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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 }&A!h  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 6lw)L  
2)基本用法 S]&f+g}&w  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 o1<Y#db[  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , 94 58.!3  
seldom等。例如: A\p' \@f  
The sun rises in the east. "8}p>gS  
He usually goes to work by bus. 4FURm@C6  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. .4E5{F{~  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 6'CZfs\  
如: {3n|=  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. V45A>#?U  
The project starts early this year. |Iei!jm  
There is a conference tonight. %(lr.9.]H  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: rTTde^^_  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. _8x:%$   
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. 0#1hkJ"  
2 、一般过去时 o 4G%m>$  
1)构成:动词过去式 fA"N5qQI(  
2)基本用法 /)RyRS8c  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: /+^7lQo\]  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 '5xIisP  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: l;{n" F  
He died five years ago. [7x,&  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. Mttt]]  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he ToMvP B);  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. #r5IwyL  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. Ff6l" A5  
3 、一般将来时 h r@c7/L  
1)构成 Xwz9E!m  
will +动词原形 ~N "rr.w  
2)基本用法 B=dF\.&Z  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 J,N='~kfh  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. &CP0T:h  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 O7<--  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 rl:6N*kK  
明即将发生的事。例如: NsbC0 xLd  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. R=Qa54  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 Q\H1=8  
可能性。例如: >~%!#,C(|U  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. )|52B;yZx  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 aTi2=HL=S  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: }jL_/gvgy  
We're leaving on Friday. h\qQ% |X  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. qH 1k  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: Z\1*g k  
He is about to retire. &P2tzY'  
4 、现在进行时 TNi4H:\  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 .>X 0 $#  
2)基本用法 4k$i:st;  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: YJ6y]r K2,  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. QmHj=s:x\  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. $*k(h|XfwW  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 .8.4!6~@  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: HACY  
He is constantly complaining about his job. 3bWYRW  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. j<*  
5 、现在完成时 *|Bu7nwg  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 ejF GeR  
2)基本用法 ^-wdIu~p?  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 0c -.h  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since {zck Y  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: # dA-dN  
We’ve just back. v0aV>-v  
We have studied English for more than ten years. ;#i$5L!*B  
He has lived here since 1995. hRU5CH/!  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. V(6*wQ` &  
Have you booked your hotel yet `d ,v  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 $.5f-vQp  
(1)过去与现在的关系 ~[N"Q|D3Y  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 vC [ uEx:  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 H^d2|E[D  
造成的影响。 ?'8(']/  
(2)时间状语不同 yIq. m=  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, Au\j6mB  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till QjIn0MJ)Xm  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: W5SCm(QS5  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) ahUc ;S:v#  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 G u4mP  
开着的。) .7K<9K+P  
6 、过去进行时 P}re"<MD  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 p"dK,A5#)  
2)基本用法 ~u.( (GM  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: dI%#cf1  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. q}+Fm?B   
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. +EOd9.X\~  
7 、过去完成时 oro^'#ki  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 ,7/F?!G!J  
2)基本用法 sQ aP:@  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 #wS/QrRE  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: Ve9*>6i&-4  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ;!9-I%e  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. ,3,(/%=k  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. 7Ap==J{a  
8 、过去将来时 RQ*oTsq  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 *%aWGAu:  
2)基本用法 8`Iz%rw&(J  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 ,&ld:v?~  
时的宾语从句中。例如: &57s//PrX  
He said he would stop smoking next month. #HyE-|_ C  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. 6! A+$"  
9 、将来完成时 =8W'4MC  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 3q)y;T\yW  
2)基本用法 ;hZ^zL  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: ,xOOR   
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. =2&Sw(6j  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. "bmWr)  
10 、现在完成进行时 }HLV'^"k  
1)构成 | HfN<4NL  
2)基本用法 ^b&U0k$R  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 4<<T#oW.:G  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 9*CJWS;  
状语连用。例如: }~+_|  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. +2Wijrn  
He has been studying English for years. <E1ngG  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. Xd@_:ds  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 ]MaD7q>+R  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: "jA?s9  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) `S:LuU8e  
They have built a ship.(已完成) D]*<J"/]d  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) 0oNy  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! nmy!.0SQ-  
(表达不满情绪) ]`T*}$|  
II. 动词的语态 y%@C-:  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 Y:KIaYkk  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: !v?WyGbUg  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 [`_-;/Gx2  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called 2y#[uSqB  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called }e8u p*#me  
将来 shall/will be JzZ@Z8%a;  
called h$2lO^  
------ shall/will have been called ]Z=O+7(r  
应注意的事项: "S^ ""5  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 1azj%WY  
He was beat severely by the gunman. zTb,h  
The cup was broken by Tom. w+G+&ak<  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 G Q])y  
或副词。例如: :7 OhplI  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. ;^9 y#muk  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. "|6763.{4  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 tEjT$`6hp  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: ,); -v4$  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) *di}rQHm  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) NjP7?nXSx  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) [a!*m<  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 &p_V<\(%  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: /^Ng7Mi!  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. U?&&yynK  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. ,l7',@6Y  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: ZxU3)`O  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: +_v#V9?  
She got her purse stolen. Fa-F`U@h(m  
I must get my hair cut. ;'P<#hM[$  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 *Y<1KXFU  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: Ot([5/K  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. ~?<VT k  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. 1YJ@9 *l  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, SPo}!&p$~  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: q :-1ul  
The book sells very well. t^SND{[WcM  
The parachute opens easily. .$N8cYu0  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: \Ws$@ J-M  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; H0?Vq8I?  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 BZ}_  
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