  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 8t*%q+Z  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 Jq+$_Uqd  
例题: :(?hLH.W[  
(1) ~&j`9jdOj  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. G=bP<XF  
(A) the greater the need there is V^$rH<  
(B) greater need Sfoy8<j  
(C) is there great need a+>W  
(D) the great need cLyuCaH>c  
答案:A mTuB*  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, N>nvt.`P  
b-(UsY:  
M6hvi(!X2  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. `j!2uRFe>  
(2) `2(R}zUHN  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. `2mbF ^-4  
(A) the stress it is greater K%TKQ<R|  
(B) greater is the stress _9-D3_P[3  
(C) greater stress is Z/05 wB  
(D) the greater the stress ?'/5%f`  
答案:D r?yJ  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D AIxBZt7{b  
6[h$r/GXh"  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer FvNSu"O~K1  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, J_[[BJ&}x  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. Oc/_ T>  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 zI:5I@ X  
例题: 6j"I5,-~!  
(1) )< a8a@  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio HFx"fT  
          A           B      >eTgP._  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. ic]tUOC:  
    C                           D KJ^GUqVl  
答案:A Ce'2lo  
应改为:no longer. $0S"Lh{  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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