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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 2rq)U+   
一、代词 Brh<6Btl  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 VGY#ph%  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 p-zWfXn!P  
  主格、宾格、所有格 42?X)n>  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) U<**Est  
\5$N> 2kO  
(二) 反身代词 # k1%}k=  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ` 7P4O   
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) qh/q<  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) zlmb_akJ  
/I3#WUc;![  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  g_}r)CgG|  
    A                 B    `5;O|qRq  
  a series of indicators that could help )FM/ ^  
             C      UB]} j^  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. Dcq\1V.e`W  
    D iKa }@U  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 AA9OElCa  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 gOZ$rv^g  
h3D8eR.  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ~a8J"Wh  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 lcij}-z:%e  
I.j`h2  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies lDNB0Ad  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the BclZsU=xn  
     A   B      C          D ~wIVw}  
  Pacific.  B&#TbKp  
6pI =?g  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 _d&zHlc_  
_/ZIDIn  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 VcT(n7  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: zv!%u=49  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 B=#rp*vwL  
QfB \h[A  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined * I`, L/  
                       A    mQBq-;  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and 9]BpP0f\  
             B s2iR  }<  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. s d>&6 R^  
   C       D 5[esW  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ~N;.hU %l  
tS8*l2Y`   
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important ($' rV!}  
        A     Miqu  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John *f$mSI=  
   B        C      P49lE  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  BQmg$N,F  
      D @$gvV]dA  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. bqN({p&  
1[C,*\X8v  
g4&zBn  
(四) Who和which的区别 Cp&lS=  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 -RVwPY  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 muo(bR8  
Y2!OJuyGc  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who u^|XQWR$:  
              A            B ;hJTJMA6/6  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. ^IOf%  
   C                  D SfyZ,0  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 4K[E3aA  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Cy4@\X%W  
t@QaxZIlt;  
(五) that和which的区别 {*ATY+  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 ++-HdSHY  
1T!b# x4  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it D'ZR>@w@  
              A        B Bab`wfUve  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. _,"T;i  
      C              D B/:q  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 CO%7^}xSE,  
5'd$TC  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 "6 |j 0?Q  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 6x)7=_:0  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when Hgu$)yhlj  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. U BzX%:A  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which t>N~PXr  
a\ fG)Fqp  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly %i{Z@  
              A         B   @)1>ba  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. <qT[  
         C      D '#!nK O2<  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 r@ujE,D=k  
2 -72 8  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  DDQ}&`s  
  affected the way people in the United States----. |tIr?nXSW3  
   (A) living and working 5. 5<.")  
   (B) they live and work bc=,$  
   (C) live and work z`$jxSLm  
   (D) to live and to work #%N v\ g;  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 Z^E>)!t  
kH~ z07:  
二、介词 u^|c_5J(  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 q;Tdqv!Ju  
1/+d@s#t  
(一) 介词搭配 3.+TM]RYN  
5{Q5?M]  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ?lq  
    A         B   C      "@^Pb$BLY  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. ' L?e)u.  
                D -!;2?6R9{  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 E|{(O  
c?5?TJpm  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ]QKo>7%[  
A       B     C  D -Zq\x'  
分析:B错改为be rich in B@cC'F #G  
Hb}O/G$a*  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the RO+ jVY~H-  
    A         B      C PAng(tubl  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. "5<:Dj/W  
             D ')N[)&&Q{  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 (#kKL??W  
88Nx/:#Y*  
'Qdea$o  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 Q g~cYwX  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 z h{,.c  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. cWtuI(.  
          A      B  C     D e5RF6roxO  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 |L/EH~| O  
o6tPQ (Vi  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has J':X$>E|  
                 A  B     $RH.  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on ; b{yu|  
      C M*!WXQlud  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Hf /ZaBn  
      D l1bkhA b  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 lArKfs/   
l-Be5?|{_  
2、介词by p}oGhO&=  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by 2FR+Z3&z  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing +GJPj(S  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States zO`4W!x&  
    A         B       3k3 C\Cw  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. yk y% +@2q  
   C     D  TZ63=m  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 b wM?DY  
C}#$wge  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ^T:L6:  
   A                      zuu<;^/R  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to Eug RC  
     B    C       D jDb"|l  
   supply moccasins and field rations. <UF0Xc&X'  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ]5K+W  
)=#e*1!b  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ue^HhZ9  
        A                )X;051Q  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements EK= y!>  
        B          C   hxzA1s%~  
  that are often represented at symbols. O wuc9  
              D | p!($  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 X;H\u6-|>6  
三、谓语动词 -%5#0Ogh M  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 IIT UM)  
①、主谓分割原则 @R}3f6@67  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, AT)b/ycC  
     A     aZ$5"  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. iGSA$U P|  
        B      C      D 5RvE ),  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 T>]T=  
}% f7O  
②、与后者一致原则 PxgJ7d  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, [al$sCD]+  
not only…but also ;}iB9 Tl  
gs;^SRE I  
(ix .  
③、与前者一致原则 CvmIDRP*  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, SOq:!Qt  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 t))MZw&@  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and v+"4YIN  
     A      B  C     yw$4Hlj5  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. PBnH#zm  
         D m)} 01N4  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is iX6>u4~(  
:u./"[G  
④、就近原则 #kASy 2t  
or, either…or, neither…nor, C=V2Y_j  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are y0sce  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is + x=)Kp>  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 >P:X\5Oj  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ^\AeX-q2v'  
K\rQb  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are jZzTnmm&?  
        A      B        a3<:F2=~\  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. <kdlXS>J.  
    C              D tLWw< )t  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 UMR?q0J  
!Fp %2gt|  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 v e ysW(z  
There are five apples that are red. zo( #tQ-'m  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 7Hr_ZwO/^  
+Cw_qS"=  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets qK a}O*  
      A            80*hi)ux[  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. G n]qh(N>  
   B   C    D uqC#h,~ 0  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 p0bWzIH  
yx5e   
⑥the +形容词主谓一致  f\<r1  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. VTu#)I7A^@  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 b$,Hlh,^  
e{5?+6KH  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 sQa;l]O:NC  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: [i`  
a. there be 句型 [yXmnrxA  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 HrBJi  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 F3}MM dX  
Plp.\N%f3  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. D*%am|QL  
   A     B      C    D    bQt:=>  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 4k;FZo]S  
#{8I FA  
pbzFzLal  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific W%!(kN&d  
             A     B    $N=&D_Q  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 1ML L  
     C         *): |WDR  
  miles in width. ;5j|B|v  
     D  2I-d.{  
分析:倒装句,are改为is <b:%o^  
$+*nb4  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and RV~fml9c  
   A    B       C         ?F"o+]i+^  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film ,9P-<P  
                    D .EKlw##  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. 2LwJ%!  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 ( C!p2f  
#rlgeHG!fs  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 BsQ;`2   
fifty percent of + 名词 b>07t!;  
one percent of + 名词 YXA@ c  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: )eyzHB,H  
  one percent of my students + are Fz7t84g(  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. * 7!MG  
fkxkf^g)  
这里要强调两个结构 o :d7IL  
half of =fifty percent +4?Lwp'q  
most of + 可数名词 + are S<nF>JRJa  
most of + 不可数名词+ is Q0xO;20  
AFAg3/  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 7Nq< o5  
   A       B         C   $C[z]}iOi  
  found in central and eastern Canada. 46C%at M0}  
           D )4g_S?l=  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 R]"Zv'M(AM  
(?qCtLZ  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized !l 'n X  
                 A   B  HWjJ.;k}a  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. IK -vcG  
              C     D i 8sv,P  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 scV%p&{a  
TNu% _ 34  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 )PN8HJAArh  
①、主要考察时间状语 gfL :SP8  
}i+C)VUX   
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. lS=YnMs6a  
   A        B  C     D :,8y8z$+  
LK h=jB^bT  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ().C   
Il =6 t  
QYA4C1h'  
②、For和since的区别 r]e{ ~v/  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 ^A ]4  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 uI,*&bP  
  I has been a teacher for three years. Zr}>>aIJ]k  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. lO@-*m$  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 (Q{JI~P  
L4iWR/&  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became R&uPoY,f  
   A      B              'M%iS4b{IM  
  the primary responsibility of the president. .\ bJ,of9  
     C    D xbiprhdv  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 B} qRz  
hTBJ\1 -  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of l<_v3/3  
             A  B  C   6Emn@Mn=  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. <@7j37,R7V  
            D B+FTkJ0t+G  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 jHq+/\  
{Lju7'5L  
Z{3=.z{&^=  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  @Hj]yb5  
   A       B        C     D 3@F U-k,i  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live  5+GTK)D  
z7fX!'3V  
(三) 谓语的语态 '(lsJY[-x  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 Q*1Avy6]  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ;zqxDl_  
①、prove 8?~>FLWTXZ  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 i% 0 qN  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ?(s9dS,7wZ  
D[T\ _3 W  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming HmXxM:[4;  
                      A   8f,",NCgc  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be )m-(-I  
    B                  C o<|u4r={s  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ddYb=L+_b  
                  D $1X !Ecq_  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 a;i} <n7  
B"7~[,he  
jcePSps]  
②、Locate,Situate $hM9{  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 }m!T~XR</  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 *R&77 o7  
这两个词也可以用作被动 5=s|uuw/  
  My school was located near the river. @&h_+|:-  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 } BP.t$_  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. p,4S?c r>a  
   (A)locates yr zyus  
   (B)locating %z1hXh#+  
   (C)to locate f]+. i-c=  
   (D)is located +SFo2Wdr43  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 Lz- (1~o  
++kVq$9@y  
③、表示需要概念的动词 5t-(MY  
need, want, require等 $a')i<m^g  
N[=R$1 \Z  
My watch needed repairing *xKY>E+  
My watch needed to be repaired. Yu%ZwTvw  
xqVIw!J?/}  
④、表示人的情感的动词 -A8CW9|mk  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 ~RM_c  
0Q/BTT%X  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 _'r&'s;<z  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 M-f; ,>  
~EhM"go  
主动和被动技巧总结: 3}?]G8iL?L  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 5 .b U2C  
;x=0+0JD  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the a/ Z\h{*  
                 A      f,Dj@?3+  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ?F%,d{^  
                 B IsiCHtY9  
  power structures, and flood-control works along &p^8zEs  
                    C $]]|#}J  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. $~.'Tnk)  
                D FAd4p9[Y  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 eN ]9=Y~-K  
Zut"P3d=J  
四、非谓语动词 Xkb\fR6<K  
2~*.X^dR  
(一) 分词 +(| ,Ke  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 0h~7"qUF@  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 EJ`"npU  
Bgj^n{9x  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ;V\l, u  
   A q*4=sf,>  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. \B~}s}  
     B      C            D > hmBV7nR  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning W~FM^xR?p  
i"o %Gc  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 )>|x2q  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in aaM76;  
      A               B   8!(09gW'>  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. _B5v&# h(.  
               C         D jou741  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living pw5uH  
KN-)m ta&  
0B?t:XU,  
一些动词后面必须用doing Zw<\^1  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 [=q&5'FY0  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, Q ,m1mIf  
 advocate, suggest 2Ub!wee  
 delay, quit YA[\|I33  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, /f0*NNSat-  
 avoid, escape(逃避) D YFfq  
 spend+名词+doing; HX p $\%A)  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing xaG( 3  
{N2MskK  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their tlJ@@v&=  
   A     B    C              D i~0x/wSl_  
  crops. $vK(Qm   
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 ]n9gnE  
gONybz6]  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, Ufr,6 IX  
               A        B 7`_`V&3s  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. AkE(I16Uy~  
        C          D ?|NMJ Qsa7  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing }s++^uX6  
]]^eIjg>a6  
(二) 不定式 ]oIP;J:&  
A. 动词不定式的省略 @&xWd{8'  
①、help后面可以省略to =jIP29+  
  help do !<#,M9 EA&  
  help sb. to do k|D =Q  
MlH0  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid &\>.j|  
              A      B   G'IRqO *]  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. ;@$v_i   
         C     D *aaK_=w  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 gO%o A} !i  
~;/}D0k$x  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 @T@lHc  
  make, _Qd C V`  
  let, Bh ,GQHJ  
  have sb. do sth Mp,aQ0bNS  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 1.IEs:(;  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians tLSM]Q  
        A               B ' 9XSz?  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. .{,fb  
   C     D kxWcWl8  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know %2,'x  
Q|7l!YTzVu  
③、感官动词 1 WUlBr/k  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe Wi<g  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 kG>m(n  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 x=YV*  
0'zX6%  
[5i }C K_=  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 T%O2=h\} E  
(1)表示第一人 u#)ARCx,w  
the first woman to do sth. 9^g?/8  
Xv2Q8-}w  
(2)表示迫使的动词 V(wANvH  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do 0HPqoen$  
lN~u='Kc  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis @FaK/lKK  
     A                 B    0P l>k'9  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. oef]  
       C           D t7 +U!  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 |"aop|  
t{W u5<F:  
w)Z-, J  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 CfEACH4_  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 bx:j`5Uj`  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 cceh`s=cU  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 :wY(</H  
  be apt to do Nin7AOO  
E~ +g6YlT  
(4)表示目的的名词, T;sF@?  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 8;$zD]{D1  
固定的句式: &~V6g(9  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. FJ] ?45  
the objective 目标 u[6aSqwC |  
aim U TVqoCHA  
goal #n.XOet<\  
reason理由 pM}n)Q!{3"  
function功能 En{< OMg  
intension意图 |h-e+Wh1  
qnJs,"sn  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing _rz7)%Y'#$  
                       A  A`nzqe#(1  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. !@[@&.  
           B          C     D YQ`88 z  
分析:the function to provide, A错 zxC~a97`  
q"VC#9 7`  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure q.ZkQN+  
                  A       Zp+orc7  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds  }BAe   
     B  lyw)4;wt\  
  that make up various components of a living cell. 8=-#LVo~c  
    C    D l4AXjq2  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 %afz{a5  
ZM_-g4[H  
(5) 其他同根名词 uQ3W =  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 LfMN 'Cb  
 attempt to do 企图 vz^=o'  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 ntn ~=oL  
 ambition, 22R ,  
 be ambitious to do  QeQxz1  
 effort vu3zZMl  
o$Z]qhq  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation b q8nV  
  A                    B   o"g<Vz  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. +<'>~lDg  
          C       D TE- (Zil\  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 nQ;M@k&9eV  
oiItQ4{<  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great u(~(+1W  
  A                   B   &"=<w  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. QURpg/<U  
       C            D %8l WJwb7u  
分析:efforts to register, C错 }*VRj; ff  
><{Lh@{  
J )UCy;Y  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 HJ!P]X_J1  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 C,,S<=L:  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. R2y~+tko?  
ms#|Y l1/|  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 <1E5[9 q  
I am glad to see you. G`z=qaj  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. &'c&B0j  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. w5q'M  
JxQGL{) >  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 ,j%f eC3  
It is difficult to decide. M! uE#|  
K*N8Vpz(  
{$'oKJy*  
五、句子的结构 h-5] nL3  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 T<U_Iq  
h 2C9p2.  
(一) 主语的重复 Duq.`XO  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 *P+8^t#Vp  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any 3H`ES_JL  
          A      B      _nec6=S6(  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the 0f"la=6  
          C          D **F-#",  
  League of Nations. E*8 3N@i  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 kV$VKag*A  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson -{ Fy@$!  
F*=}}H/  
r_3=+  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are PB!*&T'!  
        A        B  [W=6NAd  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. ig4mj47wJ  
    C         D @<B$LJ|jdG  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 X,`e1nsR  
J;Eg"8x]  
(二)谓语的重复 W" 1=K] B  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 nh>lDfJV<  
k9iB-=X?4s  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  <Y^)/ s  
    A            B    idNg&'   
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. =7 -@&S=?s  
         C   D B{cb'\ C  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 %Sw hNn  
m]/s R3yF  
(三)谓语的缺少 {Zf 9} !qF  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body >\Ml \CyL  
          A     B    F^X:5g~K  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. ?V4bz2#!1O  
         C               D ~P!%i9e_  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 ]gDX~]f[  
Y$ '6p."=  
(四)主句的重复 wQN/MYF[  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 8o!LgT5  
kTm>`.kKJ=  
5VGr<i&A  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite EGK7)O'W  
      A         B        C   7oZtbBs]M  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. Ll0"<G2t  
     D ]BY<D`$$P  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 n{xL1A=9  
"$PX [:  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow ^THyo hK  
        A   B       Q ;$NDYV1  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. GJn ~x  
      C    D E<L6/ rG  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 9Vtn62+  
K1 m'20U  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided OjfumZL#  
   A                     B  4pZ=CB +j  
  names for towns, only George Washington ,w0Io   
      C 70yM]C^  
  is remembered in the name of a state. 7r wNjY#  
          D 0M 5m8  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 {}N=pL8MS  
六、比较级和最高级 )1o<}7  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 dmk_xBy s|  
+l(lpp>,  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ~=Q Tv8  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 29r(Y  
      A               |ZJ<N\\h-  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. OmAa$L,'w  
     B       C           D ~<q^4w.=7C  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 dIOi P\^  
Kzrt%DA  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 Rg~F[j$N  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. FFpG>+*3  
     A      B     C  D <^fvTb&*  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 c`xgz# ]v  
X^9eCj;c  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere ^Bu55q  
     A       B     C   D ,BE4z2a  
  is the grizzly bear. q o tWWe#  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 {`=k$1  
;)rXQm  
!nt[J$.z^  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 G'f5MP 1  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 C] >?YR4  
h #(J6ht  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 2tI,`pSU  
   A           B  <T+{)FV  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. Y[Eq;a132  
   C                 D Uc d~-D  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 ^b^}6L'Z  
!?5YXI,  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 { {@*  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as /[+%<5s  
/nB|Fo_&Q  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 `/JuItL-  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 |ZtNCB5{^j  
the taller boy /M Z^;XG  
*=zv:!  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 njckPpyb@  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed aDda&RM  
          A            B _(F8}s  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is IQeiT[TF  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. ]Gf`nJDV  
    C          D t4Pi <m:7  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they ?@CbaX~+K  
)W*A[c 2  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 -_ <z_IL\%  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, -;*lcY*  
  A  B         C     -{A*`.[v  
  the Navajos form largest group. Z7p!YTA  
         D IR|#]en  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 3<HZ)w^B  
:B:6ezDF6  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, *" + u^  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language Y`rl i  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the u(i=-PN_<  
ZlP+t>  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many GA;h7  
            A      B         C UCJx{7  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. ($-m}UF\/  
            D f$ 7C 5  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 <iB5&  
MUSsanCA  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the FG^lh  
例如:my best friends </2 aQn  
" =6kH,  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial 9g]%}+D  
            A    B     C N&^zXY  
  and banking center. inh J|pe"  
        D pQ>|d H+.  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 k-^le|n9  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 EjMVlZC>  
_ s*p$/V\  
-Aojk8tc  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary [:uHe#L  
                 A         #p"$%f5Q_  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. -E~r?\;X  
    B   C     D uehu\umt=  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语  3?&v:H  
I]hjv  
七、平行结构 4XAs^>N+  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 <ZheWl  
Lq;T\m_de  
AUu<@4R7  
(一) 对等连接词 at4JLbk  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 h3-^RE5\`S  
单一式: and, or ,but >lKu[nq;  
相关式: both…and, not … but, T*%rhnTv0  
     either …or, neither…nor un4fnoc  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as  $v #  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, a"X h  
没有so...as... l i)6^f#  
between…and, heL`"Y2'y>  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also :9av]Yv&  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, ^2);*X>  
3E^qh03(  
短语式: as well as K1^7v}P  
     rather than (而不是) xT]t3'y|-  
     other than (除…之外) g'b|[ q  
     instead of (代替) (' 7$K  
Le:C8^  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 H`'a|Y  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  qB (Pqv  
       A     B   f}"eN/T  
  but he is now living in Detroit. #Tei0B7  
       C   D r5N TTc  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 V:'F_/&X?  
LXh }U>a9  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics >h)kbsSU0z  
       A         B :;.^r,QAI  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford hNsi  8/  
  remained active in city and regional planning. z?.9)T9_  
          C    D  Vy I\Jmr  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 v}N\z 2A  
(二)平行的内容 #Zw:&' QB  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 @, GL&$Y:W  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of Fz';H  
             A         B   ! #_2 ![  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, /0H}-i  
         C            D Y&j`HO8f  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. 84.L1|k  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 %]&$VVVh  
i7-~"g  
U,#x\[3!Jt  
第二、名词单复数的平行 :>{!%-1Z  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 Z! O4hA4  
sdZ$3oE.  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, 17Cb{Q  
  A     B          C   qsp.`9!  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. rhbz|Uq  
                 D   p"p~Bx  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 u_$4xNmQ  
zp;!HP;/=  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, r[i^tIv6As  
                   A         B $ ubU"  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. v#qdq!64  
      C          D qx5`lm~L  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have cb /Q<i  
 C7ivA h  
第三、时态的平行 dgpE3 37Lt  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated ~dr,;NhOLJ  
                A     -i:WA^yKgw  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops ud `- w  
                   B 71R,R,  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. ][S q^5`  
          C    D nUP, Yd  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 UmWXv#q\l  
dR]-R/1|  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- >NBc-DX^  
  spread from its home in Central America and />S^`KSTM  
  now grows throughout the tropics. wli cuY?  
   (A) to be    (B) it   =tP9n;D  
   (C) the     (D) its eT".psRiC  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? 2xLtJR4L  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow 4[$:KGh3  
TF/NA\0c$  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 1<BKTMBq?{  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. UN.;w3`Oc  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised DU%E883  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised Gw<D'b)!  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 TWpw/osW  
Rs<q ^w]  
第四、排列位置的平行 "#O9ij  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it.  `M I;.t  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode Hx gC*-A$/  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  #BLHHK/[  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes oVp ZR$  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes _aFe9+y  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 '. "_TEIF  
jKml:)k  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: _c>ww<*3  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 z{W C w  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 MI `qzC*%  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 DJ"PP 5d  
I<D#   
八、词序的颠倒 [q?RJmB]  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 +7gd1^|$e  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 PB@IPnB-  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage Jo { :]:  
              A    B        'OA*aQ=K  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. qLCNANWnd  
      C       D    T<B}Z11R  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 `<nxXsLe  
71 2nD ?>  
JVIFpN"`  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ~, }|~  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only Z^|N]Ej  
          A      B     N9!L8BBaK  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. lKsn6c,]  
    C         D @s1T|}AJ  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 I0+6p8,  
NBPP?\1  
]CzK{-W  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 @5^&&4>N  
xh2r?K@k>  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were "Wj{+ |f  
          A   B     C   F@?-^ E@  
  in what is now the United States. n<C] 6H  
    D (\F9_y,6*\  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 8%K{lg"  
+0&^.N  
所有的系动词分为三大类: ]Kt@F0U<o  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, ;z4J)qw  
    is, remain, keep, stay, OInl?_,,T#  
    lie, exit(表示位于) r!&174DSR1  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 %>&ex0j]  
    become, turn, grow, 3 2z4G =l  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) ;}E}N:A  
hP)Zm%@0f  
第三种,感官动词 0OM^,5%8  
    seem(好像是) #uU(G\^T  
    look(看起来好像是) Dz0D ^(;V  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste W_}j~[&  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Ikdj?"+O  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe cANt7  
    A               B     ,1{qZ(l1  
   to cause numerous deaths. "kP,v&n  
        C   D  Br!;Ac&N  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 DP @1to@  
N)"8CvQL  
九、词性的混用 `TPIc  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 )9nW`d+  
(?Mn_FNE|  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 jQ V[zcM  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; TX=894{nGh  
wnC} TWxX  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ^UKAD'_#%O  
          A        B      }*(_JR4G  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and ,cNe-KJk  
              C &)OI!^ (  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. R>0[w$  
          D m538p.(LIR  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) GKFRZWXdT  
i(|u g_^  
2A\b-;4EP  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 TBt5Nqks-  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 )zxb]Pg+  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds fx|d"VF[  
         A       B      :6(\:  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to lNxP  
          C        uZL]mwkj]  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. Bug.>ln1  
            D ?7Cm+J  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 F{jxs/~  
N~ flao^  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, T{ @@V  
            A       -u@ ^P7  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of -7&ywgxl  
      B      C I-^sJ@V;  
   urban Black people in the United States. [@9S-$Xa  
   D ?+EAp"{j  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 X[$h &]  
eOb--@~8  
DyqqY$ vH(  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 Y#c439&  
表示时间有两种可能, i@+m<YS:2>  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 9.(|ri  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, !AXLoq$SY  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 FQ 0&{ulb  
02Vfg42  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence I8!>7`L  
       A     B     bhpaC8|  
  were made while the American Civil War. SWw!s&lP&  
   C    D JL G!;sov  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 *eHa4I  
\2; !}  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the K9ia|2f  
   A      B           C    m4~ |z  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. oF$#7#0`;8  
          D zwC ,,U  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 sxr,] @  
Iq%<E:+GL  
564L.^$@|  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 CN(-Jd.b  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 m7i_ Iv  
 \xp0n  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social mC@v,"  
                   A     d1_kw A2y  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. ym5@SBqIx  
     B   C    D &Ih }"  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 <ot`0  
].d%R a:{  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples `W}pA mhj  
   A        B   C      r'nPP6`  
  easily under the stress of compression. 43h06X`  
   D .lj5pmD  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 PeIi@0vA  
C.ynOo,W  
+ a*Ic8*  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 !GvT {  
9mk@\Gqqm  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine evZP*N~G  
    A         B l"[.Q>d  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. :0(^^6Q\  
          C            D +d LUq2  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 BZhf/{h[@  
JE{ cZ<NNH  
+JG05h%'  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, +C;;4s)  
         A hd9~Zw]V  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. h{o,*QL  
   B      C      D /L2ZI1v  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 Q)4[zStR#  
~sn3_6{  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 9$U>St  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; ; Yc\O:Qq  
two hundred diligent students
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