该错题常考要点
1+[,eq
一、代词 TrNh,5+b
代词中主要讲解六个问题 5~$WSL?O)
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 W.59Al'
主格、宾格、所有格 ~.#57g F"
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) R2Lq??XA=
B 74
(二) 反身代词 l3y}nh+ 8
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 {
{)pb>E
He killed himself. (他自杀了) t.
HwX9
He killed him. (他杀了他) : rudo[L
E&Zt<pRf;2
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating NZlCn:"
A B Bc`L]<
a series of indicators that could help k8i0`VY5Y
C 7V5kYYR^F
themselves to predict earthquakes. {E}D6`{
D 7jr+jNsowj
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 @1q
dnU
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 e.Jaq^Gw|
QIdml*Np?H
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ^E)8Sb9t
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 n]nJ$u1u
r9<#R=r)}J
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies roBbo
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ^W`RBrJay
A B C D LoSrXK~0~J
Pacific. b?<@
&i6JBZ#~,
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 NC YOY
-
^Y\'y2
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 e&K7n@
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Pj*]%V
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 ezhfKt]j
,#9i=gp
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined "*TP@X?@f
A
e@5w?QzW
the word“normalcy”to express social and #iRd2Qj%
B 6KE64: \;
economic conditions they promised the nation. yNG|YB;
C D P%d3fFzK
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 HcV,r,>e
J<9})
m
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important g6$\i
m
A qWXw*d1]
work is not poetry, but his biography, John kt7Em b}
B C
8hMy$
Keats, published the year of her death. kLXa1^Lq
D e5w0}/yW/
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. +S1h~@c:B
gQeoCBCE
5!57<n
(四) Who和which的区别 a4]=4[(iu>
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 M=1~BZQ(Z
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 gRw? <U^
P`
Gb}]rW
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who I] Z"?T
A B a!&m\+?
account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. #?Ob->v
C D ,8DjQz0ZPo
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 yATXN>]l
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 n
0uL^{B
yJ(ITJE_Z
(五) that和which的区别 ir_X65l/2
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 !
OOOc
J$(79gH{
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 461p
4)
A B Q.fD3g
would affect society could not have been foreseen. oCK
n
C D
(cp$poo
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 vfh\X1Ui}
B^j(Fq
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 :x!'Eer
n
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, \~T&C5
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when >6'brb
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. V)mi1H|m
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which &qm:36Y7Xg
0}\8,U
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly I$f'BAw
A B "g1Fg.o
reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. %:Zp7O2UB'
C D KwxJ{$|xH
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 VWMr\]g
*C(q{|f
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has eGI&4JgJ.
affected the way people in the United States----. px^brzLQo
(A) living and working / KKA/
(B) they live and work Hnbd<?y
(C) live and work *35o$P46
(D) to live and to work B_0]$D0
^
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 3\5I4#S
s1zkkLw`*
二、介词 m8&XW2S
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 ^ANz=`N5,
/O$)m[
(一) 介词搭配 L$}'6y/@
kk/vgte-)e
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those |d_ rK2
A B C `,6^eLU
in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. p;{w0uld"
D SSr2K
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 O9)k)A]`O
Ijs=4f
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. f{#Mc
A B C D /Pa<I^-#
分析:B错改为be rich in
avH3{V
Q37zBC0
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ~Nl`Zmn(A|
A B C {>.qo<k
alternation of periods of light and darkness. X[o"9O|<
D >Y&o2zJy
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 e
irRAU
%Lgfi
Uc|MfxsL
(二) 最重要的两个介词 O;<YLS^|6
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 eR5+1b
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. WWWfQ_u2
A B C D , MU9p*
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 !<MW*7P=
DR#[\RzNI
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has DX#F]8bWl
A B FI(M 1iJ
starred in stage, television, and film productions on V3}$vKQ
C UHUO
9h
both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Zu %oIk
D \Rvsy;7
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 dCM*4B<
4WV)&50
2、介词by Mt`XHXTp
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by H0i\#)Xs
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing uDi#a~m@
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ZI#Xh5
A B XG}pp`{o
can be performed from a justice of the peace. }\/f~?tEh
C D 7%4@*
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 8RR6f98FF
tC -H2@
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ,W/D 0
A ~cEr<mzR
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to Z;JZ<vEt92
B C D emI]'{_G
supply moccasins and field rations. +C !A@
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 n`hes_{,g
I:aG(8Bi)H
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ?k:i3$
A bct&ge7YX
operations on sets of numbers or other elements H2RNekck
B C 9ffRY,1@
that are often represented at symbols. zq]V6.]J
D *.EtdcRo[
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 W.n@
三、谓语动词 |_~BV&g,N
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 0tB9X9 :,
①、主谓分割原则 xMhR;lKY
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ,^o^@SI)
A miHW1h[=
America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom.
3g|O2>*?
B C D XW]|Mv[M
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 Zml9ndzT
`U`Z9q5-
②、与后者一致原则 _I|wp<R
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, &[\rnJ
?D
not only…but also q}BQu@'H
^Z:x poz,
Qn%*kU0X
③、与前者一致原则 'Dk(jpYB
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, NK#Dq&W+&
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 !FpMO`m
例:The athlete, together with his coach and Cv$TNkP*
A B C Z^
G
riL
several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 'T|.<u@~
D J;_JHlK
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ={L:q8v)
'{oe}].,
④、就近原则 GF/p|I D
or, either…or, neither…nor, {&h &:
单数名词+or+复数名词+are Ugdm"
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is
0U/:Tpyr
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ^~`8 - TE
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 1@nR.v"$
?pF;{
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are )uX:f8
A B 3.dUMJ$_
amazingly complex for single-celled animals. #JLDj(a?
C D r
2
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 3mm`8!R
~y|
%D;
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 G8;S`-D1a,
There are five apples that are red. /t9w%Y
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 ,^<+5TYM7
_ma4
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets S|>Up%{n[
A ?D\%ZXo
carry a supply that last just a few seconds. Z?X$8o^Z
B C D zEhy0LLm
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 |@@mq!>-
tm|lqa
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 R/Y/#X^b
The rich are not always happier than the poor. c\]
L
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数
yCkm
|
zgRP!q<9tt
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 .y0](
h
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: 52["+1g\
a. there be 句型 xBZ9|2Y s
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 <eh(~
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 jo |q,t
:U:7iP:
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. w7Pe<vT
A B C D _5K_YhT
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is "{Be k<
H4m6H)KOG
v\Wm[Ld
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific &53#`WgJ
A B vl5n%m H>^
Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 x<Zhj3
C R_qo]WvR;
miles in width. Fkz
D r~}}o o4K
分析:倒装句,are改为is $&C(oh$:
VBX#
!K1Q
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and )T64(_TE
A B C ILi5WuOYX
Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film |g7h#F~
D ~^^ey17
presented on the five-story-tall screen.
/SXz_e
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 gr
5]5u
P*PL6UQ
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 |\a:]SlH
fifty percent of + 名词 3\KII9
one percent of + 名词 8`G{1lr4o
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: (oXN >^-D
one percent of my students + are vs1Sh?O
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. z}1
xy+
g&4~nEp
这里要强调两个结构 QklNw6,
half of =fifty percent v\Y}(fD
most of + 可数名词 + are DLYZsWA,
most of + 不可数名词+ is T'M66kg
@E}X-r.^f
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been b|dCEmFt
A B C "F"_G
found in central and eastern Canada. Zva
D 2 1~7{#
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 p%"yBpSK
z9 w&uZzi
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized kz0=GKic
A B 5$oewjLO
in the United States are for foods and beverages. "Py Wo
C D ~g1, !Wl
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 5ttMua <G?
"W@XP+POAY
(二) 谓语动词的时态 _IL2-c8
①、主要考察时间状语 Mjj}E
>&
3}4p_}f/[4
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. h/Hl?O8[
A B C D <'[Ku;m
zBt`L,^
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was G*\abL
]G0dS
Fh{j
rKzlK 'U
②、For和since的区别 MCeu0e^)
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 ku9@&W+
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ALd]1a&
I has been a teacher for three years. vUYJf99B
I has been a teacher since 1996. |mxNUo-
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 /2e%s:")h
_1sMY hI
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became &$qF4B*
A B > BNw
the primary responsibility of the president. hr$S
a
C D gg-};0P-
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 Xsd$*F@<
z2w;oM$g
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of yGiP[d|tRc
A B C )N(9pnyZH
the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. dhHEE|vrz
D MO[kr2T
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 pkX v.D`
HG2GZ}~^1
[p ii
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. 5W+{U8\
A B C D D_d|=i
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live n]+.
?6i;)eIOI
(三) 谓语的语态 {6'*Phw
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 SIq1X'7
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: 0G5'Y;8
①、prove %>Bko,ET
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 FV
A
UR
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; &Yp+k}XU
@,k7xm$u
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 0q{[\51*
A &5u BNpH
to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be dK.R[aQ
B C ^'vIOq-1v
mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. /xySwSmh3
D I}+;ME|<2
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 0Uw
^FcW
@EHIp{0.
Cxm6TO`-;
②、Locate,Situate S[mM4et|
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 DLi?'K3t
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 R&#tSL
这两个词也可以用作被动 d+6]u_J
My school was located near the river. L/?]^!.
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 R"+wih
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. ;/'|WLI9
(A)locates ;
0ko@ \Lq
(B)locating Mra35
(C)to locate \dcdw*v@
(D)is located \9)#l#m
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 A
WHU'
:l,
OalO
③、表示需要概念的动词 AW~"yI<
need, want, require等 I@\+l6&#;
=eBmBn
My watch needed repairing M2@;RZ(|
My watch needed to be repaired. |~K(F<;j
_1|$P|$P.
④、表示人的情感的动词 V8PLFt;
move, annoy, surprise, please等 s-rfS7;
*(QH{!-$s
He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 8TWTbQ
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 =o^|b ih
R7?29?$7
主动和被动技巧总结: mfom=-q3k
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 oyx^a9
[}2Z/
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the ^Q.,\TL01
A $_D6_|HK
United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 0C
Aa^Q^w
B ^G|98yc!'
power structures, and flood-control works along ]lBGyUJn
C sL^yB
the Tennessee River and its tributary streams.
CN
&
D ,EpH4*e
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 6'C2SihYp
kc$)^E7
四、非谓语动词 zsXpA0~
3s
s9)8b$t]
(一) 分词 oPQtGl p
现在分词和过去分词的区别 G"dS+,Q
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 BiwieF4x
,
YW|n:X
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then DcD{*t?x
A :t("L-GPW
struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. O;9?(:_
B C D ~P*4V]L^
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning Iah[j,]r
=aG xg57
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 vH[47Cv G5
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in w.{&=WTr
A B UUe#{6Jx_
the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. ]< l6s
C D S$q=;"
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living lSwcL
*e>]~Z,
(!L5-8O
一些动词后面必须用doing r,1e 'd:
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 D;}xr_
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, bUwn}_7b
advocate, suggest C4$:mJ>y
delay, quit -Apc$0ZsN
forgive(原谅),tolerate, &)d$t'7p
avoid, escape(逃避) <xpph
t<
spend+名词+doing; ;*TIM%6#
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing LkruL_E>
uA tV".
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their (& "su3z
A B C D c,MOv7{x_
crops. <*ZJaBwWU~
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 JCx
WWre
1@48BN8cm'
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 7"F*u :
A B ]B"'}%>ez
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. Pt:e!qX)
C D rEhX/(n#
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing h`
U?1xS
hd\gH^wk
(二) 不定式 : JzI>/
A. 动词不定式的省略 K5ZC:Ks
①、help后面可以省略to oBQ#eW aY
help do #4MBoN(3
help sb. to do ?_x
q-
4'j
sD
cs
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid WG*t::NN
A B >z;[2n'
the habits that might shorten the lives. =ph&sn$;L
C D 0nn okN^
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 W
>r#RXmh
Re:jVJgBz
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 E J$36
make, 2"|2a@
let, Wcb7
;~K
have sb. do sth Qy<[7
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. *n]7
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians ]{"Br$
A B &PkLp4mQ
to know when to play various parts of a composition. Vfv@7@q
C D ;\EiM;Q]
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know
o,U9}_|A
!d<"nx[2`
③、感官动词 Fk(JSiU
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe <;E
see sb do sth. 强调过程 [SJ6@q
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 0ye!R
pF
^#}L
K;LZ-
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Q{k
At%
(1)表示第一人 jiF?fX@
the first woman to do sth. 8$(Dz]v|[&
}FzqW*4~
(2)表示迫使的动词 \*,=S52
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do dt~YW
F
4<O2!V
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis e/->_T(I
A B K}6dg<
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. GTHkY*
C D (`? y2n)~W
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 F:6SPY
y
tzy'G"P|
C7H/N<VAq
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 XUuu-wm:}
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 _|"Y
]:
j_
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 |+`c3*PV
be lieable to do 易于…的 lN9=TxH1(;
be apt to do c5|:,wkx
0flg=U9
(4)表示目的的名词, @iEA:?9uX
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 Z3!f^vAi&
固定的句式: \,J/ r!
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. 3s"0SLS4
the objective 目标 Jvun?J
m
aim WcC?8X2
goal M>M`baM1
reason理由 TNQP"9[?
function功能 }8;[O
9
intension意图 1Z{ZV.!
9o>8o
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing Jk0r&t7
A %r4q8-
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. QJ|a p4r
B C D ~q&pF"va8
分析:the function to provide, A错
#$3yz'"QF
fvb=#58N_
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure 1".v6caW
A mqq;H}
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds e L.(p
k^<
B b*e
f);
that make up various components of a living cell. %p
X6QRt?
C D ]:34kE}e5
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 Ge d [#Q
fu$R7
(5) 其他同根名词 l|5fE1K9U
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 zS]8V?`
attempt to do 企图 :NJ(r(QG>
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 fb da
ambition, L4L2O7
be ambitious to do qF iLh9=D
effort >
hH0Q5aL
pKS
{ 6P
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ~zHg[X*
A B -+t]15
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. sdCvG R e
C D 5Zw1y@k(
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 M# 18H<]
;+1RUv
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great !gnj]k&/c
A B nADX
0KI
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. <)*2LBF@]
C D R}mn*h6
分析:efforts to register, C错 mZIoaF>t
SE7W F18A
l^J75$7
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 #0 6-
:
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 -*2Mf Mh
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. -CH`>
wW?,;B'74
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Q!,<@b)
I am glad to see you. >u%]6_[
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. G;3~2^lB\
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. ;
v
y$81Zq
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 #E0t?:t5bk
It is difficult to decide. [#YE^[*qK
0N=X74
YC]L)eafo`
五、句子的结构 N)% ;jh:T
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ZDL']*)'
x ]5@>5
(一) 主语的重复 1xf=_F0`&
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 U=sh[W
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any YGc^h(d
A B hl&-\ dc+
compromises concerning the establishment of the j
<%])
C D >Q,zNs
League of Nations. ZV}X'qGaq
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 uR6w|e`
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson m"c :"I6
t"j|nz{m
!S%6Uzsj
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are CBf7]n0H
A B b4Y8N"hL%
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. +kdySWF
C D o-7>eE}+
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 .'[/|4H
nD"~?*Lt
(二)谓语的重复 %,b X/!
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 R4%P:qM
z1 i &Ge
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of 0@1:M
A B u}9fj
one or more sentences related to the same idea. Jeqxspn
T
C D D
y6$J3 r
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 !Q-wdzsp?
g(0;[#@
(三)谓语的缺少 k7_I$<YDj
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body SP
2 8
A B b'>8ZIY
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. |pZo2F!.
C D hQJWKAf,/
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 nN`"z3o
e/e0d<(1
(四)主句的重复 {j(4m
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 &J"Ys
Y
EiV=RdL
RagiV6c
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite [ET6(_=b
A B C /rF
8@
l
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. #dJ 2Q_2
D % mn />
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 #!!AbuhzK{
;:#U6?=t
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow O OlTrLL
A B MUof=EJg>u
sweeps across the face of the Earth. Md(JIlh3
C D . A<sr
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 iV)ac\
jW5iqU"{*
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided , p0KLU\-
A B nlfPg-78B+
names for towns, only George Washington n85r^W
C GAU!_M5 N
is remembered in the name of a state. N_vXYaY
D ?:}Pa<D&K
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ZO7bSxAN-
六、比较级和最高级 Z\!rH"8
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 Kfjryo9
``-k{C#F
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 v' 0!= r
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which A70(W{6a9@
A + zDc
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. VG\mo?G
B C D ,I39&;Iq
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 6K//1U$
{5 Kz' FT
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ;Vo mFp L
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. T&4fBMBp,%
A B C D #7C6yXb%
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 JX&~y.F
wiBuEaUkW
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere /#IH-2N
A B C D Bt6xV<jD
is the grizzly bear. !=knppY
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 R_9 o!sTZ
?1$\pq^
&z QWIv
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 Xr2 Wa
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 a
x]9QrA
}
Ab_o#Zy
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ebD{ pc`&
A B 6,zDBax
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. 'yeh7oR
C D bx]14}6
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 G
"c/a8
acy"ct*I
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 3m~U(yho
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as G-sa
L*
%WmZ ]@M
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系
Jb6&
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 #e*$2+`[A
the taller boy E8
\\X
L% zuI& q
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 {6DpPw^ "
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed /T{mS7EpYc
A B 75PS^5T,
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is $*wu~
abundant, and humidity is moderate. sAf9rZt*'
C D )~G8 L Z
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they T<_+3kw
p+!f(H
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 @i\7k(9:A
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, BR%{bY^
5p
A B C A<]&
JbIt
the Navajos form largest group. #dL5x{gV=
D yFIl^Ck%
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 tP -5
pFG]IM7o/u
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, uF.Q " ,<
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language iz,]%<_PE
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 5R&x{jf$
:LU"5g
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many dVij <! Lu
A B C {H/8#y4qp&
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. <aD'$(N5
D {(8U8f<'=y
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。
<|ka{=T
(K!M*d+
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the )*"T
例如:my best friends mYzsTUq
GG@iKL V
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial {Q}!NkF1
A B C r _{)?B
and banking center. {ILp[&sL
D ^Tb}]aHg
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 <L[T'ZE+
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 S.zg&
WRN8#b
=*@MQ
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary P]~N-xdV
A FY_avW
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. tuL\7
(R
B C D cij]&$;Q
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 <(u3+`f1s
s8`}x _k=
七、平行结构 'Qp&,xK
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 2tg/S=t}
tal>b]B;
#U\&i`
(一) 对等连接词 _RA{SO
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 llTQ\7zP
单一式: and, or ,but nm{'HH-4
相关式: both…and, not … but, |IyM"UH
either …or, neither…nor -$sl!%HO%
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as PU]7c2.y
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, T6/$pJ
l
没有so...as... \S|VkPv
between…and, Mdy0!{d
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also
.&*
({UM
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, (IO\+
Eb4< 26A
短语式: as well as JWUv H
rather than (而不是) !"o1ve`{
other than (除…之外) ?-(w][MT\
instead of (代替) 9:}RlL+cOk
3Aqe;Wf9%+
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 )M|O;~q
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, {3F}Slb
A B ~,`\D7Z3
but he is now living in Detroit. L&3Ar'
C D Ue>A
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 Gr"2G,,VI
iBPdCp%]`
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics
iC5JU&l
A B /FNj|7s
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford ;|2;kvf"w
remained active in city and regional planning. kHo;9j-U
C D 2!~>)N
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 =Y=^]ayO/
(二)平行的内容 Jb)eC?6O
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 y!{/'{?P
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of Tr}$Pb1
A B 5
a*'N~
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, V;(*\"O
C D 1+PNy d
or yearly periods of light and darkness. 6Kv}2M')+
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 "`1of8$X7
83 ^,'Z
U~zN*2-
第二、名词单复数的平行 ;6&=]I
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 C{I8Pio{b
E*!zJ,@8
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, $xn%i\
A B C G~$M"@Q7N
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. !A^w6Q;`V
D 'y@ 2,9
v
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 f!R^;'a
c
wD*>[j
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, YvP"W/5
A B Vwh&^{Eh
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. uRq#pYn@
C D DSG +TA"
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have D(ntV
R
nR |LV'(
第三、时态的平行 n~>CE"q
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated 0-MasI&b
A G`JwAy r'
with the imagist movement , but later develops $=g.-F%*=
B d~f0]O
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. {c
EKz\RX
C D T+`GOFx
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 E$yf2Q~k
xA1pDrfC/
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- Gqz)='
spread from its home in Central America and hE`%1j2(
now grows throughout the tropics. \]:NOmI^'
(A) to be (B) it U,3K6AZA 7
(C) the (D) its i2R]lE8
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? Kz2^f@5=F
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow +O:pZz
kk./-G
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- hn
Lgsz
commercially for their meat and eggs. M]zNW{Xt
(A) raised (B) and are raised 8[P6c;\
(C) raised as (D) are raised .xQ'^P_q
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 :qKY@-t7H
Q2WrB+/
第四、排列位置的平行 $<DA[
%pv
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. >-WOw
(A) Not only does rust corrode T7nX8{l[RG
(B) Not only rust corrodes PsT v\!
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes Jy
NY *
(D) Rust not only corrodes weadY,-H8
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 (
w
dllf~:b
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: P[K
T
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Olh-(u:9+O
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 iz5wUyeg
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 j@\/]oL^We
Eu~wbU"%
八、词序的颠倒 AdW7 vn
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 \`5u@Nzx
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 euC,]n.
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage wA&)y>n-
A B YhR"_
that can be given to any individual in the United States. Y}z?I%zL
C D l~c>jm8.
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ,1+_k ="Z
=i %w_e
m(]
IxI
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 xGk4KcxKs
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ~]+
jn
A B P$(}}@
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. >:|q J$J.
C D z5w|+9U
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 >x
gd<
z*1K<w8
6[7k}9`alz
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 IbwRb
``Rb-.Fq,
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were ;wB3H
A B C ;Bi{;>3
in what is now the United States. H4jqF~
D $Bb/GXn{\
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 7^5BnF@
@kymL8"2w
所有的系动词分为三大类: \ }f*
第一种:表示保持某种状态, rfpxE>_|G
is, remain, keep, stay, uD3_'a
lie, exit(表示位于) =<xbE;,0
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 4y.[tk5
become, turn, grow, (7,Awf5D~
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 3}Qh`+Yj]
O ?Tg`] EX
第三种,感官动词 YZ@-0_Z
seem(好像是) !f6
look(看起来好像是) _#B/#^a
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste 6Tnzg`0I
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 oJ:J'$W(
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe ba13^;fm#
A B T:$_1I $
to cause numerous deaths. Pa<