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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 -aK_  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 v9QR,b` n  
2)基本用法 b_+dNoB  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 2Z;wU]  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , r-&Rjg  
seldom等。例如: 9%55R >s$  
The sun rises in the east. ];P$w.0  
He usually goes to work by bus. 7D PKKvQ  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 6c>cq\~E  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 8,d<&3D  
如: cy T,tN  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. 6g06s @kz  
The project starts early this year. 5i `q  
There is a conference tonight. I-<U u 2  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: :)hS-*P  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. /R\]tl#2j  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. wq+%O,  
2 、一般过去时 &Z3g$R 9  
1)构成:动词过去式 ^'9:n\SKQ  
2)基本用法 Jm0o[4  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: I.#V/{J  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 Gxjm Ho  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: eFJ .)Z  
He died five years ago.  |e49F  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. D&0y0lxI@  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he [l"|x75-  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. P| c[EUT  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ^I2+$  
3 、一般将来时 {-?^j{O0.  
1)构成 YB?yi( "yL  
will +动词原形 )> >Tj7  
2)基本用法 Am>^{qh9  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 @q8h'@sX  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. l@:|OGD;8  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 , gYbi-E  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 Js{X33^Ju  
明即将发生的事。例如: r5#8V zr  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. Rb!V{jQ  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 {k:W?`  
可能性。例如: 6yU#;|6d  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. /<"<N<X  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 Q:rQ;/b0/  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: c_p7vvI&c0  
We're leaving on Friday. Ep }{m<8c  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. .eZsKc-@  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ePD~SO9*  
He is about to retire. yxz)32B?  
4 、现在进行时 Xu[(hT6  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 0 rge]w.X  
2)基本用法 nogdOGo  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: coG_bX?e  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. r0xmDJ@y  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. = ^NTHc^*  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 v %|S)^c?:  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: z&R #j  
He is constantly complaining about his job. ~d.Z. AD  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. y'{*B(  
5 、现在完成时 _/\U  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 I=;.o>  
2)基本用法 &xgKHbg  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 8*$HS.Db'  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since _Qh :*j!  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: vGST{Lz;  
We’ve just back. Lo{g0~?x*  
We have studied English for more than ten years. 26K sP .-  
He has lived here since 1995. gt>k]0  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. VnU/_# n  
Have you booked your hotel yet (gQr?K  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 o1k X`Eu  
(1)过去与现在的关系 :svKE.7{  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 jl)7Jd  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 {0Jpf [.f  
造成的影响。 yV4rS6=  
(2)时间状语不同 6[k7e!&  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, '<R::M,  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till b;2[E/JKB  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: #-<n@qNg[  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) %s;=H)8  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 ;i>(r;ZM  
开着的。) * ujJpJZ2  
6 、过去进行时 `=.A]) >  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 .Z9{ \tj  
2)基本用法 12 TX_0  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: OTmw/#ug  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. o+% ($p  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. \jCN ]A<  
7 、过去完成时 ,T;T %/ S  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 $MYAYj9r)  
2)基本用法 &^hLFd7j/  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 k"pN  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: k+% c8w 9  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning PZY VLUw `  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. ,w|Or}h]7  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. wN2D{Jj  
8 、过去将来时 ?C` &*+  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 ur| vh5  
2)基本用法 l\"wdS}  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去  8\Uy  
时的宾语从句中。例如: .qfU^AHA  
He said he would stop smoking next month. 8k9q@FSln  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. D0*+7n3  
9 、将来完成时 +8Q5[lh2]j  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 J_}Rsp ED  
2)基本用法 o! Y61S(  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: Rl[SqmnI)@  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. NhRKP"<CO  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. $l/w.z  
10 、现在完成进行时 =`/GB T$  
1)构成 ,wB)hp  
2)基本用法 @E%f AC  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 ?!;i/h*{  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 |gwGCa+  
状语连用。例如: 4Pkl()\c  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. }:1*@7eR  
He has been studying English for years. Lj Y@b  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. @s8wYcW  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 V1 {'d[E*  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: j*L-sU  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) `(&GLv[i^2  
They have built a ship.(已完成) a'|/=$  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) &]jCoBj+_  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! miEf<<L#z  
(表达不满情绪) Hq0O!Zv  
II. 动词的语态 ~4=XYYcka  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。  G4{TJ,~  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: PmlQW!gfBi  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 %R@&8  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called %Zi}sm1t  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called [9,34/i  
将来 shall/will be #/o1D^  
called P.'$L\  
------ shall/will have been called l( uV@_3  
应注意的事项: TQsTL2a  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。  _GsHT\  
He was beat severely by the gunman. t&nK5p95(  
The cup was broken by Tom. H':0  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 ~'t+X  
或副词。例如:  R7ExMJw  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. G[s/M\l  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. wOrpp3I  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 3im2 `n  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: 4]m?8j) 6b  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) s p&g  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 3 , nr*R!  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) v\Edf;(  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 *FC26_pH  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: v0,&wdi  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. $X]Z-RCK3  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 0&2eiMKG?n  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: %lqrq<Xn  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: C:{&cIFrPe  
She got her purse stolen. W=zp:6Z~  
I must get my hair cut. =8 01nZJ  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 W24n%Ps  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: &8@ a"  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. y3!#*NU  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. 5gbD|^ij  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 2hF j+Ay  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: k{ibD5B  
The book sells very well. :?z E@Ct  
The parachute opens easily. )ioIn`g^-  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: ?PDrj/: *  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; "MU)8$d  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 *[0)]|r  
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