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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 ?3B t ;<^  
一、代词 } k h/mq  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 ne !j%9Ar  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 E :'  
  主格、宾格、所有格 o2 T/IJP  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) cpr{b8Xb8&  
o3\SO  
(二) 反身代词 %>I?'y^  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 aOAwezfYR  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) 7YQK@lS  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) OI]K_ m3  
2]_4&mU  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  lD;,I^Lt6  
    A                 B    tLoD"/z  
  a series of indicators that could help yp^[]Mz=  
             C      0T{c:m~QXe  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. U4^p({\|-  
    D **w*hd]  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ^ T:qT*v  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 w ;s ]n  
6b+ Wl Ib  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 |/T<]+X;  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 28UL   
kj<D4)  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies :}3 qZX  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the _?(hWC"0  
     A   B      C          D ;SlS!6.W-  
  Pacific. qeK  
Edn$0D68u_  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 , T21z}r  
1A/c/iC  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 sKB-7  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: /Y\E68_Fh  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 !>kv.`|7~  
i37a}.;  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined g%q?2Nv  
                       A   J!K/7u S  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and A2O_ pbQti  
             B J:-TINeB  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. B 1ZHV^  
   C       D tm36Lw  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 |<Dx  
cmGj0YUQ1  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important #+ lq7HJ1  
        A     O]%m{afM  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John t ]I(98pY  
   B        C      W!4V: (T  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  g$-D?~(Z  
      D &F*QYz[  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. :mtw}H 'F8  
=|JIY  
UG?C=Tf  
(四) Who和which的区别 .lF\bA|  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 zQj%ds:  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 !%\To(r[  
H{A| ~V)  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who %d#)({N  
              A            B 0|>  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. &'ETx"  
   C                  D "%f5ltut3  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 7 KdM>1!  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 8OtUY}R  
&MQt2aL  
(五) that和which的区别 #|_UA}Y  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 GuY5 % wr  
+G[HZ,FL  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it irw 7  
              A        B pD6g+Taj  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. +e4<z%1  
      C              D dQ|Ht[ s=  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 #!&R7/ KdD  
c@#zjJhW]  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 nK'8Mo  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 2 Yd~v|  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when K/d &c]  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. !=:MG#p  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which -LK(C`gB  
X6*y/KG N  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly mL5f_Fb+  
              A         B   UVmyOC[Y{  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. `"mK\M  
         C      D :O+b4R+  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 ?[/,*Q%  
lbU+a$  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  &Wz:-G7<n  
  affected the way people in the United States----. IeI% X\G  
   (A) living and working oqHm:u ^2  
   (B) they live and work cD@lor j  
   (C) live and work )^#Zg8L  
   (D) to live and to work K2`WcEe  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 x)Kh _ G  
T  FNU+  
二、介词 7$P(1D4  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 ^F9zS `Yz2  
p:   
(一) 介词搭配 W%Q>< 'c  
0MGK3o)  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those h,?Yw+#o"  
    A         B   C      1U9N8{xg9  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Dq 4}VkY  
                D jt?%03iuk  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 ui0(#2'h%  
pvxqeC9`  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. m|FONQ,@D  
A       B     C  D )X$n'E  
分析:B错改为be rich in bGO_y]Pc  
Q[tz)99~  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the )PNk O3  
    A         B      C aKr4E3`  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. ~36XJ  
             D o|E(_ Y4d  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 ,{t!->K  
Yr0i9Qow  
,W;8!n0  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 0_izTke  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 P ^+>QJ1  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. @cNI|T  
          A      B  C     D f 2f $aZ  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 b~echOj  
{a%cU[q  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has ?"Q6;np*  
                 A  B     6Z: |"AwC2  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on >.>5%  
      C :D-vE7  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. e#{L ~3  
      D :g_ +{4  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 0Z(b/fdS  
|V]E8Qt  
2、介词by ]P^ +~  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by )BDi2: u  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing ktb. fhO  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States >48Y-w  
    A         B       ](pD<FfS]'  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. bN)?szh&Y  
   C     D * x!5I$~J  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 6 h):o  
un=)k;oh  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Zx0c6d!B  
   A                      l71\II  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 38^_(N  
     B    C       D ;?9~^,l  
   supply moccasins and field rations. M"V@>E\L  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 b%F*Nr  
suwj1qYJ4  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with LV0{~g(!%  
        A                wVTo7o%U  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements ]]4E)j8  
        B          C   wv$=0zF  
  that are often represented at symbols. M 5h U.3.L  
              D }PJ:9<G y  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。  %JZIg!  
三、谓语动词 ~jaGf  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 K!X8KPo  
①、主谓分割原则 *V/SI E*8  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, rRW&29A  
     A     )yk LUse+  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ZO~N|s6B^  
        B      C      D <tNx*ce5  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 ]!QeJ'BLM  
^]kDYhe*Y  
②、与后者一致原则 Onl:eG;@  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, sXUM,h8$!+  
not only…but also n| %{R|s  
PHoW|K_e  
^t*BWJxPC  
③、与前者一致原则 *KM CU m  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, rRMC< .=  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 _LK(j;6K}  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and {5*5tCIt  
     A      B  C     7]Z*]GRX  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. ' ySWf,Q^  
         D 6 ^p 6v   
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is W [Y tNL;  
w/R^Vwq  
④、就近原则 vi'K|[!?  
or, either…or, neither…nor, (C!fIRY  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are X(8 ]9  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is p7z#4 GW  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数  tW,<Pe  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 :Qf^@TS}O  
(T@ov~ @  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ,[A} 86  
        A      B        5K8\hoW{  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 9Y7 tI 3  
    C              D 4X^0:.bT&  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 [ML4<Eb+ x  
U_w)*)F  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 <)M?qkjb  
There are five apples that are red. fd(>[RP?  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 Y yI|^f8C  
)xi|BqQz  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ,Qp58u2V  
      A            r8@:Ko= a  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 4p F% G  
   B   C    D n] &fod  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 1y 6H2  
%e3lb<sv6  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 D|OX]3~  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. O9!<L.X,%  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 jLZ+HYyG9  
Dtn|$g ,  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 WWD\EDnS  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: eqXW|,zUm  
a. there be 句型 e=YvM g  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 l'c|I &Y]  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 x_#yH3kJ  
; 5oY)1  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 9-9`;Z  
   A     B      C    D    V[CS{Hy'  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is nAg|m,gA  
g (|p/%H  
/SSl$  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific UtY< R  
             A     B    2g|+*.*`  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ;p) gTQa  
     C         ~G ,n>  
  miles in width. Au@U;a4UU  
     D  y1FS?hSD0  
分析:倒装句,are改为is F~z4T/TN%G  
WY  #pzBA  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and {'EQ%H $q  
   A    B       C         -g_PJ.Hk  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film L~CwL  
                    D Ez+.tbEA,  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. t d-EB&i\  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 [iB`- dE,  
x~Y]c"'D  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 ^0c:ro  
fifty percent of + 名词 e\tcP  
one percent of + 名词 c2-NXSjsW  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: WR%x4\,d#  
  one percent of my students + are [r<lAS{ .  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. ~;9B\fE`  
2y`rS _2  
这里要强调两个结构 Xq` '^)  
half of =fifty percent 9YwK1[G6/  
most of + 可数名词 + are o!dTB,Molr  
most of + 不可数名词+ is T&j_7Q\;vI  
%D:Mt|  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been .r[kNh@ b%  
   A       B         C   vdyLwBz:  
  found in central and eastern Canada. 4U( W~O  
           D p;,Cvw{.;%  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 9|jk=`4UK  
|W[BqQIf  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized ep>*]'  
                 A   B  y 4j 0n F  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. }'U "HHv  
              C     D *F42GiBZR  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 8vjaQ5  
IV]s!  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 Vcm9:,Xlw  
①、主要考察时间状语 X"0n*UTF,  
2m7Z:b  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. @ )owj^sA  
   A        B  C     D ]@wee08  
BG\g`NK}Z  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was _BHR ?I[w  
{x$jGiag+8  
;4tmnC>OnA  
②、For和since的区别 ~<!b}Hv  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 \D}K{P  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Z#0hh%E"|y  
  I has been a teacher for three years. )L fXb9}  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. k`[ L  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 *8y kE  
[ }-CXB  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became %P05k  
   A      B              b~uz\%'3  
  the primary responsibility of the president. jLRUWg  
     C    D v,qK= ]ty  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 /|v:$iH,C  
 0].*eM  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of TNs ;#Q  
             A  B  C   N4y$$.uv2  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. QQ*yQ\  
            D #SWL$Vm>  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ,jVj9m  
_h;#\ )%~  
G;r-f63 N  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  %* d(1?\o  
   A       B        C     D 5 \1C@d  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live h|z{ (v  
ZLK@x.=  
(三) 谓语的语态 \VJ7ahg[\  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 d3 h^L  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ){=2td$=$  
①、prove jTjGbC]X  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 5|zISK%zHS  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 7vBB <\  
bvM\Qzc!<3  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming RJMrSz$  
                      A   6.fahg?E  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be 5~WMb6/  
    B                  C [3":7bB 'E  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. Vj.5b0/(  
                  D {. r/tV5IH  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 T?=[6  
G[V?# 7.  
S&BJR!FQ  
②、Locate,Situate 4qw&G  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 "WKE% f  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 cpV:y  
这两个词也可以用作被动 VU>s{_|{  
  My school was located near the river. wg? :jK  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 eZ~^Z8F[6  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. |qra.\  
   (A)locates gd9ZlHo'Id  
   (B)locating :z=/z!5:j  
   (C)to locate r>lC(x\B  
   (D)is located HaeF`gI^Ee  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 #mqz*=L3  
5utMZ>%w_#  
③、表示需要概念的动词 Hl&]r'bK  
need, want, require等 $j b3#Rj4  
8a{FxCBw  
My watch needed repairing :SSlUl4sU$  
My watch needed to be repaired. (bo{vX  
g5TXs^g  
④、表示人的情感的动词 Py 8o8*H  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 s#sr1[9}G  
Dbr(Wg  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 D@H'8C\  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 M3 8,SH<  
(CY VSO  
主动和被动技巧总结: =Fea vyx  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 lqPRUkin  
VIbm%b$~  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the (JFa  
                 A      V]}/e!XK\  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, D8W:mAGEu  
                 B _*Vq1D]C  
  power structures, and flood-control works along =}7wpTc,  
                    C Yl1@ gw7  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. Uy ;oJY  
                D ~;m~)D  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 &nPv%P,e  
aI|)m8 >)X  
四、非谓语动词 ..;LU:F  
~"Ek X  
(一) 分词 . 36'=K  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 Jb$PlOQ  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 iCk34C7  
)#3 ,y6  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then 1t!Mg{&e[x  
   A %X GX(  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. RWA|%/L  
     B      C            D "hog A5=  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning Q'~;RE%T  
@ n;WVG  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ?WUE+(oH>  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in .M:,pw"S]  
      A               B   i8HSYA  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. m U 7Ad"  
               C         D jIdhmd* $z  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living !JYDg  
j-{WPJa4\  
j1d #\  
一些动词后面必须用doing Uk*s`Y  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 kf5921(P  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, NmtBn^ t  
 advocate, suggest QT%&vq  
 delay, quit V<nzThM\  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, 9@vY(k k  
 avoid, escape(逃避) K{|;'N-1  
 spend+名词+doing; t9P` nfY  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Lwv9oa|  
H uE*jQ  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their @69q// #B  
   A     B    C              D BwBv 'p+n  
  crops. X)u T-Fy  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 }l [t0C t  
a<\m` Es=  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, fwl RwH(  
               A        B aMj3ov8p  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. {=R=\Y?r&  
        C          D }QC: !e,yG  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 7qh_URt@  
+"d{P,[3J  
(二) 不定式 S:R%%cy  
A. 动词不定式的省略 *~-~kv4-  
①、help后面可以省略to &t6L8[#yd  
  help do f:HRrKf9  
  help sb. to do 2=U4'C4#  
9vVYZ}HC  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid < Gu s9^_  
              A      B   7, O_'T &  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. ,NVQ C=  
         C     D Ejn19{  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 %3 ~jg  
=NlAGzv!w  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 a}=)b#T`  
  make, jg2>=}  
  let, r_ Xk:  
  have sb. do sth sdrE4-zd  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. G0<m3 Up  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians !v$hqNt7  
        A               B ky[FNgQ3n  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. _d,_&7  
   C     D .`iOWCS  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ALPZc:  
(i&:=Bfn)  
③、感官动词 NouT~K`'  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe SmC91XO  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 PC=b.H8P+W  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 ;5dJ5_}  
l g~Gkd6  
qgDd^0  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 }cEcoi<v!  
(1)表示第一人 1H{J T op  
the first woman to do sth. 6||zfH  
:)p\a1I[*  
(2)表示迫使的动词  l| j  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ?^n),mR  
pE,2pT2>  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 2Jo|]>nl}u  
     A                 B    ) [+82~F  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. %|AebxB'o  
       C           D c#( Hh{0  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 N?`V;`[  
rP|~d}+I  
& %A&&XT9  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 4PjC[A*  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 _rM?g1}5j  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 '.EO+1{a  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 ;`N h@*_  
  be apt to do z_93j3 #  
ysapvQN_6  
(4)表示目的的名词, o1`\*]A7J  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 wg %g(FO  
固定的句式: Z<^;Ybw{`Z  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. *5IB@^<  
the objective 目标 B*Q9g r  
aim m g,1*B'  
goal 8~tX>q<@q  
reason理由 j$K*R."  
function功能 [\AOr`7  
intension意图 rtS' 90`  
OvAhp&k  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ]} dQ~lOE  
                       A  t;BUZE_!0c  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. Dn6U8s&  
           B          C     D lDTHK2f  
分析:the function to provide, A错 #8|LPfA  
qT48Y  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure C,An\lsT  
                  A       ^Jp,&  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 1h&`mqY)L.  
     B  p&h?p\IF  
  that make up various components of a living cell. f#= c=e-A  
    C    D Iko]c_W0  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 Ttt'X<9  
<7M-?g:vj  
(5) 其他同根名词 L=l&,ENy  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 c2y,zq|H  
 attempt to do 企图 lH}KFFbp  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 p+;& Gg54  
 ambition, ?13qDD:  
 be ambitious to do  QO2cTk m  
 effort ?, S/>SP  
Xw-[Sf]p  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ieFl4hh[G  
  A                    B   ,#K/+T  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. \D7b Tn  
          C       D *doNPp)m  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 3v/B*M VI  
/Mqhx_)>A  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great 1( pHC  
  A                   B   CMa6':~  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. }LzBo\  
       C            D " kDiK`i  
分析:efforts to register, C错 3k Ci5C  
I;(3)^QH#  
D(!^$9e9b  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 J:xGEa t  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 LG #^g6P  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. G t w>R  
j(;^XO Y#  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 }>A q<1%  
I am glad to see you. _?{7%(C  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. 2hh8G5IaQ  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. [a=exK  
q7R]!zk  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 k6G _c;V  
It is difficult to decide. ll:UIxx  
jr6_|(0 i6  
9&6juL  
五、句子的结构 dG\ wW@}J  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 |)-kUu  
Q$jEmmm%V[  
(一) 主语的重复 g: i5%1  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 i\R0+ O{  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any lCi{v.  
          A      B      9shf y4?k  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the Fq9YhR  
          C          D ~9X^3.nI  
  League of Nations. YQVo7"`%  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 <p@Cx  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson 4l D$'`  
_Q V=3UWP  
g \mE  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are blO4)7m  
        A        B  =BJLj0=N  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. +UzQJt/>>  
    C         D uF ?[H -y  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 pR0[qsQM  
bcIae0LZ  
(二)谓语的重复 1 ZdB6U0  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 |IxHtg3>6{  
=8FvkNr  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  hp dI5  
    A            B    lu utyK!  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. ,H7X_KbFD4  
         C   D WtSs:D  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 zzmC[,u}  
2+]5}'M  
(三)谓语的缺少 HU0.)tD  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body kc'$4 J4Tw  
          A     B    IsXNAYj  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. }U]jy  
         C               D Iu'9yb  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 "M%R{pGA7  
U32$ 9"  
(四)主句的重复 %0\@\fC41  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 FvT&nb{  
rFzNdiY  
+%5L2/n7  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite b42%^E  
      A         B        C   \p^V~fy7rU  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. B>{%$@4  
     D |n_N.Z  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 N^ +q^iW  
~[H8R|j "  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow ?NE/ }?a  
        A   B       FNG a4  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. B*/!s7c.  
      C    D d` GN!^  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 $(}rTm  
S1|5+PPs  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided [kg^S`gc#  
   A                     B  0 u*a=f=  
  names for towns, only George Washington !mv5i%3  
      C d==0 @`  
  is remembered in the name of a state. F{mUxo#T  
          D eEXNEgbn  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 P!-RZEt$  
六、比较级和最高级 R;HE{q[ f  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 aEdA'>  
JDf>Qg{  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 Q u2 ~wp<  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which +a39 !j 1_  
      A               k.C&6*l!5;  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. a4UwhbH  
     B       C           D ]AQ}_dRi=  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 # bHkI~  
S3M!"l  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 H.ZF~Yu w  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. qkKl;Z?Y:  
     A      B     C  D T; tY7;<  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 :pM 8Q1:B  
4GP?t4][  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere _{c_z*rM8  
     A       B     C   D 5IUdA?  
  is the grizzly bear. ef^GJTv&k  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 6HZtdRQF  
1q(Qr h  
l6#Y}<tq  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 3}FZg w .  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 P!Fy kg  
i#>t<g`l  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ic`BDk NO  
   A           B  )qb'tZz/g_  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. w^Y/J4 I0  
   C                 D ('J@GTe@xj  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 wr"0+J7  
we[+6Z6J  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 peu9B gs  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as g ptf*^s  
Fn .J tIu  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 :=y5713  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 1W'Ai"DLw  
the taller boy ^O*-|ecA  
iH4LZ  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 hUi@T}aA|  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed %4m Nk}tyH  
          A            B `{:Nt#7  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is uQ-GJI^t  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. |Jn|GnM  
    C          D U\Vg&"P  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they N\*oL*[j  
E#+2)Q  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 X3G593ts  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, Fge%6hu  
  A  B         C     3S3(Gl  
  the Navajos form largest group. ,Suk_aX>  
         D 7he,(V  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 buX(mj:&  
-c&=3O!  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, ;/$pxD  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language -:%QoRC y  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the UUDUd a  
m8F$h-  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many 9< ?w9D.1  
            A      B         C w{DU<e:  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 8< ; .  
            D ;GM`=M4  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 C{/U;Ie -b  
#6\m TL4vg  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the Wd7*7']  
例如:my best friends (E0WZ $f}  
L?nhm=D  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial |.Vgk8oTl  
            A    B     C @I4HpY7:  
  and banking center. d3rjj4N"z  
        D  dHx4yFS  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 t8RtJ2;  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 1^]IuPxq  
}8 ;,2E*z  
='.b/]!_  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary b' ^<0c  
                 A         3-{WFnA  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. Il\{m?Y  
    B   C     D 8)iI=,T*  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 +(Hp ".gU  
=@O&$&  
七、平行结构 ,]JIp~=nsh  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 )/!HI0TU  
 ,e 7 ~G  
30w(uF  
(一) 对等连接词 '%e@7Cs  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 j."V>p8u$  
单一式: and, or ,but $bpu  
相关式: both…and, not … but,  7a_u=\,  
     either …or, neither…nor -{A64gfFxT  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as ^Q0=Ggh  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, _o?aO C  
没有so...as... `v(!IBP|  
between…and, HYdt3GtJ?  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also  R'_F9\  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, ;)f,A)(Z  
P _Gu~B!Y  
短语式: as well as % Y.@AiViz  
     rather than (而不是) btC<>(kl&  
     other than (除…之外) hG<W *g  
     instead of (代替) ^=-W8aVi>  
HN;f~EQT  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 H%>cpwa[7  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  Wb^g{F!W  
       A     B   v~dUH0P<>e  
  but he is now living in Detroit. SrWmV@"y  
       C   D ?ZKIs9E[m  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 V22Br#+  
FSZ :}Q  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics 9M[   
       A         B :G<~x8]k0  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford XPi5E"  
  remained active in city and regional planning. %LL?'&&  
          C    D  7c'OIY].,  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 ]A_A4=[w  
(二)平行的内容 ?+{qmqN  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 <oTNo>U/k  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of q+67Wc=  
             A         B   9aKCO4  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, N2EX`@_2  
         C            D l\=He  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. 6~8X/ -02  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 +,0 :L :a  
-~=:tn)0  
upF^k%<y:  
第二、名词单复数的平行 F!6;< !&h  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 nc>Ae`"(  
_dw6 C2]P  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ^Ea^t.c}_  
  A     B          C   ^sZ,(sc{G  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 7{DSLKtN  
                 D   { BDUl3T  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 <-a6'g2y  
' +[fJ>Le  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, T,Zfz9{n  
                   A         B 73d7'Fw  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. d+:pZ  
      C          D ;b1*2-  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have aJ}Cq k  
}CXL\, ;  
第三、时态的平行 zkRL'-  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated nd1%txIsr  
                A     _; ].  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops j?rq%rQd  
                   B B^u qu  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. XN1\!CM8  
          C    D b!Z-HL6  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 Tp0^dZM+  
<MH| <hP  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- K6Gri>Um  
  spread from its home in Central America and z rV  
  now grows throughout the tropics. -K K)}I`  
   (A) to be    (B) it   ]M;aVw<!  
   (C) the     (D) its ]7`)|PJ  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? naT;K0T=  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow XfXqq[\N  
Q'~2,%3<  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- z5G$'  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. p/a)vN+*x'  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised 9)a:8/Y  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised  OBY  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 xCOC5f5*@  
XD 8MF)$9  
第四、排列位置的平行 CmNd0S4v  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 8tM40/U$  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode :Qg3B ';  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  TqM(I[J7\  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes szY=N7\S*  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes +@Oo)#V|.  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 0{/P1  
`JGV3nN  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: Cc?BJ  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 idLysxN  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 a sDq(J`sQ  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 !H`Q^Xf}  
qV%t[>  
八、词序的颠倒 s }]qlg  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 P< +5So0  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 %rpJZ t  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage %-y%Q.;k ?  
              A    B        4 7R4gs#W  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. ?j^[7  
      C       D    nR7 usL  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 U !E   
stDrF1{  
x.rOP_rs  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 6&p I{  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only pA(B~9WQ  
          A      B     D];%Ey  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 4Gl0h'!(  
    C         D :` >|N|i  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 2IgT B|2  
2s{P E  
fk%yi[  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 xjHOrr OQ  
$d1+d;Mn  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were +u1meh3u  
          A   B     C   @SREyq C4  
  in what is now the United States. *={` %  
    D x!klnpGp  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 M)Iu'  
6"^Y n.  
所有的系动词分为三大类: }."3&u't  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, 7XKPC+)1ya  
    is, remain, keep, stay, %T]NM3|U  
    lie, exit(表示位于) cE}R7,y  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 G}aw{Vbg_  
    become, turn, grow, Nx~9U g  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) Zh qrN]x  
0HUSN_3F  
第三种,感官动词 BZy&;P  
    seem(好像是) uU v yZ  
    look(看起来好像是) S pxkB!  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste ]>fAV(ix  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Bq~!_6fB  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe  ,lX5-1H  
    A               B     =a>a A Z  
   to cause numerous deaths. ?! >B}e&,  
        C   D  <. j`n  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 [(v?Z`cX\  
2XhtK  
九、词性的混用 Rd6? ,  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 ^'EeJN  
N6wea]  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 4Q2=\-KFj  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; tpe:]T/xh  
N3?hyR<T  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high +2%ih !  
          A        B      E (DNK  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and 5WN^8`{'3  
              C U ObI&*2  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. `.3!  
          D b-pZrnZ!  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) P:GAJ->;]>  
#+)AIf  
,&>LBdG`  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 D$C >ZF  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 8U,VpuQ:  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds npsDy&  
         A       B      0k]$ he;h  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to <A{|=2<  
          C        V<X[>C'  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. a1p Z{Od  
            D !*2cK>`  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 Z) nB  
L=`QF'Im  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, r6 k/QZT  
            A       Gn*cphb  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of ;#'YO1`gf3  
      B      C ug?gVK  
   urban Black people in the United States. X`-7: !+  
   D 0r<?Ve  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 *\#/4_yB}  
5 ynBVrYf  
G =`-w  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 6Jrw PZB  
表示时间有两种可能, 7rIz  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 y!z2+q2  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, F~bDA~  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 |}^me7C,[  
w\V1pu^6@  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence /Pbytu);ds  
       A     B     ye<b`bL2.  
  were made while the American Civil War. <bSG|VqnH  
   C    D wDQ@$T^vh  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 -JKl\E  
`Wl_yC_*G;  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the LoUHStt  
   A      B           C    J# >)+  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. %fT%,( w}t  
          D &6feR#~A  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 ^l:~r2  
TdU'L:<4l  
K N Y  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 _2-fH  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 Ao )\/AR'  
~hZr1hT6L  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social H9\,;kM)  
                   A     I[6ft_*  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. {e+}jZ[L  
     B   C    D 6`h}#@ (  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 )krBj F.$  
3v91yMx  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples GI<3L K\  
   A        B   C      oO3X>y{gN  
  easily under the stress of compression. ` t>A~.f  
   D 8DuD1hZq  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 Ihd{tmr<  
1 )H;}%[  
uhm3}mWv  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 ?{;7\1 [4  
?orLc,pU^  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine =D`:2k~ ,  
    A         B VBtdx`9  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. O9*l6^Scw  
          C            D ".{'h  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 tH(g;flO)  
[7\x(W-:@>  
n#5S-z1KNw  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, XFv^j SF  
         A \b}%A&Ij  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. + } y"S-  
   B      C      D AqT}^fS  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 k+zskfo  
8<{i=V*x4  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ><qA+/4]_  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; BdP+>Ij  
two hundred diligent students
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