该错题常考要点 >#ZUfm{k$
一、代词 4k./(f2+
代词中主要讲解六个问题 12Y
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 x8GJY~:SW
主格、宾格、所有格 !8`3GX:B_
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) \EseGgd21
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(二) 反身代词 26CS6(sn
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 OtFh,}E
He killed himself. (他自杀了) .s$z/Jv
He killed him. (他杀了他) 8,dBl!G=
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating K98i[,rP
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a series of indicators that could help J90v!p-
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themselves to predict earthquakes. ws4cF
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 (p%>j0<
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 g}]t[}s1]
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 vTn}*d.K=
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 \6\<~UX^
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies
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that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the CirZ+o
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Pacific. oY, %Iq
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 IsR!'%Pu
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 4bgqg0z>
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 0]4(:(B
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 %iw3oh&Fkm
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 3h<,
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the word“normalcy”to express social and /7
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economic conditions they promised the nation. 8,uB8C9
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 &ot/nQQ
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important {%C7EAq*
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John /Ju;MeE9
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Keats, published the year of her death. 7sXxq4
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. <wAFy>7
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(四) Who和which的区别 CJ++?hB]X
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 l\n@cQ
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who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 nak Yn
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who &ZQJ>#~j^
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. <=,6p>Eo[
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 l(#)WWr
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人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 S)/_muP
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(五) that和which的区别 lMbAs.!
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 vZBc!AW
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it E)fglYWs2
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. )
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 c7FRI0X
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 s]JF0584
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, yYH 0v7vx+
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when Mwr"~?\\
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. dB5b@9*
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which ez6EjUk
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly X<%Q"2hW
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. E 0?iXSJ
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 K]9"_UnN
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has GJqJlgHe
affected the way people in the United States----. os]8BScx
(A) living and working cu/5$m?xx
(B) they live and work &@yo;kB
(C) live and work /Bm( `T
(D) to live and to work [a
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分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 6Z%U`,S
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二、介词 [+DW >Et
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Gnq?"</
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(一) 介词搭配 z\%Ls
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those cj'}4(
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food.
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 j4R(B
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal.
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分析:B错改为be rich in In<n&ib
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the vbC\?\_
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. .jk@IL
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 )6D,d5<
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 li}1S
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ;E3>ay6m8
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. lY
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ZOeQ+j)|I
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has V4'YWdTi
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on 6sx'S?Qa*
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. =,_ +0M9
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 /tf5Bv'<
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2、介词by odjT:Vr
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by &3J_^210
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 6/r)y+H
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States UQC=g
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. -- %N8L;e
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 x,|hU@h
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 2(u,SQ
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to *E/`KUG]
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supply moccasins and field rations. W&&;:Fr
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 <`B,R*H{
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with >*#1ZB_l
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements h]5C|M|
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that are often represented at symbols. 9F)
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 z(_Ss@ $
三、谓语动词 <acUKfpY
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ftvG\T f
①、主谓分割原则 KxYwJ
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, -@yh>8v
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. #A1Z'y0
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 n>+mL"hs
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②、与后者一致原则 4zev^FR
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, L+Xc-uv["p
not only…but also -+ SF
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③、与前者一致原则 Ir`eL
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 1|kvPo#
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 sYe
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例:The athlete, together with his coach and 4L ;% h
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. Q1O}ly}JS
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is [Sr,h0h6
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④、就近原则 Izhee%c
or, either…or, neither…nor, &Sl[lXE
单数名词+or+复数名词+are [`{Z}q&
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is b8V~S'6VqO
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 o7J
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 /2UH=Q!x4E
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ;3d"wW]}7K
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. &y3OR1_Sm*
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ]Y2RqXA*
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ;'5>q&[qbP
There are five apples that are red. xl6,s>ob
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 +Vm}E
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets A*2
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. nQ q=7Gu
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 pQshUm"_
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 2] zq#6ix
The rich are not always happier than the poor. zUKmx y@
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 Tav*+
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 gW-V=LV (
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: KVD8YfF
a. there be 句型 @xbQ Ye%J
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 }oL'8-y
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 K{[%7AM
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. Pb?$t
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is "tB;^jhRs
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific <4P4u*/o
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 [/Rf\T(,jn
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miles in width. O*0l+mop
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分析:倒装句,are改为is ',:*f8Jk
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and bI:zp!-.
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film LUqB&,a}
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. e A#;AQm
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 -(f)6a+H
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 %k'!Iq+
fifty percent of + 名词 (=* cK-3
one percent of + 名词 H;YP8MoQ
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: WJ4li@T7V
one percent of my students + are DV<` K$ET
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. *a #rM"6P
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这里要强调两个结构
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half of =fifty percent _OuWB"
most of + 可数名词 + are `C$:Yf]%nG
most of + 不可数名词+ is p2DrEId
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been RPE5K:P
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found in central and eastern Canada. p;tVn{u
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 eS<lwA_
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized YN!>}
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in the United States are for foods and beverages.
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 $CY't'6Hn
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 {a4z2"\A
①、主要考察时间状语 \ aHVs
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. l)!n/x_ !
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was [L:o`j
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②、For和since的区别 %Mk0QKzUo
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 + j W1V}h
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ^Nmg07_R
I has been a teacher for three years. =9"W@n[>W
I has been a teacher since 1996. sfOHarww
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 G=A,9@+c
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became _h":>
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the primary responsibility of the president. %"af748!+D
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 -tyK~aasQ
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of i}o[- S4
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. sH?/E6
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ]f_6 '|5A
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. YI
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live BY
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(三) 谓语的语态 `p7&>
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语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 SY^dWLf
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: Kbb78S30
①、prove pmFk50`
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ,57`D'
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; z ly unJD(
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming zBP>jM(8
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be x
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 1& '8Y
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 TcGoSj<Z
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②、Locate,Situate Cb_oS4vM
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 %c1#lEC2xN
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 4
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这两个词也可以用作被动 3tmdi 3s
My school was located near the river. ejO}t:}P
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 toaYsiIkzW
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. N|Sf=q?Ko
(A)locates k3t78Qg
(B)locating "sgjWo6
(C)to locate tWdhDt8$&
(D)is located 62>zt2=
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 \@;\t7~
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③、表示需要概念的动词 x#N-&baS
need, want, require等 EOoZoVdzx
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My watch needed repairing )!Bd6-
My watch needed to be repaired. X{g%kf,D=
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④、表示人的情感的动词 6UE(f@
move, annoy, surprise, please等 XIWm>IQ[)
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 Ft@Wyo`^
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 @wq#>bm
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主动和被动技巧总结: pX=,iOF[I
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 3qQUpm+
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the p[2GkP
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, _iEj
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power structures, and flood-control works along IB|]fzy
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. ]
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 x"(9II*
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四、非谓语动词 l
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(一) 分词 P
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现在分词和过去分词的区别 tLc
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①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 gUB{Bh($Y
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then S:Tm23pe
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. 2r];V'r
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning 7SI)1_%G
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 |Vx~fK S\
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in FQf#*
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. Y~oT)wTU
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living h'^FrWaU/
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一些动词后面必须用doing Sb^
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对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 6b:DJ
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, @)sc6
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advocate, suggest jXEGSn
delay, quit 6MrKi|'X@
forgive(原谅),tolerate, a@|.;#FF
avoid, escape(逃避) KCXw n
spend+名词+doing; R}J-nJlb
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing .]Ybp2`"U
4]UT+'RubX
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their `I>], J/
A B C D ida*]+ ~
crops. md6*c./Z
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 vug-n 8
< EXWWrm
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, yQS04Bl]
A B 7l}~4dm2J
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. A;%kl`~iyz
C D b@-)Fy4d2
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing G4yUC<TqBP
"4[<]pq
(二) 不定式 ^4hc+sh0D
A. 动词不定式的省略 RQ5P}A
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①、help后面可以省略to Ij$)RSPtH
help do Qrz*Lvle h
help sb. to do M;@Ex`+?i
j}RM.C\7
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid hE5G!@1F
A B g!5#,kJM
the habits that might shorten the lives. ypT9 8
C D Gavkil
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 W["HDR
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个
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make, .)nCOwR6p
let, U*xxrt/On/
have sb. do sth L.Vq1RU\"
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. tJG (*
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians
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A B mlmnkgl
]
to know when to play various parts of a composition. ?bCTLt7k
C D vy:6
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分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know Z_!9iA:X
\ /sF:~=
③、感官动词 (F_7%!g1d
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe @]yQJuXA&Z
see sb do sth. 强调过程 IBF.&[[S
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 }cyq'mi
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q
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 (2 mS v
(1)表示第一人 &8.z$}m
the first woman to do sth. Z|f^nH#-C
l'P[5'.
(2)表示迫使的动词 x%ZiE5#
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do KF*B
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis Q9SPb6O2
A B QZ_nQ3K
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. ye9QTK6$,
C D %_cg|yy
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 %pQdq[J={
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 !hpTyO+%
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 %@)U/G6s}
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 0^_)OsFA
be lieable to do 易于…的 uBV^nUjS"m
be apt to do a'(lVZA;
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(4)表示目的的名词, WcQ
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一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 rQAbN6
固定的句式: :X]lXock0
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. P<g|y4h
the objective 目标 BUboP?#%)
aim 70I4-[/z[d
goal |ij W_r
reason理由 /61ag9pN
function功能 4B%5-VQ
intension意图 cPa 0n4
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing \^^hG5f
A C=pPI
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ()rx>?x5
B C D kKI!B`j=
分析:the function to provide, A错 (h8hg+l
o
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure '44nk(hM69
A 5O4&BxQ~}
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds LU 5
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B yQQDGFTb!=
that make up various components of a living cell. _mq*j^u,j
C D 8[{0X4y3
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 [b\lcQ8O
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(5) 其他同根名词 n?ZH2dI\0
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 |rms[1<_
attempt to do 企图 D ;T r
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 v"?PhO/{=
ambition, c`N`xU+z
be ambitious to do {D_4~heF
effort ,:Ix s^-
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ]FnrbQ|
A B v!v0,?b*
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. ,LW%'tQ~"
C D "1j\ZCXK_Z
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 7=ga_2
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great ?jM7C}
A B ~uD;_Y=u)r
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. {XUfxNDf
C D pQ2)M8 gf
分析:efforts to register, C错 .$x[!fuuR&
oG_'<5Bv>
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 fkUH]CdaB
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 KD3To%
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. %a6]gsiv2<
#RIfR7`T
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ^~IcQ!j/5
I am glad to see you. l8d%hQVqT
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. bb_jD^
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. v{*X@)$
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 S^"e5n2
It is difficult to decide. K#+]
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#CP, \G
五、句子的结构 3\
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句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 |g^W @.P
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(一) 主语的重复 nMvIL2:3
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 bh"v{V`=0
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any d<m>H$\Dm
A B cMk%]qfVo8
compromises concerning the establishment of the hLD;U
J?S
C D Q+M3Pqy
League of Nations. fw};.M
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 qNVw+U;2P
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson |MrH@v7S
kx(:Z8DX
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are C:EoUu
A B 5|t&qUV
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. df rr.i
C D gb#wrI
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ] CE2/6Ph
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(二)谓语的重复 Di=6.gm[<
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 w2V E_
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of 4f-C]N=
A B _erH]E| [
one or more sentences related to the same idea. Wm_-T]#_
C D u%'22q$
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 Vi-@z;k
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(三)谓语的缺少 (<-0UR]%q;
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body /UAj]U
A B ArMe[t0$
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. a$A
S?`L
C D ?2c:|FD
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 D1a2|^zt
kXRD_B5&
(四)主句的重复 JH9CN
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 Hu.d^@V
pTd@i1%Nr
}=5(*Vg
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 5j%jhby?
A B C d7Z\
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. mmti3Y
D |ESe=G
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 ~C3-E %h@Z
Z_/03K$q
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow n"vI> _|G
A B ,0O!w>u_]J
sweeps across the face of the Earth. u5,<.#EVY
C D F u)7J4Z
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 `!BUd
Gl(,%~F9i
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided .7q#{`K^=
A B ,KWeW^z'7
names for towns, only George Washington z
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C z;)% i f6
is remembered in the name of a state. a?dM8zAnc
D '=5N?)
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 `1d r$U
六、比较级和最高级 #i?TCO
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 1E(pJu'K
- >2ej4C
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 NGxuwHIQ8
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which R_ csKj
A
)+J?(&6
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. -kkXyO8js
B C D iJcl0)|
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 $JOIK9+3z#
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 {.ph)8
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. ~96"^%D
A B C D }rN"H4)
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 @{j-B
IRZ0
RGcT
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere Sng V<J>zR
A B C D SL(Q;_
is the grizzly bear. Z]aSo07
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 4h|D[Cb]
!R-UL#w9W'
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 =%bc;ZUu
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 #SL/Jr
DZ
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with Ih{~?(V$
A B >$}nKPC,Y
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. /8.;
C D m^`X|xK-
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 hcej
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 am`eist:
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as |>VHV} 4)<
-5.>9+W8I
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 MEg|AhP
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 jAF
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the taller boy X~lOFH;}q
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 U;ev3
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed |i1z47jN6P
A B w:pc5N>we0
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is I_v]^>Xw
abundant, and humidity is moderate. H3MT.Cpd
C D N+h|Ffnp
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they UGl}=hwKkG
'tF<7\!
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 aRfkJPPa[
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, t'~:me!
A B C 3"%:S_[
the Navajos form largest group. }k'8*v}8
D sd
Z=3)
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 ?zxKk(J
eDG=-a4
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, .] 5
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一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language Q T
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另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the @ -g^R4e<
iQ~cG[6
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many wMei`svY
A B C B-JgXW.\0
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. F^KoEWj[H
D WF_G GF{
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 %/s:G
)
vBq2JJAl
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the o"K{^ L~u
例如:my best friends 1,BtOzuRo
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial si0jXue~j\
A B C NcRY
Ch
and banking center. -,3Ka:
D O3B\K <l
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ExV>s* y
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 8M8=uw~#
A
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary e>y"V;Mj
A DYbkw4Z,
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. &`0heJ
5Yn
B C D v6T
H-
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 {>>f5o3
!SKEL6~7
七、平行结构 w~X1Il7
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改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 \KDOI 7
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(一) 对等连接词 .pr- ^
一共有三类连接平行结构的词
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单一式: and, or ,but )!e-5O49r
相关式: both…and, not … but, z9u"?vdA
either …or, neither…nor TBvv(_
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as 83Bp_K2\
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, x$ ?{)EY
没有so...as... O5LB&s
between…and, }q)oLC
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also J}nE,U2
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 7.hn@_
khyn4
短语式: as well as pEw &i
rather than (而不是) Ud\Jc:DG
other than (除…之外) ,ZC ^,Vq
instead of (代替) 2~K.m@U}!Z
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 vLXN{ ]
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, &w- QMjM>
A B )?:V5U
O\
but he is now living in Detroit. W]4Gs;
C D CY<,p$
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 0~<d<a -@
"nf.kj:>
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics {r#2
X1
A B YrS%Yvhj0
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford AL>*Vj2h/n
remained active in city and regional planning.
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C D X@*$3z#Z
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 s"*zyLUUo
(二)平行的内容 L6fc_Mo.EE
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 Ig-9Y;hdmn
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of Ec y|l;
A B /8VM.fr$
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, F0t!k>
C D "6Hka{
or yearly periods of light and darkness. `7zz&f9dDX
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 bJj<xjBM
O['gp~P"
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第二、名词单复数的平行 *Em 9R
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 #/Y t4n
lpQsmd#
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, y TfAS.
A B C &~ QQZ]q6
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 6q RZ#MC
D X
2hV)8Sk
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 br*L|s\P\9
<7fF9X
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, X3vTyIsn
A B qcEiJ}-
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. -h%;L5oJ2,
C D QkBT,c
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have cVv+,l4V0
+/y 3]}
第三、时态的平行 }\k"azQ`
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated Pf5RlpL:p
A ~gQ$etP
d
with the imagist movement , but later develops u1s^AW8 y
B w-*$gk]
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. uF_gfjR[m
C D XP~bmh,T,
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 -fFM-gt^t
g
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- Y0fX\6=h
spread from its home in Central America and Oaf!\z}
now grows throughout the tropics. +O>!x#)&"
(A) to be (B) it _\waA^ F
(C) the (D) its ??0C"8:[
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? :M)B#@ c=
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow v*`
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XF(0>-
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- ,=whwl "tA
commercially for their meat and eggs. RO"c+|Py
(A) raised (B) and are raised ZnSDq_Uk
(C) raised as (D) are raised H'|b$rP0@
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 rt)70=
6!7LgM%4
第四、排列位置的平行 @9~a3k|
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. yo]!Zn
(A) Not only does rust corrode rKEi1b
(B) Not only rust corrodes 3;(;'
5|Z
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes
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(D) Rust not only corrodes ][3H6T!ckL
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 !i=LQUi.
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: j]th6
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 A8 V7\
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 >a7'_n_o
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 6U[`CGL66
ZYDLl8
八、词序的颠倒 zvv<w@rX
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 "`]G>,r_
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 |hms'n0
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage <>JN3?
A B *y
+T(73
that can be given to any individual in the United States. ^UI{U1N~Bz
C D feM%
-
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 0G`_dMN
|hBX"
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 A;~lG3j4
例:Certain types of computers work properly only G|eY$5!i
A B c\"t+/Z
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. zUX%$N+w}>
C D sXHrCU
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 /@Qg'Q#
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 W4n;U-Hb
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were .B2?%2S
A B C %:i; eUKR
in what is now the United States. e8T#ZWr*
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 Ln6\Iis
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所有的系动词分为三大类:
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第一种:表示保持某种状态, &o{=
is, remain, keep, stay, nnr
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lie, exit(表示位于) P<<?7_ ??
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 Gk~QgD/Pix
become, turn, grow, b(^g v
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) Py^
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第三种,感官动词 Ns?qLSN
seem(好像是) $P<T`3Jg
look(看起来好像是) J<K-Yeph
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste P#e1?
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 <'s_3AC
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe lw/zgR#|
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to cause numerous deaths. #<_gY
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 TVaD',5_V%
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九、词性的混用 :X1~
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 )8BGN'jyi
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 BGk>:Z`
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; =m<; Jx5
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high N0Y$QWr_$
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and r'!HWR
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. j=raS
D
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) +Ce[OG.
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 _(#HQd,i
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 U[4Xo&`
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds ld RV
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to ,r=9$i_
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. nRP|Qt7>
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 5y
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, xj6@85^
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of
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B C
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urban Black people in the United States. }9Th`
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 G_vcuCHm
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 Q)/V>QW
表示时间有两种可能, P{bRRn4Z
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 Mr0<b?I
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, ;+Dq3NE
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 Gu#Vc.e
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence .83{NF
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were made while the American Civil War. $fzO:br5WJ
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 iBM;$0Y
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the K9HXy*y49
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. X([8TR
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 l%_r 3W
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 '!DS3zEeLS
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 \) FFV-k5
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social MQY}}a-oug
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. /Xm4%~b_gj
B C D TPF5 ?
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 iD${7
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples {8pN]=SaJ~
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easily under the stress of compression. VR XK/dZ
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 JC.nfxG@:
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 i}gsxq%
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine od-yVE&
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article that gives personal comments on current events. a{@gzB
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 oe*CZ
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, P47
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ez14f$cJ+
B C D
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 &&ZX<wOM
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 }u]7 x:lh
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; l.xKv$uOGR
two hundred diligent students