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主题 : 该错题常考要点
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 1+ [,eq  
一、代词 TrNh,5+b  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 5~$WSL?O)  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 W.59Al'  
  主格、宾格、所有格 ~.#57g F"  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) R2Lq??XA=  
B 74  
(二) 反身代词 l3y}nh+ 8  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 { {)pb>E  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) t. HwX9  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) : rudo[L  
E&Zt<pRf;2  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  NZlCn:"  
    A                 B    Bc`L ]<  
  a series of indicators that could help k8i0`VY5Y  
             C      7V5kYYR^F  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. {E}D6`{  
    D 7jr+jNsowj  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 @1q dnU  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 e.Jaq^Gw|  
QIdml*Np?H  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ^E)8Sb9t  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 n]nJ$u1u  
r9<#R=r)}J  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies r oBb o  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ^W`RBrJay  
     A   B      C          D LoSrXK~0~J  
  Pacific. b?<@  
&i6JBZ#~,  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 NCYOY  
- ^Y\'y2  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 e&K7n@  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Pj*]%V  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 ezhfKt]j  
,#9i=gp  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined "*TP@X?@f  
                       A   e@ 5w?QzW  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and #iRd2Qj%  
             B 6KE64: \;  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. yNG|YB;  
   C       D P%d3fFzK  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 HcV,r,>e  
J<9}) m  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important g6$\i m  
        A     qWXw*d1]  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John kt7Emb}  
   B        C      8hMy$  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  kLXa1^Lq  
      D e5w0}/yW/  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. +S1h~@c:B  
gQeoCBCE  
5!57<n  
(四) Who和which的区别 a4]=4[(iu>  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 M=1~BZQ(Z  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 gRw? <U^  
P` Gb }]rW  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who I] Z"?T  
              A            B a!&m\+?  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. #?Ob->v  
   C                  D ,8DjQz0ZPo  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 yATXN>]l  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 n 0uL^{B  
yJ(ITJE_Z  
(五) that和which的区别 ir_X65l/2  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 !  OOOc  
J$(79gH{  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 461p 4)  
              A        B Q.f D3g  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. oCK n  
      C              D  (cp$poo  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 vfh\X1Ui}  
B^j(Fq  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 :x!'Eer n  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, \~T&C5  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when  >6'brb  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. V)mi1H|m  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which &qm:36Y7Xg  
0}\8,U   
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly I$f'BAw  
              A         B   "g1Fg.o  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. %:Zp7O2UB'  
         C      D KwxJ{$|xH  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 VWMr\]g  
*C(q{|f  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  eGI&4JgJ.  
  affected the way people in the United States----. px^brzLQo  
   (A) living and working / KKA/  
   (B) they live and work Hnbd<?y   
   (C) live and work *35o$P46  
   (D) to live and to work B_0]$D0 ^  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 3\5I4#S  
s1zkkLw`*  
二、介词 m8&XW2S  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 ^ANz=`N5,  
/O$)m[  
(一) 介词搭配 L$}'6y/@  
kk/vgte-)e  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those |d_ rK2  
    A         B   C      `,6^eLU  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. p;{w0uld"  
                D SSr2K  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 O9)k)A]`O  
Ijs=4f  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. f{#Mc  
A       B     C  D /Pa<I^-#  
分析:B错改为be rich in avH3{V  
Q37zBC 0  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ~Nl`Zmn(A|  
    A         B      C {>.qo<k  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. X[o"9O|<  
             D >Y&o2zJy  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 e irRAU  
 %L gfi  
Uc|MfxsL  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 O; <YLS^|6  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 eR5+1b  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. WWWfQ_u2  
          A      B  C     D , MU9p*  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 !<MW*7P=  
DR#[\RzNI  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has DX#F]8bWl  
                 A  B     FI(M 1iJ  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on V3}$vKQ  
      C U HUO 9h  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Zu%oIk  
      D \Rvsy;7  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 dCM*4B<  
4WV)&50  
2、介词by Mt`XHXTp  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by H0i\#)Xs  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing uDi#a~m@  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ZI#Xh5  
    A         B       XG}pp`{o  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. }\/f~ ?tEh  
   C     D 7%4@*  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 8RR6f98FF  
tC -H2@  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ,W/D0  
   A                      ~cEr <mzR  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to Z;JZ<vEt92  
     B    C       D emI]'{_G  
   supply moccasins and field rations. +C !A@  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 n`hes_{,g  
I:aG(8Bi)H  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ?k:i3$  
        A                bct&ge7YX  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements H2RNekck  
        B          C   9ffRY,1@  
  that are often represented at symbols. zq]V6.]J  
              D *.EtdcRo[  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 W.n@  
三、谓语动词 | _~BV&g,N  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 0tB9X9:,  
①、主谓分割原则 xMhR;lKY  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ,^o^@SI)   
     A     miHW1h[=  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 3g|O2>*?  
        B      C      D XW]|Mv[M  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 Zml9 ndzT  
`U`Z9q5-  
②、与后者一致原则 _I|wp<R  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, &[\rnJ ?D  
not only…but also q}BQu@'H  
^Z:x poz,  
Qn%*kU0X  
③、与前者一致原则 'Dk(jpYB  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, NK#Dq&W+&  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 !FpMO`m  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and Cv$TNkP*  
     A      B  C     Z^ G riL  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 'T|.<u@~  
         D J;_JH lK  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ={L:q8v)  
'{oe}].,  
④、就近原则 GF/p|I D  
or, either…or, neither…nor, {&h&:  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are Ugdm"  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 0U/:Tpyr  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ^~`8 - TE  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 1@nR.v"$  
?pF;{  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are )uX:f8  
        A      B        3.dUMJ$_  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. #JLDj(a?  
    C              D r 2   
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 3mm`8!R  
~y| %D;  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 G8;S`-D1a,  
There are five apples that are red. /t9w%Y  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 ,^<+5TYM7  
_ma4  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets S|>Up%{n[  
      A            ?D\%ZXo  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. Z?X$8o^Z  
   B   C    D zEhy0LLm  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 |@@mq!>-  
tm|lqa  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 R/Y/#X^b  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. c\] L  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 yCkm |  
zgRP!q<9tt  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 .y0]( h  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: 52["+1g\  
a. there be 句型 xBZ9|2Y s  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 <eh(~  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 jo|q,t  
:U:7iP:  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. w7Pe< vT  
   A     B      C    D    _5K_YhT  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is "{B ek<  
H4m6H)KOG  
v\Wm[Ld  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific &53#`WgJ  
             A     B    vl5n%m H>^  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 x<Zhj3  
     C         R_qo]WvR;  
  miles in width. Fkz  
     D  r~}}o o4K  
分析:倒装句,are改为is $&C(oh$:  
VBX# !K1Q  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and )T64(_TE  
   A    B       C         ILi5WuOYX  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film |g7h#F~  
                    D ~^^ey17   
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. /SXz_ e  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 gr 5]5u  
P*PL6UQ  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 |\a:]SlH  
fifty percent of + 名词 3\KII9  
one percent of + 名词 8`G{1lr4o  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: (oXN>^-D  
  one percent of my students + are vs1Sh?O  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. z}1 xy+  
g&4~nEp  
这里要强调两个结构 QklNw6,  
half of =fifty percent v\Y}(fD  
most of + 可数名词 + are DLYZsWA,  
most of + 不可数名词+ is T'M66kg  
@E}X-r.^f  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been b|dCEmFt  
   A       B         C   "F"_G  
  found in central and eastern Canada. Z va  
           D 2 1~7{#  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 p%"yBpSK  
z9 w&uZzi  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized kz0=GKic  
                 A   B  5$oewjLO  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. "PyWo  
              C     D ~g1, !Wl  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 5ttMua <G?  
"W@XP+POAY  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 _IL2-c8  
①、主要考察时间状语 Mjj}E >&  
3}4p_}f/[4  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. h/Hl?O8[  
   A        B  C     D <'[Ku;m  
z Bt`L,^  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was G*\abL  
]G0dS Fh{j  
rKzlK 'U  
②、For和since的区别 MCeu0e^)  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 ku9@&W+  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ALd]1a&  
  I has been a teacher for three years. vUYJf99B  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. |mxNUo-  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 /2e%s:")h  
_1sMYhI  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became &$qF4B*  
   A      B              > BNw  
  the primary responsibility of the president. hr$S a  
     C    D gg-};0P-  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 Xsd $*F@<  
z2w;oM$g  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of yGiP[d|tRc  
             A  B  C   )N(9pnyZH  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. dhHEE|vrz  
            D MO[kr2T  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 pkXv.D`  
HG2GZ}~^1  
[pii  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  5W+{U8\  
   A       B        C     D D_d|=i  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live n]+.  
?6i;)eIOI  
(三) 谓语的语态 {6'*Phw  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 SIq1X'7  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: 0G5'Y;8  
①、prove %>Bko,ET  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 FV A UR  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; &Yp+k}XU  
@,k7xm$u  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 0q{[\51*  
                      A   &5u BNpH  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be dK.R[ aQ  
    B                  C ^'vIOq-1v  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. /xySwSmh3  
                  D I}+;ME|<2  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 0Uw ^FcW  
@EHIp{0.  
Cxm6TO`-;  
②、Locate,Situate S[mM4et|  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 DLi?'K3t  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 R& #tSL  
这两个词也可以用作被动 d+6]u_J  
  My school was located near the river. L/?]^!.  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 R"+wih  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. ;/'|WLI9  
   (A)locates ; 0ko@ \Lq  
   (B)locating Mra35  
   (C)to locate \dcdw* v@  
   (D)is located \9)#l#m  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 A W HU'  
:l, OalO  
③、表示需要概念的动词 AW~"yI<  
need, want, require等 I@\+l6&#;  
=e BmBn  
My watch needed repairing M2@;RZ(|  
My watch needed to be repaired. |~K(F <;j  
_1|$P|$P.  
④、表示人的情感的动词 V8PLFt;  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 s-rfS7;  
*(QH{!-$s  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 8TWTbQ  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 =o^|bih  
R7?29?$7  
主动和被动技巧总结: mfom=-q3k  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 oyx^a9  
[}2Z/   
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the ^Q.,\TL01  
                 A      $_D6_|HK  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 0C Aa^Q^w  
                 B ^G|98yc!'  
  power structures, and flood-control works along ]lBGyUJn  
                    C sL^yB  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. CN &  
                D ,EpH4*e  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 6'C2SihYp  
kc$)^E7  
四、非谓语动词 zsXpA0~ 3s  
s9)8b$t]  
(一) 分词 oPQtGl p  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 G"dS+,Q  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 BiwieF4x  
, YW|n:X  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then DcD{*t?x  
   A :t("L-GPW  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. O;9?(:_  
     B      C            D ~P*4V]L^  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning Iah[j,]r  
=aG xg57  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 vH[47CvG5  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in w.{&=WTr  
      A               B   UUe#{6Jx_  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. ]< l6s  
               C         D S$q =;"  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living lSwcL  
*e>]~Z,  
(!L5-8O  
一些动词后面必须用doing r,1e 'd:  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 D;}xr_  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, bUwn}_7b  
 advocate, suggest C4$:mJ>y  
 delay, quit -Apc$0ZsN  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, &)d$t'7p  
 avoid, escape(逃避) <x pph t<  
 spend+名词+doing; ;*TIM%6#  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing LkruL_E>  
uA t V".  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their (& "su3z  
   A     B    C              D c,MOv7{x_  
  crops. <*ZJaBwWU~  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 JCx WWre  
1@48BN8cm'  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 7"F*u :  
               A        B ]B"'}%>ez  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. Pt:e!qX)  
        C          D rEhX/(n#  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing h` U?1xS  
hd\gH^wk  
(二) 不定式 : JzI>/  
A. 动词不定式的省略 K5ZC:Ks  
①、help后面可以省略to oBQ#eW aY  
  help do #4MBoN(3  
  help sb. to do ?_x q-  
4'j sD cs  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid WG*t ::NN  
              A      B   >z;[2 n'  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. =ph&sn$;L  
         C     D 0nn okN^  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 W >r#RXmh  
Re:jVJg Bz  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 E J$36  
  make, 2" |2a@  
  let, Wcb7 ;~K  
  have sb. do sth Qy<[7  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. *n]7  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians ]{"Br$  
        A               B &PkLp4mQ  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. V fv@7@q  
   C     D ;\EiM;Q]  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know o,U9}_|A  
!d<"nx[2`  
③、感官动词 Fk(JSiU  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe <;E  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 [SJ6@q  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 0ye!R   
pF ^#}L  
 K;LZ-  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Q{k At%  
(1)表示第一人 jiF?fX@  
the first woman to do sth. 8$(Dz]v|[&  
}FzqW*4~  
(2)表示迫使的动词 \*,=S52  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do dt~YW  
F 4<O2!V  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis e/->_T(I  
     A                 B    K}6dg<  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. GTHkY*  
       C           D (`? y2n)~W  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 F :6SPY y  
tzy'G"P|  
C7H/N<VAq  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 XUuu-wm:}  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 _|"Y ]: j_  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 |+`c3*PV  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 lN9=TxH1(;  
  be apt to do c5|:,wkx  
0flg=U9  
(4)表示目的的名词, @iEA:?9uX  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 Z3!f^vAi&  
固定的句式: \,J/ r!  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. 3s"0SLS4  
the objective 目标 Jvun?J m  
aim W cC?8X2  
goal M>M`baM1  
reason理由 TNQP" 9[?  
function功能 }8;[O 9  
intension意图 1Z{ZV.!  
9o>8o  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing Jk0r&t7  
                       A  %r4 q8-  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. QJ|ap4r  
           B          C     D ~q&pF"va8  
分析:the function to provide, A错 #$3yz'"QF  
fvb=#58N_  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure 1".v6caW  
                  A       mqq;H}  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds e L.(p k^<  
     B  b*e f);  
  that make up various components of a living cell. %p X6QRt?  
    C    D ]:34kE}e5  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 Ged[#Q  
fu$R7  
(5) 其他同根名词 l|5fE1K9U  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 zS] 8V?`  
 attempt to do 企图 :NJ(r(QG>  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 fb  da  
 ambition, L4L2O7  
 be ambitious to do  qF iLh9=D  
 effort > hH0Q5aL  
pKS {6P  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ~zHg[X*  
  A                    B   -+t]15  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. sdCvG R e  
          C       D 5Zw1y@k(  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 M# 18H<]  
;+1RU v  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great !gnj]k&/c  
  A                   B   nADX 0KI  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. <)*2LBF@]  
       C            D R}mn*h6  
分析:efforts to register, C错 mZIoaF>t  
SE7WF18A  
l^J75$7  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 #0 6- :  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 -*2Mf Mh  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. -CH`>  
wW?,;B'74  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Q!,<@b)  
I am glad to see you. >u%]6_[  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. G;3~2^lB\  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen.  ; v  
y$81Z q  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 #E0t?:t5bk  
It is difficult to decide. [#YE^[*qK  
0N=X74  
YC]L)eafo`  
五、句子的结构 N)% ;jh:T  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ZDL']*)'  
x]5@>5  
(一) 主语的重复 1xf=_F0`&  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 U=sh[W  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any YGc^h(d  
          A      B      hl&-\dc+  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the j <%])  
          C          D >Q,zNs  
  League of Nations. ZV}X'qGaq  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 uR6w|e`  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson m"c :"I6  
t"j|nz{m  
!S%6Uzsj  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are CBf7]n0H  
        A        B  b4Y8N"hL%  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. +kdySWF  
    C         D o-7>eE}+  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 .'[/|4H  
nD" ~?*Lt  
(二)谓语的重复 %,b X/!  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 R4%P:qM  
z1 i &Ge  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  0@1:M  
    A            B    u}9fj  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. Jeqxspn T  
         C   D D y6$J3 r  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 !Q-wdzsp?  
g( 0;[#@  
(三)谓语的缺少 k7_I$ <YDj  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body SP 2 8  
          A     B    b'>8ZIY  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. |pZo2F!.  
         C               D hQJWKAf,/  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 nN`"z3o  
 e/e0d<(1  
(四)主句的重复 {j(4m  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 &J"Ys Y  
EiV=RdL  
Rag iV6c  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite [ET6(_=b  
      A         B        C   /rF 8@ l  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. #dJ 2Q_2  
     D % mn />  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 #!!AbuhzK{  
;:#U 6?=t  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow O OlTrLL  
        A   B       MUof=EJg>u  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. Md(JIlh3  
      C    D .A<sr  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 iV)ac\  
jW5iqU"{*  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided , p0KLU\-  
   A                     B  nlfPg-78B+  
  names for towns, only George Washington n85r^W  
      C GAU!_M5N  
  is remembered in the name of a state. N_vXYaY  
          D ?:}Pa<D&K  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ZO7bSxAN-  
六、比较级和最高级 Z\!rH "8  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 Kfjryo9  
`` -k{C#F  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 v' 0!=r  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which A70(W{6a9@  
      A               + zDc  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. VG\mo?G  
     B       C           D ,I39&;Iq  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 6K// 1U$  
{5 Kz'FT  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ;Vo mFp L  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. T&4fBMBp,%  
     A      B     C  D #7C6yXb%  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 JX&~y.F  
wi BuEaUkW  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere /#IH -2N  
     A       B     C   D Bt6xV<jD  
  is the grizzly bear. !=knppY  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 R_9 o!s TZ  
?1$\pq^  
&z QWIv  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 Xr2 Wa  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 a x]9QrA  
} Ab _o#Zy  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ebD{ pc`&  
   A           B  6,zDBax  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. 'y eh7oR  
   C                 D bx]1 4}6  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 G "c/a8  
acy"ct*I  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 3m~U(yho  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as G-s a L*  
%WmZ ]@M  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 Jb 6&  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 #e*$2+`[A  
the taller boy E8 \\X  
L% zuI& q  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 {6DpPw^"  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed /T{mS7EpYc  
          A            B 75PS^5T,  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is $*wu~  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. sAf9rZt*'  
    C          D )~G8 LZ  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they T<_+3kw  
p+!f(H  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 @i\7k(9:A  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, BR%{bY^ 5p  
  A  B         C     A<]& JbIt  
  the Navajos form largest group. #dL5x{gV=  
         D yFIl^Ck%  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 tP -5  
pFG]IM7o/u  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, uF.Q ",<  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language iz,]%<_PE  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 5R& x{jf$  
:LU"5g  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many dVij <! Lu  
            A      B         C {H/8#y4qp&  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. <aD'$(N5  
            D {(8U8f<'=y  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 <|ka{=T  
(K!M*d+  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the )*"T  
例如:my best friends mYzsT Uq  
GG@iKL V  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial {Q}!NkF 1  
            A    B     C r_{)?B  
  and banking center. {ILp[ &sL  
        D ^Tb}]aHg  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 <L[T'ZE+  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 S.zg&   
WRN8#b  
=*@MQ  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary P]~N-xdV  
                 A         FY_avW  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. tuL\7 (R  
    B   C     D cij]&$;Q  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 <(u3+`f1s  
s8`}x_k=  
七、平行结构 'Qp&,xK  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 2tg/S=t}  
tal>b]B;  
#U\&i`  
(一) 对等连接词 _RA{SO  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 llTQ\7zP  
单一式: and, or ,but nm{'HH-4  
相关式: both…and, not … but, |IyM"UH  
     either …or, neither…nor -$sl!%HO%  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as PU]7c2.y  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, T6/$pJ l  
没有so...as... \S|VkPv  
between…and, Mdy0!{d  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also .&* ({UM  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, (IO \+  
Eb4< 26A  
短语式: as well as JWUv H  
     rather than (而不是) !"o1ve`{  
     other than (除…之外) ?-(w][MT\  
     instead of (代替) 9:}RlL+cOk  
3Aqe;Wf9%+  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 )M|O;~q  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  {3F}Slb  
       A     B   ~,`\D7Z3  
  but he is now living in Detroit. L&3Ar'  
       C   D Ue>A  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 Gr"2G,,VI  
iBPdCp%]`  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics  iC5JU&l  
       A         B /FNj|7s  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford ;|2;kvf"w  
  remained active in city and regional planning. kHo;9j-U  
          C    D  2!~>)N  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 =Y=^]ayO/  
(二)平行的内容 Jb)eC?6O  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 y!{/'{?P  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of Tr}$Pb1  
             A         B   5  a*'N~  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, V;(*\"O  
         C            D 1+PNy d  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. 6Kv}2M')+  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 "`1of8$X7  
83 ^,'Z  
U~zN*2-  
第二、名词单复数的平行 ;6 &=]I  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 C{I8Pio{b  
E*!zJ,@8  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, $xn%i\  
  A     B          C   G~$M"@Q7N  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. !A^w6Q;`V  
                 D   'y@ 2,9 v  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 f!R^;'a  
c wD*>[j  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, YvP"W/5  
                   A         B Vwh&^{Eh  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. uRq#pYn@  
      C          D DSG +TA"  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have D(ntV R  
nR|LV'(  
第三、时态的平行 n~>CE"q  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated 0-MasI&b  
                A     G`JwAy r'  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops $=g.-F% *=  
                   B d~f0]O  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. {c EK z\RX  
          C    D T+`GOFx  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 E$yf2Q~k  
xA1pDrfC/  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- Gqz)='  
  spread from its home in Central America and hE`%1j2(  
  now grows throughout the tropics. \]:NOmI^'  
   (A) to be    (B) it   U,3K6AZA 7  
   (C) the     (D) its i2R]lE8  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? Kz2^f@5=F  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow +O:pZz  
kk./-G  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- hn L gsz  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. M]zNW{Xt  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised 8[P6c;\  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised .xQ'^P_q  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 :qKY@-t7H  
Q2WrB+/  
第四、排列位置的平行 $<DA[ %pv  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. >-WO w  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode T7nX8{l[RG  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  PsT v\!  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes Jy NY *  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes weadY,-H8  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 ( w  
dllf~:b  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: P[K T  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Olh-(u:9+O  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 iz5wUyeg  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 j@\/]oL^We  
Eu~wbU"%  
八、词序的颠倒 AdW7 vn  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 \`5u@Nzx  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 euC,]n.  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage wA&)y>n-  
              A    B        YhR"_  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. Y}z?I%zL  
      C       D    l~c> jm8.  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ,1+_k ="Z  
=i %w_ e  
m(] IxI  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 xGk4KcxKs  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ~]+  jn  
          A      B     P$(}}@  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. >:|q J$J.  
    C         D z5w|+9U  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 >x gd<  
z*1K<w8  
6[7k}9`alz  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 IbwRb  
``Rb-.Fq,  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were ;wB  3H  
          A   B     C   ;Bi{;>3  
  in what is now the United States. H4jqF~  
    D $Bb/GXn{\  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 7^5BnF@  
@kymL8"2w  
所有的系动词分为三大类: \ } f*   
第一种:表示保持某种状态, rfpxE>_|G  
    is, remain, keep, stay, uD3_'a  
    lie, exit(表示位于) =<xbE;,0  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 4y.[tk5  
    become, turn, grow, (7,Awf5D~  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 3}Qh`+Yj]  
O?Tg`]EX  
第三种,感官动词 YZ@-0_Z  
    seem(好像是) !f 6  
    look(看起来好像是) _#B/# ^a  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste 6Tnzg`0I  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 oJ:J'$W(  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe ba13^;fm#  
    A               B     T:$_1I $  
   to cause numerous deaths. Pa<X^&  
        C   D  |#6Lcz7[  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 oDa{HP\O]W  
#C^m>o~R  
九、词性的混用 X$f%Ss  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 6* 7&X#gG  
bSfQH4F  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 )RFeF!("  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; LNkyV*TI  
>Fz$DKr[  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high {QID@  
          A        B      "L]_NS T  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and }^muAr  
              C Fm "$W^H  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. ?}[keSEh>  
          D q@:&^CS  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) YVT^}7#  
}8HLyK,4  
,tZwXP{  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 7 <xxOY>y  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 \!r^6'A   
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds ` ;;!>rm  
         A       B      {\B!Rjt[T  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to #^Y,,GA  
          C        }MNm>3  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. =R05H2hs  
            D Q*he%@w  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 wrbDb p1L  
yFSL7`p+  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 5 F-Q&  
            A       h>wU';5#f  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of * XJSa  
      B      C AF @C9 s  
   urban Black people in the United States. ?Rdi"{.wI  
   D Z]tz<YSkG  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 {T.VB~C  
@9-qqU@  
du !.j  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 j0J6ySlY  
表示时间有两种可能, b{A#P?  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 u7S7lR"lxW  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, F J)la9  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 s^cHR1^  
"h "vp&A  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence `W5f'RU  
       A     B     #(% 6urd  
  were made while the American Civil War. Lr`yl$6  
   C    D #soWX_>  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 xu3qX"  
\QVL%,.%M  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the ]\{EUx9  
   A      B           C    G3q\Z`|3h  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 'h$1v T  
          D :p89J\  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 zFlW\wc  
e7-U0rrE  
-Wf 2m6t  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 Zf ;U=]R  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 F8q|$[nH  
tks1*I$S<  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social +5voAx!  
                   A     opd^|xx0  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. Zv-#v  
     B   C    D }5EvBEv-)  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 i6aM}p<  
g/eE^o ~;  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples qeypa !  
   A        B   C      T< D&%)  
  easily under the stress of compression. y-9Mm9J  
   D A|7%j0T  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 w=,bF$:fIW  
9J*.' Y  
H>X:#xOA_  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 zt6GJ z1q  
Dr)B0]KG  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine 9! ; /+P  
    A         B ''tCtG" Xi  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. `p#tx.o  
          C            D *lc|iq\  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 :<hM@>eFn  
]jjHIFX  
1 8%+ Hy=  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, A` 71L V%  
         A pLSh +*F  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ~bf4_5  
   B      C      D jl9hFubwW  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 !y+uQ_IS@  
5/8=Do](  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 R"W5R-  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; 7v TzY%v  
two hundred diligent students
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