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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 V?=zuB?'  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 eOnl s x/  
2)基本用法 9(gOk  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 IXk'?9  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , ]R.Vq\A%S  
seldom等。例如: @T=HcUP)  
The sun rises in the east. g,]5&C T3v  
He usually goes to work by bus. rVW'KN  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. J_br%AG<p  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 1+ARV&bc  
如: p:n^c5  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. <cc0phr  
The project starts early this year. X{5DPhB,  
There is a conference tonight. YU"\ Wd[  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: |*| a~t  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. >~8Df61o`  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. a^1c _  
2 、一般过去时 H<Taf%JT  
1)构成:动词过去式 &x5ZEe4  
2)基本用法 e-av@a3  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: JF=ABJ=  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 6df&B .gg  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: r1?FH2Ns  
He died five years ago. :QSW^x  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. uk/+ i`=  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he Hmd:>_[f  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. .T X& X  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ZKL%rp_  
3 、一般将来时 ^( VB5p  
1)构成 9\0 K%LL  
will +动词原形 PTZ1 oD  
2)基本用法 Y% 9F  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 ,p1]_D&  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. Mdh"G @$n  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 Jjq%cA  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 B K;w!]  
明即将发生的事。例如: .NC}TFN|  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. Oei2,3l,?  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 m(P)oqwM  
可能性。例如: $O-, :<HY  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. %%[TM(z  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 t1^96@m^  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: DV" ri  
We're leaving on Friday. N| LVLsK  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. 1ouTZ'c?  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: q Q8l8  
He is about to retire. !Esiq<Yh  
4 、现在进行时 .D`#a  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 lhTbgM  
2)基本用法 , &SJ?XAs  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: mio'm  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. -9"Ls?Cu  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. )O Cr6 UR  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 Wg1WY}zG  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: TW0^wSm  
He is constantly complaining about his job. f7s.\  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. VJaL$Wv)H  
5 、现在完成时 K~>kruO";  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 5EUk p6Y  
2)基本用法 )J0VB't  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 o_n.,=/cZ  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since ?6bE!36  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: #p >PNW-  
We’ve just back. ceCshxTU  
We have studied English for more than ten years. uJ$,e5q  
He has lived here since 1995. 0&x)5^lG  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. PhS"tOGtX  
Have you booked your hotel yet "e"`Or  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 k*Kq:$9"  
(1)过去与现在的关系 N\?iU8w=  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 r%m2$vx#  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 i=4bY[y  
造成的影响。 cPXvT Vvs  
(2)时间状语不同 V4H+m,R  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, khfE<<$=  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till F\e'z  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: D-.>Dw:  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) PD?H5W3@  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 a srkuAS  
开着的。) SUw{xGp  
6 、过去进行时 TwN8|ibVmP  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 k|V{jB G"@  
2)基本用法 =h)H`  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: =aCv Xa&,  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. e.T5F`Du  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. Rl ~Tw9  
7 、过去完成时 /_O-m8+ 4m  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 YpL}R#  
2)基本用法 mKg~8q 3  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 ^:],JN k  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: ObCwWj^qO  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning (GV6%l#I  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 4c% :?H@2  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. /vMpSN|3  
8 、过去将来时 4q[r KNl  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 fq(e~Aqw$  
2)基本用法 5HU>o|.  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 + $-a:zx`l  
时的宾语从句中。例如: 7XY C.g  
He said he would stop smoking next month. 5&>(|Y~I  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. @dXf_2T v=  
9 、将来完成时 Jx}5`{\  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 '>6-ie^0  
2)基本用法 2Zm*f2$xM  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: ~t}:vGDj  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. _Sg2 9qFK  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. ReRRFkO"2  
10 、现在完成进行时 > }9TdP/oT  
1)构成 z TK  
2)基本用法 \u*,~J)z  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 )#Id 2b~  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 l YhwV\3  
状语连用。例如: 52"/Zr}j  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. rYLNV!_  
He has been studying English for years. 0L6L_;o  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. aql*@8 )m  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 &Ls0!dWC  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: }'{(rU  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) vhg4E80Kr  
They have built a ship.(已完成) A@#dv2JzP  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) s?2;u p*D  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! A +p}oY '  
(表达不满情绪) & #|vGhA  
II. 动词的语态 E|6|m8  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 Bm?Ku7}.  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: hImCy9i}  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 r[lHYO  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called ufo?ZFq@$L  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called Q-0[l/A}a  
将来 shall/will be 1Tl("XV3  
called 4>| 5B:  
------ shall/will have been called ,^[s4 =3X?  
应注意的事项: md_Ld /  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 nYe}d!  
He was beat severely by the gunman. (-#{qkA  
The cup was broken by Tom. aT0 y  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 `bm-ONK  
或副词。例如: D9Z5g3s7R  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. 4 A<c@g2  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. r~;N(CG  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 u>eu47"n!  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: v:>P;\]r9M  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) B^qB6:\t  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) |WX4L7yrhK  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) s6egd%r  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 [q@%)F  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: ;CW$/^QNr5  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. .jKO 6f  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. K?>&Mr  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: !9 F+uc5  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: c ~ SI"  
She got her purse stolen. cwroG#jGT  
I must get my hair cut. p hdN9<Z  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 p .HA `R>  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: GyCpGP|AZ  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. *+AP}\p0F  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. w&{J9'~  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, l0_V-|x  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: H,}?YW  
The book sells very well. [=Z{y8#:J  
The parachute opens easily. J3]m*i5A  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: 0#JBz\  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; NSq"\A\  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 mAzW'Q4D  
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