该错题常考要点 Yx3ivjX.>
一、代词 unD.t
代词中主要讲解六个问题 h#JX$9
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 T:!f_mu|
主格、宾格、所有格 e gdbv
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) T:=ST3#m
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(二) 反身代词 H9%[!
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当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 `W9~u: F
He killed himself. (他自杀了) ?mn&b G
He killed him. (他杀了他) =lZtI6tZ
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating d\-v+'d*+
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a series of indicators that could help E]dc4US
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themselves to predict earthquakes. Dn[u zY6
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 +F]=Z
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 x T1MW
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 e:+[}
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 kca#ssN
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies "h7Np/ m3
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the 9Ecc~'f
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Pacific. 45Lzq6
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 kgP6'`}E[
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 -,q
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Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 2sYz$ZGC"#
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 ^VsE2CX
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined XwIhD
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the word“normalcy”to express social and 6 apK
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economic conditions they promised the nation. rN'8,CV
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important WsW] 1p
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John eq@-J+
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Keats, published the year of her death. )JhB!P(
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. MS\?+8|SV(
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(四) Who和which的区别 R`M@;9I.@
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 v >s,*
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 EFv^uve
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who :mhO/Bx
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. -/:K.SY,
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 3R%yKa#
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ~=9S AJr]
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(五) that和which的区别 ZC`VuCg2O
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 ;]k\F
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it ]|u7P{Z"R
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. y;_F[m
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 6 X'#F,M
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 *=tA },`\7
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 6Hfv'X5E`Z
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when dnV&U%fO
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. C-g,uARX(r
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which p+0gE5
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Nw(hN+_u
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ryqu2>(
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 /%gMzF
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has #XG3{MGX[
affected the way people in the United States----. kU#k#4X4g
(A) living and working w`fbUh6/
(B) they live and work ia-ht>F*;
(C) live and work $zF%F.rln
(D) to live and to work !b&+2y2i[W
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 h<bhH=6
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二、介词 An^)K
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Zz+v3o0
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(一) 介词搭配 ;?q}98-2
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those U$3DIJVI
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. f=VlO d
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 !m%'aQHH(
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ew~?
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分析:B错改为be rich in kjB'WzZ8
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the nC!]@lA
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. iSR"$H{
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 V5i}^%QSs
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 .'Q*_};W
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 mpCu,l+lo
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. l6 }+,v@#
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 nw, .I [
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has l2YCl
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on bZ:+q1
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. zVf79UrK
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 +se OoTKR
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2、介词by =M4:nt
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by hcRe,}wJ
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing (n:A`]
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States IHi[3xf<
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. yocFdI
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 wd<{%qK`{
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ~$C<^?"b
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 4ytdcb
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supply moccasins and field rations. kRwUR34yc
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 [xrsa!$
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with r,Xyb`
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements NyRa.hgZ;
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that are often represented at symbols. ZYY2pY 1
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 rFzj\%xa[
三、谓语动词 [pmIQ228
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 l5VRdZ4Uf
①、主谓分割原则 }i^|.VZZ
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Cm%I/4
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. /t7f5mA
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 C"**>OGe
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②、与后者一致原则 :n{{\SSIgX
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ^zO{A ks
not only…but also !i (V.A
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③、与前者一致原则 '5$@I{z
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, O<L=N-
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 5rck]L'
例:The athlete, together with his coach and y3 N[F
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. G]k[A=dg
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is `3VI9GmQ
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④、就近原则 G,?a8(
or, either…or, neither…nor, BRY/[QRqZ
单数名词+or+复数名词+are
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如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is \ Xh
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所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 LFi*
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如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 q\i&ERr
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are }ixCbuD
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. YfT
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 iZnLgkk@
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 Lks+FW
There are five apples that are red. 4l*cX1!
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 GQYn |vm
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets N&
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. [+b8
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 t`hes
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 i qxMTH#!
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ;!
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The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 F%lC%~-qh
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 <uFj5.
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: +Z_VF30pa
a. there be 句型 H-e$~vEbP
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 KfVsnL_
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 j7w9H/XF}
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. L;?h)8
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is +C7W2!I[G2
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific J1gnR
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ()Wu_Q
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miles in width. u~FVI
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分析:倒装句,are改为is ,1CmB@
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and dS Tyx#o
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film )J+OyR=
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. A{)pzV25
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 !or_CJ8%
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 |-*50j l
fifty percent of + 名词 >hG*=4oh
one percent of + 名词 x}WP1YyT~
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: p
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one percent of my students + are aEa+?6;D
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. vQ2{+5!|
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这里要强调两个结构 SEi\H$!
half of =fifty percent XMP4YWuVc
most of + 可数名词 + are @6R6.i5d
most of + 不可数名词+ is {w"Cr0F,
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been b *0u xvLu
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found in central and eastern Canada. \4<|QE
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ?-9uf\2_
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized glROT@
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. BKE ?o^03
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 {
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 SG0PQ
①、主要考察时间状语 8s[1-l
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. bBo>Y7%
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was {%y|A{}c
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②、For和since的区别 TVSCjI
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 ^rjUye%EK
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 6zNWDUf
I has been a teacher for three years. `/!F
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I has been a teacher since 1996. $bZ-b1{c C
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 s6_i>
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became }ALli0n`V)
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the primary responsibility of the president. =
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 tw\1&*:
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of &2q<#b
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. }? c%L8\
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ;<Gxo nIV
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. $MfRw
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live .
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(三) 谓语的语态 aD_7^8>
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 @M'qi=s*
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: Q&^\YgkCf
①、prove Y3(I;~$!
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 7-}5
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尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; %f1IV(3Qc
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming -!li,&,A1
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be bQwG"N
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. w9O!L9 6
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 >kmgYWG
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②、Locate,Situate NJ-Ji> w
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 W3\E;C-g0
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 cs9h\]ZA
这两个词也可以用作被动 ~UNha/nt
My school was located near the river. S?C.:
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 UwF-*(#41
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. I.T?A9Z
(A)locates z9g6%RbwX
(B)locating {x
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(C)to locate @F$}/
(D)is located J:&.[
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 \0_jmX]p
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③、表示需要概念的动词 S4{vS?>j
need, want, require等 Hs:zfvD
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My watch needed repairing F'|e:h
My watch needed to be repaired. ^H1m8=
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④、表示人的情感的动词 a7F_{Mm
move, annoy, surprise, please等 Jvsy
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 Haekr*1%
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 ge6S_"
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主动和被动技巧总结: i$@xb_
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 &B[*L+-E
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the bPP@
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, .ve_If-Hg
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power structures, and flood-control works along )j~{P
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. h@=@
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 RMT9tXe*5
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四、非谓语动词 U+ik& R#
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(一) 分词 y] D\i5Xv
现在分词和过去分词的区别 A>upT'
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 kwT)j(pp<
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then SH =S>
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. V'W*'wo
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning hDW_a y4
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Tr:@Dv.O
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in EHn!ZrQgh
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. ">t^jt{
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living :M{
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一些动词后面必须用doing uIO,9> ee
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 1<#D3CXK
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, *#}
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advocate, suggest urx?p^c
delay, quit #'%ii,;wQ
forgive(原谅),tolerate, sgK =eBE
avoid, escape(逃避) Z'k?lkB2i
spend+名词+doing; |z_Dw$-xm
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing J0R{|]W8
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their diM*jN#
A B C D PZV>A!7C8n
crops. CUpRtE8@[_
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 )#\3c,<Y
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, UQh.o
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. vD9.X}l]
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing (NR( )2
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(二) 不定式 b&h'>(
A. 动词不定式的省略 @(6i 1Iwu9
①、help后面可以省略to 1:T"jsWw
help do BRu}"29
help sb. to do 58#nYt
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid
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the habits that might shorten the lives. QwFA0
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分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 .c<U5/
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ;DZj.|Sj+
make, CL5^>.}
let, ;
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have sb. do sth =(TMcu$4`
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 16I[z+RG
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians $/Q\B(X3
A B G2!<C-T{2
to know when to play various parts of a composition. 9{SzE /[
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分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know 6A>bm{`c:
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③、感官动词 P>~Usuf4
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe Xs$a^zZ
see sb do sth. 强调过程 ;QG8@ms|
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 GYJ j$'
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 8?<J,zu@AV
(1)表示第一人 .pl,ujv
the first woman to do sth. {s6#h #U
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(2)表示迫使的动词 kMEXg zl
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ~tW<]l7
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis ' _K`1U
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. n@C#,v#^0
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分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 v{1g`E
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 Rdd9JJsVd
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 Y<@_d
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 v )2yR~J
be lieable to do 易于…的 chuJj
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be apt to do Mj19;nc0I
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(4)表示目的的名词, <x$fD37
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 _\,4h2(
固定的句式: ^b.fci{1m
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. 4h}\K
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the objective 目标 J04R,B
aim vL "noLs
goal * _,yK-et
reason理由 A>:31C
function功能 eo"XHP7ja
intension意图 QX
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ]InDcE
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. .e S* F
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分析:the function to provide, A错 n2(\pQKm
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure z-S8s2.Fd
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 2l8z/o 7v
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that make up various components of a living cell. lWU? R
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 V}G;oz&>)
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(5) 其他同根名词 @ v}M\$N?
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 t\<*Q3rl-
attempt to do 企图 dC">AW
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Sj4 @pMh4
ambition, b=Q%Jxz?
be ambitious to do M5LqZyY
effort rP&.`m88n
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation `ve5>aw0_Y
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catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. x$V[xX
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分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 ]3yaIlpD1
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great qr7_3
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efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. e_CgZ
C D Ha/-v?E
分析:efforts to register, C错 PF/eQZ*4
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 UPJ3YpK
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ?e!mv}B_
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. H!dg(d^
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 !BW6l)=L
I am glad to see you. '0>w_ge4
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. a-7T
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. I HtNaN )
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 8!{F6DG
It is difficult to decide. hbv>Jjd
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五、句子的结构 v-mhqhb
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ^X/[x]UOT@
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(一) 主语的重复 9My
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名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 VCZ.{MD
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any 2-*zevPiG=
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compromises concerning the establishment of the #4e Taik
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League of Nations. 8QN#PaY
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 m:,S1V_jl
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson S~mpXH@
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are tGcp48R-:+
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lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. { ke}W
C D }x^q?;7xW
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ivKhzU+
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(二)谓语的重复 8MH ZWi
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 {uQp
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of 4#o Lf1
A B n -P)X<\
one or more sentences related to the same idea. H +O7+=&
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分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 nS8oSs_
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(三)谓语的缺少 brk>oM;t
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body h
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temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. Gm0&y
C D bnb:4?d]
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 A.@S>H'P
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(四)主句的重复 UE2!,Z,
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 .""?k[f5Q
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite {s8
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A B C 8CR b6
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. \OV><|Lkh
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分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 ]!JUiFj"uD
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow a^U)2{A*f
A B X,)`<
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sweeps across the face of the Earth. eI%{/>
C D sp=;i8Y 3
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 o5NV4=
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided pX5#!)
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names for towns, only George Washington I
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is remembered in the name of a state. :gD=F &V
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分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 g4Y1*`}
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六、比较级和最高级 4=BIYC"Lu
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 gk &
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 : eL{&&