(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。
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(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 4Wa$>vz
2)基本用法 vR5X
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 \Wppl,"6c
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , x30|0EHYl[
seldom等。例如: &dj/Dq@
The sun rises in the east. Zm++5b`W/[
He usually goes to work by bus. b">"NvlB
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. vlDA/( &
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 ?/hS1yD;
如: S{]3e-?
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. fMW=ss^fu-
The project starts early this year. ;O,&MR{;|n
There is a conference tonight. 67}8EV!/k
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: v1}ijls
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. =Ov,7<8o
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. eW3?3l`fvt
2 、一般过去时 Zg4wd/y?
1)构成:动词过去式 [rAi9LSO"
2)基本用法 6fBA#Kb
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: XPt>klf
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 TI"Ki$jC
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: tId,Q>zH
He died five years ago. lY,9bSF$
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. P&Xy6@%[Z
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he rXTdhw?+
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. e9S*^2;
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ab)ckRC
3 、一般将来时 z
[u!C/
1)构成 z?`7g%Z?{
will +动词原形 e(DuJ-
2)基本用法 {ynI]Wj`L
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 ~ \u>jel
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. ~W B-WI\
3)表示将来时的其他形式 *8%uXkM m
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 fbah~[5}
明即将发生的事。例如: -I#<?=0B
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. f|s,%AU"i
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 !|ic{1!_
可能性。例如: wb]Z4/j#
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. EF 8rh
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 U}<zn+SI#V
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: i5*/ZA_
We're leaving on Friday. /B{cL`<
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. HGj[\kU~
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: *;T HD>
He is about to retire. akgvV~5
4 、现在进行时 UM+g8J{$*;
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 T^X um2Ec
2)基本用法 c&SSf_0O*
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 8..g\ZT
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. #CB`7}jq
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. yfAh=
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 ~llw_w
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: %w/:mH3FA
He is constantly complaining about his job. @iYr<>iDZ
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 95tHire
5 、现在完成时 gvxOo#8]
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 CX>QP&Gj
2)基本用法 ?NUDHUn_
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 "Za 'K+4
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since hOcVxSc.
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: r@H7J 5<Y-
We’ve just back. {gS7pY%_W
We have studied English for more than ten years. G5zsId
dS
He has lived here since 1995. &8Oy *'
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. qMcOSZ%8J
Have you booked your hotel yet :k oXS
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 53?B.\
(1)过去与现在的关系 { Em fw9L
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 .RWKZB
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 OQ by=} A
造成的影响。 l Gy`{E|
(2)时间状语不同 {
daEKac5
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, XZ1<sm8t."
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till >^+c s^jCM
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: 9uA2M!~i2
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) )?,X\/5
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 PQ`~qM:3st
开着的。) mM;p 7
sJ
6 、过去进行时 oi/bp#(fa
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 Kx5VR4f`J@
2)基本用法 p |xMXoa`
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: >KnXj7
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. @m(ja@YC
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. $56Z/*
7 、过去完成时 94x
RKQ}
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 j?cE0
hz
2)基本用法 bpWEF b'f
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 j5qrM_Chg
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: Ju
0
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning BjyGk+A
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. mtg3}etA
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. zd+<1R;
8 、过去将来时 j6{9XIRo_
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 VygiR|f-
2)基本用法 ('7qJkV
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 b"C1
时的宾语从句中。例如: Qt+;b
He said he would stop smoking next month. AUvUk<a
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. ?* %JGz_
9 、将来完成时 ",gWO8T
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 "0(
_
2)基本用法 o> i`Jq&
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: ;j]-;wg-;
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. _:0
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. b^~"4 fU
10 、现在完成进行时 WG0Ne;Ho
1)构成 /T_@rm
2)基本用法 +jPs0?}s
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 R;68C6 4
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 O
!7v&$]1
状语连用。例如: Nhnw'9
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. hkhk,bhI
He has been studying English for years. #o]/&T=N=
He has been playing computer games since early morning. U)n+j}vi
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 Ki DL]2
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: r#xq 8H=_m
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) )@O80uOFh
They have built a ship.(已完成)
!\ckUMZ\
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) pSvqGJU3
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! n7r )wy
(表达不满情绪) };z[x2l^
II. 动词的语态 ~$O.KF:
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 tTzPT<
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: nF8|*}w
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 d0Jaa1b~O
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called NR*s7>
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called |@a.dgz,
将来 shall/will be
c%N8|!e
called +~6Nq(kV
------ shall/will have been called S8{S b>
应注意的事项: 'k?%39
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 5V|D%t2N
He was beat severely by the gunman. l Wa4X#~.
The cup was broken by Tom. u0)~Im,X
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 B-@ ]+W
或副词。例如: o:E_k#
Fi
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. kFJ sB,2-
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. OJkiTs{
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 Vz"Ja
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: &_