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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 MNTVG&h  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 4Wa$>vz  
2)基本用法 vR5X  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 \Wppl,"6c  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , x30|0EHYl[  
seldom等。例如: &dj/Dq@  
The sun rises in the east. Zm++5b`W/[  
He usually goes to work by bus. b">"NvlB  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. vlDA/( &  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 ?/hS1yD;  
如: S{]3e-?  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. fMW=ss^fu-  
The project starts early this year. ;O,&MR{;|n  
There is a conference tonight. 67}8EV!/k  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: v1}ijls  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. =Ov,7<8o  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. eW3?3l`fvt  
2 、一般过去时 Zg4wd/y?  
1)构成:动词过去式 [rAi9LSO"  
2)基本用法 6fBA #Kb  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: XPt>klf  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 TI"Ki$jC  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: tId,Q>zH  
He died five years ago. lY,9bSF$  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. P&Xy6@%[Z  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he rXTdhw?+  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. e9S*^2;  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ab)ckRC  
3 、一般将来时 z [u!C/  
1)构成 z?`7g%Z?{  
will +动词原形 e(DuJ-  
2)基本用法 {ynI]Wj`L  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 ~\u>jel  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. ~WB-WI\  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 *8%uXkMm  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 fbah~[5}  
明即将发生的事。例如: -I#<?=0B  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. f|s,%AU"i  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 !|ic{1!_  
可能性。例如: wb]Z4/j#  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. EF 8rh  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 U}<zn+SI#V  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: i5*/ZA_  
We're leaving on Friday. /B{c L`<  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. HGj[\kU~  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: *;T HD>  
He is about to retire. akgvV~5  
4 、现在进行时 UM+g8J{$*;  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 T^Xum2Ec  
2)基本用法 c&SSf_0O*  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 8..g\ZT  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. #CB`7 }jq  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. yfA h=  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 ~llw_ w  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: %w/:mH3FA  
He is constantly complaining about his job. @iYr<>iDZ  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 95tHi re  
5 、现在完成时 gvxOo#8]  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 CX>QP&Gj  
2)基本用法 ?NUDHUn_  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 "Za'K+4  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since hOcVxSc.  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: r@H7J 5<Y-  
We’ve just back. {gS7pY%_W  
We have studied English for more than ten years. G5zsId dS  
He has lived here since 1995. &8Oy*'  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. qMcOSZ%8J  
Have you booked your hotel yet :k oXS  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 53?B.\  
(1)过去与现在的关系 { Em fw9L  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 .RWKZB  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 OQby=}A  
造成的影响。 l Gy`{E|  
(2)时间状语不同 { daEKac5  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, XZ1<sm8t."  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till >^+c s^jCM  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: 9uA2M!~i2  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) )?,X\/5  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 PQ`~qM:3st  
开着的。) mM;p 7 sJ  
6 、过去进行时 oi/bp#(fa  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 Kx5VR4f`J@  
2)基本用法 p |xMXoa`  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: >KnXj7  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. @m(ja@YC  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. $56Z/*  
7 、过去完成时 94x RKQ}  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 j?cE0 hz  
2)基本用法 bpWEF b'f  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 j5qrM_Chg  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: Ju 0  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning BjyGk+A   
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. mtg3}etA  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. zd+<1R;  
8 、过去将来时 j6{9XIR o_  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 Vy giR|f-  
2)基本用法 ('7qJkV  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去  b"C1  
时的宾语从句中。例如: Qt+;b  
He said he would stop smoking next month. AUvUk<a  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. ?* %J Gz_  
9 、将来完成时 ",gWO 8T  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。  "0( _  
2)基本用法 o> i`Jq&  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: ;j]-;wg-;  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. _:0  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. b^~"4fU  
10 、现在完成进行时 WG0Ne;Ho  
1)构成 /T_@rm  
2)基本用法 +jPs0?}s  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 R;68C6 4  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 O !7v&$]1  
状语连用。例如: Nhnw'9  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. hkhk,bhI  
He has been studying English for years. #o]/&T=N=  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. U)n+j}vi  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 KiDL]2  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: r#xq 8H=_m  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) )@O80uOFh  
They have built a ship.(已完成) !\ckUMZ\  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) pS vqGJU3  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! n7r )wy  
(表达不满情绪) };z[x2l^  
II. 动词的语态 ~$O.KF:  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 tTzPT<  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: nF8|*}w  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 d0Jaa1b~O  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called NR* s7>  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called |@a.dgz,  
将来 shall/will be c%N8|!e  
called + ~6Nq(kV  
------ shall/will have been called S8 {Sb>  
应注意的事项: 'k?%39  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 5V|D%t2N  
He was beat severely by the gunman. l Wa4X#~.  
The cup was broken by Tom. u0)~Im,X  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 B-@ ]+W  
或副词。例如: o:E_k# Fi  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. kFJ sB,2-  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. OJkiTs{  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 Vz"Ja  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: &_L FV@/  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) lO Rym:P  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 9q # #)  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) qB`-[A9HPe  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 _* xjG \!  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: "I)*W8wTn  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. ^^ Q'AE  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. :f~[tox  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 5eZ8$-&([  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: )4[Yplo  
She got her purse stolen. V! sT2  
I must get my hair cut. $yZ(c#L  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 +}XFkH ~  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: [a\U8 w  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. 36NENzK  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. EXdx$I=X  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, {Z529Ns  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: Z*Sa%yf  
The book sells very well. i|z=q  
The parachute opens easily. D!K){ E  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: -P+@n)?T6  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; MOiTz L*  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 9q?\F  
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