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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 59V8cO+qH  
一、代词 9rM#w"E?<  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 DH.CAV  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 K'[kl'  
  主格、宾格、所有格 dSS Ai |}  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) Q0L1!}w   
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(二) 反身代词 FWLLbL5t  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 k~JTQh*,w  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) #5X+. !L  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) 8w~X4A,  
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  )t,efg  
    A                 B    _iu^VK,}  
  a series of indicators that could help ];u nR<H  
             C      {k']nI.>  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. :S+Bu*OyH  
    D m4R:K jN*  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 FyV $`c$  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 W Qe Q`pM  
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 NHhKEx0Gtu  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 (?P\;yDG  
=ibKdPtTh^  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ra1_XR}  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the hE +M|#o  
     A   B      C          D Pe@*')o*  
  Pacific. )t$- /8  
1:q`KkJx  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 E/^N   
O 2+taB  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。  y` pgJO  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 4^ZbT  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 ]5e|W Q>*X  
>ni0:^vp  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined "?'9\<>  
                       A   :{ai w?1  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and a *nCvZ  
             B nlc$"(eA[H  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. V P1 z"j:  
   C       D 9e;:(jl^  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 +*wo iSD  
Rvy Cc!d  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important K!v\r"N  
        A     Xj<xen(  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John ]#W9l\  
   B        C      SgQ(#y|vV  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  *b"aJ<+  
      D Z5@E|O&  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ?BU?c:"f  
|J~A )Bw?  
_lfS"ae  
(四) Who和which的区别 4 i`FSO  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 5e^z]j1Yv  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 _TbvQ Y  
y]uBVn'u  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who -` 1)yhS  
              A            B 5YXMnYt9  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 4XSq\.@G  
   C                  D ov1#BeQ  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 8o466m6/  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 vg5fMH9ZZ  
D 75;Y;E  
(五) that和which的区别 e]V7 7oc  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 '^tC|)  
Cjj(v7[E  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it b\H,+|i K  
              A        B VI)hA ^ S  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. /pJr%}sc  
      C              D 22`e7  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 M%5_~g2n'\  
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 &0OH:P%  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, \ (U|&  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when wYh]3  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. DO~~  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which '<AE%i,  
'r} y{`3M  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly pe VzF'F  
              A         B   Cf@N>N#t)  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ULxgvq  
         C      D ngzQVaB9  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 ~jJe|zg>  
|C7=$DgwY  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  cK'}+  
  affected the way people in the United States----. f_IsY+@  
   (A) living and working z/i&Lpr:  
   (B) they live and work 9dp1NjOtAc  
   (C) live and work vh^?M#\  
   (D) to live and to work MFqb_q+  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 $Eo-58<q  
cY.5z:7u~v  
二、介词 A9LVS&52  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 P#AS")Sj  
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(一) 介词搭配 KqXPxp^_Al  
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those Y\E7nll:.  
    A         B   C      ^-(DokdBn  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. @[]#[7  
                D ,m5tO  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 c=p!2jJ1K~  
eU\_m5xl"  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ~zQxfl/  
A       B     C  D L!~ap  
分析:B错改为be rich in VBK|*Tl  
U=[isi+7  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the "1rT> ASWI  
    A         B      C Cw~fP[5XMF  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. ^O&&QRH~w  
             D 8*&YQId~  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 WLCr~r^  
Myh?=:1~(c  
2fP;>0?  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 kT:?1w'  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 S]Aaf-X_  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. bl#6B.*=  
          A      B  C     D }l_8~/9  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 _Zxo <}w}y  
]N:Wt2  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has *TPWLR ^  
                 A  B     -:Bgp*S  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on 4K,S5^`Gx  
      C P[r$KGz  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. C#L|7M??;  
      D {"db1Gbfg  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 SZvC4lOn#  
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2、介词by 6xu%M&h t  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by oslj<  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing A:5P  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States TW=N+ye^1(  
    A         B       /buj(/q^#  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. CiTWjE? |7  
   C     D ovaX_d)cU  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 y(=0  
f4 vdJ5pV  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Fzz9BEw(i  
   A                      }d@;]cps  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to He&A>bA)z  
     B    C       D Hio+k^  
   supply moccasins and field rations. bG+Gg*0p  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 P@Vs\wAT  
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 2FGCf} ,  
        A                rw75(Lp{  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements GE\({V.W  
        B          C   b(> G  
  that are often represented at symbols. 2L=(-CH9]  
              D ^tVIPH.R  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 tR_DN  
三、谓语动词 ,/[1hhP@  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 x[$ :^5V  
①、主谓分割原则 @== "$uRw  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, eGo$F2C6E  
     A     S}K-\[i?  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. Ef=4yH?\j  
        B      C      D fLV@~T|  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 w7~&Xxa/  
P5'VLnE R{  
②、与后者一致原则 /}s#   
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, l{V(Y$xp3  
not only…but also T? ,Q=.  
OO;I^`Yn  
=E&1e;_xlE  
③、与前者一致原则 ictOC F  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, v=D4O.  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 t_qX7P8+'  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and f1t?<=3Ek<  
     A      B  C     >8injW3 52  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. D~,i I7ac  
         D +^a@U^V  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ) 3 I|6iS  
MA v-#  
④、就近原则 !1P<A1K  
or, either…or, neither…nor, KzB9 mMrO  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are &>XSQB(&%  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is fjS#  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 d^`n/"Ice  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 7gt%[r M  
mMad1qCi7  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are 3 FLht L  
        A      B        smX&B,&@  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. |l,0bkY@&  
    C              D Y>K3. *.  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 OWmI$_L  
5R O_)G<  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 OI)/J;[-e  
There are five apples that are red. )(`,!s,8)  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 TzsNhrU{  
<Kq!)) J'  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 0EUC8Ni  
      A            AkBEE  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. ffh3okyW0  
   B   C    D y-vB C3  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 5 ~xv"S(E}  
],Y+|uX->  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 @ {8x L  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. W sDFui  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 1.q a//'RW  
Gu K!<-Oz"  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 FQikFy(YY  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: t0o'_>*?A  
a. there be 句型 \oAxmvt  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 > 0NDlS%Q:  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 O:te;l Q K  
`Z~\&r=  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. *qL"&h5W  
   A     B      C    D    HiDL:14  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is >[TJ-%V>oR  
|%7OI#t^  
tU (vt0~b  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific -$5nqaK?  
             A     B    ryoD 1OE  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 St~a/L q6  
     C         )l*6zn`z  
  miles in width. )w!*6<  
     D  >EIV`|b$h  
分析:倒装句,are改为is p+d?k"WN?  
P*sb@y>}O  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and $sR-J'EE!  
   A    B       C         5_ioJ   
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film qox31pnS  
                    D z2.ZxL"*  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. :6X?EbXhK  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 b py576GwA  
[P?.( *  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Um\_G@  
fifty percent of + 名词 .|9o`mF7  
one percent of + 名词 7Z RLSq'S  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 8st~ O  
  one percent of my students + are 5(sWV:_2  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. F),wj8#~>-  
nI6[y)j  
这里要强调两个结构 x nm!$ $W  
half of =fifty percent EzDQoN7Em  
most of + 可数名词 + are 8o4?mhqV  
most of + 不可数名词+ is H]/!J]  
z4 yV1  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been e+=P)Zp/  
   A       B         C   qkbxa?&X  
  found in central and eastern Canada. ]aF!0Fln~  
           D RY]Vo8  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 5*W<6ia  
b4HUgW3Ac  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized 8 k%!1dyMB  
                 A   B  Y +9OP  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. @ s2<y@  
              C     D  H*]B7?S  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 ~HH6=qjU)  
;=[~2*8  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 *?GV(/Q  
①、主要考察时间状语 }.j09[<  
OAhCW*B  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. N$i|[>`j  
   A        B  C     D =(x W7Pt~  
psHW(Z8G  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was CQ+WB TiC  
qd7 86~  
UmRI! WQl  
②、For和since的区别 *mgK^9<  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 rg^  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 C/w!Y)nB=  
  I has been a teacher for three years. P{-f./(JD  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. ]hxE^/87  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 c9 UJ=  
`2M`;$~ 5  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became %0z&k!P  
   A      B              *Hnk,?kPq  
  the primary responsibility of the president. <opBOZ d  
     C    D l }i .  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 T@ [*V[  
`zjEs8`'  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of <L1;aNN  
             A  B  C   -}B&>w,5  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. [a&|c%h  
            D 0t-!6  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 GJ L lMi  
i9NUv3#  
q@i,$R  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  Z>)(yi9+  
   A       B        C     D ;BsPms@U  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live JO4rU- n  
oCBZ9PGkK  
(三) 谓语的语态 ;_.%S*W\  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 R).?lnS  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: M>pcG.6V  
①、prove 0i[,`>-Av  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 p*T`fOL  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; q F \a]e  
1N#KVvK  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming bp06xHMu  
                      A   ):@XMECa  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be jpl"KN?X  
    B                  C O<&8 gk~  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 87Sqs1>cw  
                  D hJavi>374  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 u? a*bW  
=K6aiP$Ft  
x \.q zi  
②、Locate,Situate vZ Hm'  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 no*p`a *  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ~bSPtH ]6d  
这两个词也可以用作被动 g1JBssw&m  
  My school was located near the river. TA=VfA B  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 @`&kn;7T  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. UenB4  
   (A)locates uqaP\  
   (B)locating g$c\(isY;  
   (C)to locate t(-`==.R  
   (D)is located 8+ P)V4}  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 5&WYL  
#HjiE  
③、表示需要概念的动词 G j6(y caS  
need, want, require等 1wX0x.4d  
}%K)R 5C  
My watch needed repairing P4x Q:$2!  
My watch needed to be repaired. w )A@  
M_wqb'=  
④、表示人的情感的动词 _`4jzJ*  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 jmgU'w-s  
>7yOu!l  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 NA5AR*f'  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 5l"/lGw  
8`e75%f:2  
主动和被动技巧总结: XH_XGzBQS  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 2&st /y(hs  
<ob+Ano$  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the Z^AOV:|m  
                 A      6\MH2&L<  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, .G"UM>.}d  
                 B 86[/NTD<-  
  power structures, and flood-control works along jfxW9][   
                    C rQ0V3x1"Qx  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. ( Z-~Eh  
                D gv7(-I  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 m'|{AjH z6  
u="VJ3  
四、非谓语动词 ^a=,,6T  
u`Ew^-">  
(一) 分词 EeW%5/;  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 PCxv_Svf  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Q+d9D1b  
m"MTw@}SJ;  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then Dps0$f c  
   A \}O'?)(1  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. `(j}2X'[  
     B      C            D N%1T>cp0  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning /b*VFA/75  
>P7|-bV  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 'je=.{[lWt  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in Z4U8~i  
      A               B   ]YF[W`2h  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. n:c)R8X]  
               C         D wgm?lfX<  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living V,=V   
") Xy%C`J  
vAW+ ,Rfj  
一些动词后面必须用doing ^MPl wx  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 v1 h*/#  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, v#EXlpS  
 advocate, suggest (/J$2V5 -  
 delay, quit gie}k)&M  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, T7E9l  
 avoid, escape(逃避) S:qML]RO  
 spend+名词+doing; Gq4~9Tm)*  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing 9o7E/wP  
Z_&6 <1,H  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 8NLTq|sW  
   A     B    C              D k8E'wN  
  crops. _aOisN{  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 MW%EJT>@z  
PfTjC"`,  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, R3;GMe@D#  
               A        B p;av63 i  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. ;hsgi|Cy-  
        C          D 3rX5haD\  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing ]wLHe2bE u  
W.h6g8|wx  
(二) 不定式 aagN-/mgm  
A. 动词不定式的省略 M/ @1;a@\  
①、help后面可以省略to ; 2K_u  
  help do (JS1}T  
  help sb. to do (xffU%C^  
r (Ab+1b  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid T 'p X)ZH  
              A      B   w|?< ;+  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. O:'UsI1Y  
         C     D gE^ {@^  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 w4Nm4To  
G" &9u2k  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 o ohgZ&k2]  
  make, "\bbe@  
  let, @O b$w1c  
  have sb. do sth .]`LR@qf  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. R%iyNK,  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians 1wpT"5B  
        A               B 1euL+zeh  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. Y 3G$(+i8  
   C     D ?2l#=t?PP  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know :lQl;Q -e  
P]A>"-k  
③、感官动词 v[VUX69  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe t b5k|  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 k@nx+fO}P  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 =pQA!u]QE  
a=bP   
Htn'(Q  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 ZzET8?8  
(1)表示第一人 L|4kv  
the first woman to do sth. c%-s_8zvi  
o, e y.  
(2)表示迫使的动词 FT'_{e!M  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do `k~.>#  
7Yp;B:5@  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis Z(LDA ZG  
     A                 B    gAt[kW< n  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. csZIBi  
       C           D {H OvJ`tM  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 x o#&&/6  
kb< Nuw  
G!},jO*"  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 Oq~>P!=   
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 0&$+ CWSM  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 Qp8. D4^@3  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 ldcYw@KQ  
  be apt to do *yp}#\rk  
 R~u0!  
(4)表示目的的名词, }m NP[L  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 Pnq[r2#]:  
固定的句式: pjr,X+6o  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. Kl.xe&t@j  
the objective 目标 3f9J! B`n  
aim aH<BqD[#  
goal xi=Z<G  
reason理由 v|acKux=t  
function功能 |aef$f5  
intension意图 #UGtYD}"  
:@KU_U)\  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ! 7,rz1s73  
                       A  c]jK Y<  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. UP=0>jjbn:  
           B          C     D  4"72  
分析:the function to provide, A错 7m0sF<P{g  
d K|6p_  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure ` oN~  
                  A       Rb=T'x'  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds @f442@_4  
     B  Ho[Kxe[c  
  that make up various components of a living cell. X8l[B{|  
    C    D cy|]}n85  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 td-2[Sy  
!7ct=L  
(5) 其他同根名词 cE[B (e  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 fis**f0  
 attempt to do 企图 +=#sa m*i  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 x,YC/J  
 ambition, o>x*_4[  
 be ambitious to do  u'cM}y&  
 effort V 9Bi2\s*  
ZrJAfd\5c  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation tqyR~  
  A                    B   4Z>KrFO  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. %rVC3}  
          C       D v^2q\A-?  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 SSO F\  
AcV 2l  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great } MBxfZ4I  
  A                   B   Pe[~kog,TP  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. EGWm0 F_  
       C            D @ht= (Jk9  
分析:efforts to register, C错 rn3GBWC_C  
dH"wYMNL  
@q0\oG4L  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 -Z )j"J  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ?m5@ 63 5  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. X5i?B b.  
sd|5oz )  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 O>UG[ZgW  
I am glad to see you. ST'M<G%4E  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. )U0`?kD  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. Do-~-d4  
1fwjW 0t  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 _7df(+.{<A  
It is difficult to decide. n[$bk_S  
 A.nU8   
,z A 9*  
五、句子的结构  ~ Dvxe  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 G&qO{" Js  
nn'a` N  
(一) 主语的重复 x'dU[f(  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 rqJ'm?>cr  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any xZ'-G6O "~  
          A      B      YC(7k7  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the -3-*T)  
          C          D Wtl/xA_  
  League of Nations. |C;8GSw>|F  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 2>%|PQ  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson VRe7Q0  
9g %1^$R  
\<k5c-8Hb  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are SP}!v5.  
        A        B  l|WdJn o  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. +qN}oyL  
    C         D 1!N|a< #  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 (i..7B:  
QT\||0V~p  
(二)谓语的重复 V { #8+  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 m |Isi  
I8ZBs0sfF{  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  S F:>dneB  
    A            B    FM{^ND9x  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. @aQ};~  
         C   D OKW}8qM  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 sd5%Szx  
q4y P\B  
(三)谓语的缺少 h7 r *5E  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 0^lCZ,uq;  
          A     B    o]R*6$  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. io&FW!J.  
         C               D dG8_3T}i  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 {[I]pm~n  
RIm8PV;N  
(四)主句的重复 0|i3#G_~  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 7\0} te  
 {>v5~G  
MpNgp )%>  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite #fGI#]SG?  
      A         B        C   !B*l'OJw  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. * :kMv;9  
     D 5^5hhm4  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 rv?4S`Z,x$  
urbSprdF  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow GQH15_  
        A   B       %&iodo,EP'  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. saa3BuV 6  
      C    D ,J&\) yTP  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 {j8M78}3  
4{lrtNd~K  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided le|Rhs %Z%  
   A                     B  ]N;\AXZ7  
  names for towns, only George Washington ]x(cX&S-9  
      C $TX]*hNn  
  is remembered in the name of a state. s-801JpiJ  
          D Zmc"  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 k>)Uyw$!  
六、比较级和最高级 IZ_?1%q>}  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 XiM d|D  
o - v#Zl  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 G]n_RP$G  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which -#Ys67,4N  
      A               TE9Iyl|=  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. ` 7P%muY.  
     B       C           D 5AK@e|G$w  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 YuUJgt .1  
I {%Y0S  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 V!Pe%.>  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. f>iDq C4  
     A      B     C  D 9~J#> C0}  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 x=03 WQ8  
qjsEyro$-  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere -asjBSo*D  
     A       B     C   D d%K&  
  is the grizzly bear. j+PLtE   
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 kni{1Gr  
0g2rajS  
2fgYcQ8`  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 *nK4XgD  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 dZY| 6  
G{!(2D4!  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ~d3|zlh  
   A           B  xn>N/+,  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. `GSl}A  
   C                 D >`l^ C  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 :NL[NbQYt  
?O Puv5!pI  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 9^&B.6!6  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as QUm[7<"  
2tg07  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 @ULd~  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 _f~$iY  
the taller boy yFn~rv|&G  
} lXor~_i  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 XgyLlp;,O  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed * H~=dPC  
          A            B HRyhq ;C  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is w5yX~8UzJ  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. 0Y'ow=8M  
    C          D d+vAm3.Dg  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they dq%C~j{v  
'BUfdb8d  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 &^w "  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, &grvlK  
  A  B         C     lWH#/5`h  
  the Navajos form largest group. '(SivD  
         D `e`DSl D>  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 k'*vG6!  
*VH Wvj  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, K2\)9  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language W]Nc6B*gI  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the .beqfcj"  
K'/if5>Bc  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many >6 [d&SM6  
            A      B         C q!+:zZu  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. ?S9vYaA$  
            D jt(GXgm  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 4<vi@,s  
BJ\81 R  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the DUH DFG  
例如:my best friends l@1=./L?  
T@`Al('  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial OHW|?hI=[  
            A    B     C r&Qa;-4Pl  
  and banking center. R#.H&#  
        D %C@p4  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ,%BDBZ  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 Rry] 6(  
6|{&7=1t  
4*9t:D|}  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary nz'6^D7`r  
                 A         `S5::U6E  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. -'L~Y~'.  
    B   C     D !*HJBZ]q  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 61_-G#W  
,c0LRO   
七、平行结构 1X`,7B@pz  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 hQ!59  
r:g_mMvB  
I}5e{jBB  
(一) 对等连接词 >}Bcv%zZ  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 (9TSH3f?  
单一式: and, or ,but LH=^3Gw  
相关式: both…and, not … but, r\FZ-gk}Q  
     either …or, neither…nor wHQ$xO;vD'  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as l 9g  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, Iz'Et'w8!  
没有so...as... 4\p%|G^hU  
between…and, INp:;  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also <1Sj_HCT  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, J7- vB",U  
tg==Qgz  
短语式: as well as GvgTbCxnN  
     rather than (而不是) Iz j-,a  
     other than (除…之外) }{=}^c"t'  
     instead of (代替) TXXG0 G  
x- ue1  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 QG~6mvD  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  *| W*Mu  
       A     B   <6Y;VH^_  
  but he is now living in Detroit. 'UxI-L t  
       C   D jb,a>9 ]p  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 >3B {sn}  
mCk_c  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics !L q'o ?  
       A         B c}|.U  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford oYA"8ei=  
  remained active in city and regional planning. t']/2m.&p  
          C    D  im9EV|;  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 U<=d@knH  
(二)平行的内容 x=L"qC9f/  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 3`{;E{  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of vE8'B^h1  
             A         B   aG~zMO_)]  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, 7-n HPDp'  
         C            D T,uF^%$@AQ  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. 3+d^Bpp 4  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 R@5eHP^  
x|Pz24yP9  
"DGap*=J  
第二、名词单复数的平行 ((#BU=0iK  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 qLb~^'<iD  
!jU{ }RCR  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, s5+;8u9K  
  A     B          C   ^W%F?#ELN2  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. yHC[8 l8%  
                 D   x7^VU5w#  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 4gev^/ ^^  
tWzBQx   
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, V_m!<s r(  
                   A         B J(!=Dno  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. bx{njo1Mr  
      C          D qrj f  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have _unoDoB  
|.yS~XFJS  
第三、时态的平行 3X ;>cv#B  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated  8rlf9m  
                A      E^ 5  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops b&4JHyleF  
                   B uqI'e_&=&5  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. {g`!2"  
          C    D WoB'B|%  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 ??P\v0E  
V9Mr&8{S4  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- ]3='TN8aQF  
  spread from its home in Central America and Qx|HvT2P  
  now grows throughout the tropics. W)]&G}U<  
   (A) to be    (B) it   [PiMu,O[v  
   (C) the     (D) its m*jE\+)=^  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? <vV"a bk  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow j r .{M  
Eul3 {+]  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- kCz2uG)l  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. /g9^g(  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised A['(@Bz#7~  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised aQY.96yo  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 3$K[(>s  
s m G?y~  
第四、排列位置的平行 vR5X  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. . uGne  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode 4L`,G:J,;  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  EW4a@  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes *0L3#. i  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes 4, Vx3QFZ  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 d Efk~V\  
&"T7K Xx  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: D,FgX/&i/  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 ;"EDFH#W  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 fwzyCbks  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 =x(k)RTDu  
ds+2z=!!e  
八、词序的颠倒 ' Gx\  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 /RhM6N  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 qQo*:3/];  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage .),9a ,  
              A    B        'aD"v>  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. .v+J@Y a  
      C       D    nDckT+eJ  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 e(1{W P  
)G]J@36  
3]'h(C  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 efHCPj  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only @V Tw>=94  
          A      B     1{cF/ :o  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. rXTdhw?+  
    C         D  } MP_  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 hmb=_W  
m)6-D- &7  
qf [J-"o  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 YLSDJ$K6  
n36@&q+B&  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were [,~;n@jz  
          A   B     C   TDg<&ND3  
  in what is now the United States. [fkt3fS  
    D l}g_<  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 { M[iYFg=  
(0?FZ.9%  
所有的系动词分为三大类: dOg c%(kz  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, UK@hnQU8`  
    is, remain, keep, stay, ^fS_h `B  
    lie, exit(表示位于) w0<1=;_%  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 >7W8_6sC<  
    become, turn, grow, :FS~T[C;  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) AVc|(~V  
hrfSe$8  
第三种,感官动词 =`V9{$i  
    seem(好像是) UM+g8J{$*;  
    look(看起来好像是) L9z5o(Aa  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste 7#26Smv  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 = o1&.v2j  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe ?U~`'^@  
    A               B     N&Uqzt*  
   to cause numerous deaths. 6ZGw 3p)  
        C   D  9\6ZdnEKu,  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 0IbR>zFg.  
6bbzgULl  
九、词性的混用 >~G _'~_f  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 "/\- ?YJjw  
l9NET  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用  }_?FmuU  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 8d>>r69$pa  
=G1 5 eZW  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high r@H7J 5<Y-  
          A        B      {gS7pY%_W  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and H3BMN}K~  
              C +H3;{ h9,  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. G:|=d0  
          D :c&F\Q=  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) Lq5Eu$;r  
T_4y;mf!@O  
Y:K1v:Knw  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用  ZG-[Gz  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 "@+r|x  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds 7@9R^,M4:  
         A       B      vsCy?  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to /AUXO]  
          C        :|E-Dx4F6H  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. eTY" "EWU  
            D `1U?^9Nf  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 ZNTOI]P&  
)\Ay4 d  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, JnZlz?}^  
            A       DM)%=C6<  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of a?X{k|;!7u  
      B      C lG!We'?  
   urban Black people in the United States. -PH!U Hg  
   D Oxhc!9F  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 , aQ{  
/?g:`NT  
*we*IhIP  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 -H(\[{3{V  
表示时间有两种可能, )M(-EDL>Qk  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 /qX=rlQ/n  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, xHY#"   
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 gls %<A{C  
auV<=1<zJ  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence :")iS?l  
       A     B     tHV81F1J  
  were made while the American Civil War. WTP~MJ#C  
   C    D E[N3`"  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 c  O[Hr  
\9GJa"xA`  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the S>s{ t=AY~  
   A      B           C    BYBf`F)4  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. +:&,Ts/  
          D  !xz0zT.  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 gnPu{-Ec*  
+vh 4I  
D[ -Gzqh  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 a J&)-g e  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 AvS<b3EoN  
c0%.GcF0{  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social aV9QIH~  
                   A     ;m[-yqX  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. o2C{V1nB  
     B   C    D w`")^KXi  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 1D/ 9lR,  
N @24)g?  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples }c$@0x;YQ  
   A        B   C      ^+m6lsuA  
  easily under the stress of compression. KiDL]2  
   D "DniDA  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 Pl}>  
)_\ZUem  
dfss_}R  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 V#Hg+\{d  
?Thh7#7LM  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine \ LQ?s)~  
    A         B A+:X  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. OcBK n=8  
          C            D S l?@c/Ng  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 9 ^G. ]W]  
VX!UT =;  
|NsrO8H   
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, w[bhm$SX]B  
         A = %O@%v  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. QR+{Yp  
   B      C      D w*E0f?s  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 yMQZulCWE  
VhWF(*  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 VOj{&O2c  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; 0gs0[ @  
two hundred diligent students
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