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主题 : 该错题常考要点
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 >#ZUfm{k$  
一、代词 4k./(f2+  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 12Y  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 x8GJY~:SW  
  主格、宾格、所有格 ! 8`3GX:B_  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) \EseGgd21  
">?vir^  
(二) 反身代词 26CS6(sn  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 OtFh,}E  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) .s$z/Jv  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) 8,dBl!G=  
HSq}7S&U  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  K98i[,rP  
    A                 B    !A48TgAeE  
  a series of indicators that could help J90v!p-  
             C      [9:9Ql_h  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. ws4cF N9P?  
    D ;;&}5jcV  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 (p%>j0<  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 g}]t[}s1]  
37}D9:#5C  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 vTn}*d.K=  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 \6\<~UX^  
 T Q,?>6n  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies &r:7g%{n  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Ci rZ+o  
     A   B      C          D + nF'a(  
  Pacific. oY, %Iq  
r7qh>JrO  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 IsR!'%Pu  
Kv~U6_=1 O  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 4bgqg0z>  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 0]4(:(B  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 %iw3oh&Fkm  
=JmT:enV  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 3 h<,  
                       A   jVq(?Gc  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and /7 Cn(s5o  
             B Ps<d('=  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. 8,uB8C9  
   C       D nl9P, d  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 &ot/nQQ  
0#MqD[U(  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important {%C7EAq*  
        A     @$z<i `4  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John /Ju;MeE9  
   B        C      h?pkE  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  7sXxq4  
      D J4\qEO  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. <wAFy>7  
v~Y^r2  
9`9R! =NM  
(四) Who和which的区别 CJ++?hB]X  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 l\n@cQ R  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 nakYn  
x|5k<CiA   
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who &ZQJ>#~j^  
              A            B 1u9LdkhnY  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. <=,6p>Eo[  
   C                  D ',S'.U  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 l(#)WWr +  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 S)/_muP  
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(五) that和which的区别 lMbAs.!  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 vZBc !AW  
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it E)fglYWs2  
              A        B icgSe:Ci  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. ) d>!"JB-  
      C              D ~Onoe $A[<  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 c7FRI0X  
=7o"u3hG  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 s]JF0584  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, yYH0v7vx+  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when Mwr"~?\\  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. dB5b@9*  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which ez6EjUk  
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly X<%Q"2hW  
              A         B   9^p;UA  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. E0?iXSJ  
         C      D E!P yL>){  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 K]9"_UnN  
1cD! :[  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  G JqJlgHe  
  affected the way people in the United States----. os]8BScx  
   (A) living and working cu/5$m?xx  
   (B) they live and work &@yo;kB  
   (C) live and work /Bm( `T  
   (D) to live and to work [a wj io  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 6Z%U`,S  
5w@4:$=I  
二、介词 [+DW >Et  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Gnq?"</  
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(一) 介词搭配 z\%Ls   
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those cj'}4(  
    A         B   C      AGYc |;  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food.  V N\W]jT  
                D d5gR"ja  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 j4R(B  
RpD=]y!5_  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. j4uvS!  
A       B     C  D ='Y!+  
分析:B错改为be rich in In<n&ib  
`6]%P(#a  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the vbC\?\_  
    A         B      C jGpN,/VQa  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. .jk@IL  
             D \}"$ ?d'f  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 )6D,d5<  
Wg<(ms dj  
V#S9H!hm$  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 li}1S   
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ;E3>ay6m8  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. lY ?QQ01D  
          A      B  C     D < v@9#c  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ZOeQ+j)|I  
-v]Sr33L  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has V4'YWdTi  
                 A  B     j)/nKh4O  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on 6sx'S?Qa*  
      C { + Zd*)M[  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. =,_ +0M9  
      D 0;AA/  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 /tf5Bv'<  
7|$:=4  
2、介词by odjT:Vr  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by &3J_^210  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 6/r)y+H  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States UQC=g  
    A         B       =F]FP5V  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. --%N8L;e  
   C     D hRrn$BdLX  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 x,|hU@h  
 %yW3VL  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 2(u,SQ  
   A                      ]yx$(6_U  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to *E/`KUG]  
     B    C       D !Wy6/F @Z  
   supply moccasins and field rations. W&& ;:Fr  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 <`B,R*H{  
.!$*:4ok  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with >*#1ZB_l  
        A                j.w@(<=x  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements h]5C|M|  
        B          C   zF8dKFE~  
  that are often represented at symbols. 9F) z4  
              D wsIW |@  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 z(_Ss@ $  
三、谓语动词 <acUKfpY  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ftvG\Tf  
①、主谓分割原则 KxYwJ  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, -@yh> 8v  
     A     ] >LhkA@V  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. #A1Z'y0  
        B      C      D u frW\X  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 n>+mL"hs  
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②、与后者一致原则 4zev^FR  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, L+Xc-uv["p  
not only…but also -+ SF  
Z:,U]Z(  
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③、与前者一致原则 Ir`eL  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 1|kvPo#  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 sYe ?M,  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 4L ;% h  
     A      B  C     n[T[DCQ,  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. Q1O}ly}JS  
         D (qqO jz   
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is [Sr,h0h6  
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④、就近原则 Izhee%c  
or, either…or, neither…nor, &Sl[ lXE  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are [`{Z}q&  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is b8V~S'6VqO  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 o7J  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 /2UH=Q!x4E  
CN#+U,NZV  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ;3d"wW]}7K  
        A      B        LQtj~c>X-|  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. &y3OR1_Sm*  
    C              D OUeyklw  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ]Y2RqXA*  
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ;'5>q&[qbP  
There are five apples that are red. xl6,s>ob  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 +V m}E 0Ov  
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets A*2  bA  
      A            ] 8Q4B W  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. nQ q=7Gu  
   B   C    D xnmmXtk  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 pQshUm"_  
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 2] zq#6ix  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. zUKmxy@  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 Tav*+  
&;D8]7d  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 gW-V=LV (  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: KVD8YfF  
a. there be 句型 @xbQYe%J  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 }o L'8-y  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 K{[%7AM  
QlJ)F{R8il  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. Pb?$t   
   A     B      C    D    %KmiH ;U  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is "tB;^jhRs  
5<UVD:~z  
%@.v2 cT  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific <4P4u*/o  
             A     B    .ox8*OO<  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 [/Rf\T(,jn  
     C         a'2$nbp}  
  miles in width. O*0l+mop  
     D  6"~P/\jP  
分析:倒装句,are改为is ',:*f8Jk  
mT.u0KUIy  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and bI:zp!-.  
   A    B       C         8$0rR55  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film LUqB&,a}  
                    D go'-5in(  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. eA#;AQm  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 -( f)6a+H  
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 %k'!Iq+  
fifty percent of + 名词 (=* cK-3  
one percent of + 名词 H;YP8MoQ  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: WJ4li@T7V  
  one percent of my students + are DV<` K$ET  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. *a#rM"6P  
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这里要强调两个结构 0tEYU:Qu  
half of =fifty percent _Ou WB"  
most of + 可数名词 + are `C$:Yf]%nG  
most of + 不可数名词+ is p2DrEId  
o1FF"tLkN  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been RPE5K:P  
   A       B         C   j^^Ap  
  found in central and eastern Canada. p; tVn{u  
           D ?<(m 5Al7  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 e S<lwA_  
/J:bWr  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized YN!>}  
                 A   B  ^OstR`U3  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. @@8J6*y  
              C     D D"J!\_o  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 $CY't'6Hn  
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 {a4z2"\A  
①、主要考察时间状语 \ aHVs  
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. l)!n/x_ !  
   A        B  C     D .h>8@5/s  
&<UM BAS  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was [L:o`j  
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Er+nk`UR_  
②、For和since的区别 %Mk0QKzUo  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 + j W1V}h  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ^Nmg07_R  
  I has been a teacher for three years. =9"W@n[>W  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. sfOHarww  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 G=A,9@+c  
4( 1(e  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became _ h": >  
   A      B              #_(jS+lP?k  
  the primary responsibility of the president. %"af748!+D  
     C    D R W}"2  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 -tyK~aasQ  
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of i}o[- S4  
             A  B  C   :P@rkT3Qt  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. sH?/E6  
            D JGH60|  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ]f_6 '|5 A  
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=?s 3iP  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  YI .w- K\  
   A       B        C     D bLd#xXl  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live BY o/57&:  
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(三) 谓语的语态 `p7&> BOA  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 SY^dWLf  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: Kbb78S30  
①、prove p mFk50`  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ,57`D'  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; z ly unJD(  
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming zBP>jM(8  
                      A   !E-Pa5s  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be x $zKzfHW  
    B                  C v,\R, {0  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 1& '8Y  
                  D 60)iw4<wf  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 TcGoSj<Z  
5 XA=G  
&V<W>Y>|l*  
②、Locate,Situate Cb_oS4vM  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 %c1#lEC2xN  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 4 8{vE3JY  
这两个词也可以用作被动 3tmdi3s  
  My school was located near the river. ej O}t:}P  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 toaYsiIkzW  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. N|Sf=q?Ko  
   (A)locates k3t78Qg  
   (B)locating " sgjWo6  
   (C)to locate tWdhDt8$&  
   (D)is located 62>zt2=  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 \@;\t7~  
\)48904^  
③、表示需要概念的动词 x#N-&baS  
need, want, require等 EOoZoVdzx  
2nFy`|aA%  
My watch needed repairing )!Bd6-  
My watch needed to be repaired. X{g%kf,D=  
>l+EJ3W  
④、表示人的情感的动词 6UE(f@  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 XIWm>IQ[)  
%ObD2)s6:^  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 Ft@Wyo`^  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 @wq#>bm  
|fHB[ W#  
主动和被动技巧总结: pX=,iOF[I  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 3qQUpm+  
?R5'#|EyX  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the p[2GkP  
                 A      fB+b}aoV  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, _iE j  
                 B $A$@|]}p  
  power structures, and flood-control works along IB|]fzy  
                    C +^6}   
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. ] Fb0Az  
                D s{/qS3=  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 x "(9II*  
V8O.3fo`[`  
四、非谓语动词 l oqvi  
a-n4:QT  
(一) 分词 P j7gGf6v  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 tLc El'Eo  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 gUB{Bh($Y  
F3ZxhkF  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then S:Tm23pe  
   A |)@N-f:E  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. 2r ];V'r  
     B      C            D |t\|:E>" }  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning 7SI)1_%G  
 d^39t4  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 |Vx~fKS\  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in FQf #*  
      A               B   {TZE/A3D,  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. Y~oT)wTU  
               C         D '=} Y2?(  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living h'^FrWaU/  
 SNvb1&  
]5|z3<K^  
一些动词后面必须用doing Sb^ b)q"  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 6b:DJ  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, @)sc6 *lnW  
 advocate, suggest jXEGSn  
 delay, quit 6MrKi|'X@  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate,  a@|.;#FF  
 avoid, escape(逃避) KC Xwn  
 spend+名词+doing; R}J-nJlb  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing .]Ybp2`"U  
4]UT+'RubX  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their `I> ], J/  
   A     B    C              D ida*]+ ~  
  crops. md6*c./Z  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 vug-n 8  
< EXWWrm  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, yQS04Bl]  
               A        B 7l}~4dm2J  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. A;%kl`~iyz  
        C          D b@-)Fy4d2  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing G4yUC<TqBP  
"4[<]pq  
(二) 不定式 ^4hc+sh0D  
A. 动词不定式的省略 RQ5P}A 3H  
①、help后面可以省略to Ij$)RSPtH  
  help do Qrz*Lvle h  
  help sb. to do M;@Ex`+?i  
j}RM.C\7  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid hE5G!@1F  
              A      B   g!5#,kJM  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. ypT9 8  
         C     D Gavkil  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 W[ "HDR  
F$C+R&V_  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 573~-Jvx  
  make, .)nCOwR6p  
  let, U*xxrt/On/  
  have sb. do sth L.Vq1RU\"  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. tJG (*   
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians X?_v+'G  
        A               B mlmnkgl ]  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. ?bCTLt7k  
   C     D vy:6 _  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know Z_!9iA:X  
\ /sF:~=  
③、感官动词 (F_7%!g1d  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe @]yQJuXA&Z  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 I BF.&[[S  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 }cyq'm i  
Q,O]x#  
q w"e0q%)  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 (2 mS v  
(1)表示第一人 &8.z$}m  
the first woman to do sth. Z|f^nH#-C  
l'P[5'.  
(2)表示迫使的动词 x%ZiE5#  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do KF*B  
@)+i{Niuv  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis Q9SPb6O2  
     A                 B    QZ_nQ3K  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. ye9QTK6$,  
       C           D %_cg|yy  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 %pQdq[J={  
(%=lq#,   
hnlU,p&y3  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 !hpTyO+%  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 %@)U/G6s}  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 0^_)OsFA  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 uBV^nUjS"m  
  be apt to do a'(lVZA;  
\L&qfMjW"Z  
(4)表示目的的名词, WcQ ZFtW  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 rQAbN6  
固定的句式: :X]lXock0  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. P<g|y4h  
the objective 目标 BUboP?#%)  
aim 70I4-[/z[d  
goal |i jW_r  
reason理由 /61ag9pN  
function功能 4B%5-VQ  
intension意图 cPa 0n4  
"Hsq<oV8  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing \^^hG5f  
                       A  C=pPI  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ()rx>?x5  
           B          C     D kKI!B`j=  
分析:the function to provide, A错 (h8hg+l o  
Vf\?^h(tP  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure '44nk(hM69  
                  A       5O4&BxQ~}  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds LU 5 `!0m  
     B  yQQDGFTb!=  
  that make up various components of a living cell. _mq*j^u,j  
    C    D 8[{0X4y3  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 [b\lcQ8O  
It,n +A  
(5) 其他同根名词 n?ZH2dI \0  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 |rms[1<_  
 attempt to do 企图 D;T r  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 v"?PhO/{=  
 ambition, c`N`x U+z  
 be ambitious to do  {D_4~heF  
 effort ,:Ix s^-  
h-v &I>  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ]FnrbQ|  
  A                    B   v!v0,?b*  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. ,LW%'tQ~"  
          C       D "1j\ZCXK_Z  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 7=ga_2  
zR/p}Wu|!  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great ?jM7C}  
  A                   B   ~uD;_Y=u)r  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. {XUfxNDf  
       C            D pQ2)M8 gf  
分析:efforts to register, C错 .$x[!fuuR&  
oG_'<5Bv>  
aw@Aoq  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 fkUH]CdaB  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 KD3To%  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. %a6]gsiv2<  
#RIfR7`T  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ^~IcQ!j/5  
I am glad to see you. l8d%hQVqT  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. bb_jD^  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. v{*X@)$  
3g "xm  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 S^"e5n2  
It is difficult to decide. K#+]  
r[4F?W  
#CP, \G  
五、句子的结构 3\ .)y49,1  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 |g^W @.P  
a7d-  
(一) 主语的重复 nMvIL2:3  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 bh"v{V`=0  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any d<m>H$\Dm  
          A      B      cMk%]qfVo8  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the hLD;U J?S  
          C          D Q+M3Pqy  
  League of Nations. fw};.M  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 qNVw+U;2P  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson |MrH@v7S  
kx(:Z8DX  
sU!q~`; J  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are C:EoUu  
        A        B  5|t&qUV  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. df rr.i  
    C         D gb#wrI  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ] CE2/6Ph  
^Wz{su2  
(二)谓语的重复 Di=6.gm[<  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 w2V E_  
? D'-{/<4  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  4f-C]N=  
    A            B    _erH]E| [  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. Wm_-T]#_  
         C   D u%'22q$  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 Vi-@z;k  
]F#kM211  
(三)谓语的缺少 (<-0UR]%q;  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body /UAj]U  
          A     B    ArM e[t0$  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. a$A S?`L  
         C               D ?2c:|FD  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 D1a2|^zt  
kXRD_B5&  
(四)主句的重复 JH9CN  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 Hu.d^@V  
pTd@i1%Nr  
}=5(*Vg  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 5j %jhby?  
      A         B        C   d7Z\  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. mmti3Y  
     D |ESe=G  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 ~C3-E %h@Z  
Z_/03K$q  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow n"vI>_|G  
        A   B       ,0O!w>u_]J  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. u5,<.#EVY  
      C    D F u)7J4Z  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。  `!BUd  
Gl(,%~F9i  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided .7q#{`K^=  
   A                     B  ,KWeW^z'7  
  names for towns, only George Washington z Ey&%Ok  
      C z;)% i f6  
  is remembered in the name of a state. a?dM8zAnc  
          D '=5N?)  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 `1dr$U  
六、比较级和最高级 #i? TCO  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 1E(pJu'K  
- >2ej4C  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 NGxuwHIQ8  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which R_csKj  
      A               )+J?(&6  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. -kkXyO8js  
     B       C           D iJcl0)|  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 $JOIK9+3z#  
d-4u*>  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 {.ph)8  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. ~96"^%D  
     A      B     C  D }r N"H4)  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 @{j-B IRZ0  
RGcT  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere SngV<J>zR  
     A       B     C   D SL(Q;_  
  is the grizzly bear. Z]aSo07  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 4h|D[Cb]  
!R-UL#w9W'  
(7"qT^s3  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 =%bc;ZUu  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 #SL/Jr DZ  
Q)v8hNyUmA  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with Ih{~?(V$  
   A           B  >$}nKPC,Y  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can.  /8.;  
   C                 D m^`X|xK-  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 hcej ?W8j  
 3o/f#y  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 am`eist:  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as |>VHV} 4)<  
-5.>9+W8I  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 MEg|AhP  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 jAF DkqH  
the taller boy X~lOFH;}q  
4iDo.1B"  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 U; ev3  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed |i1z47jN6P  
          A            B w:pc5N>we0  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is I_v]^>Xw  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. H3MT.Cpd  
    C          D N+h|Ffnp  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they UGl}=hwKkG  
'tF<7\!  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 aRfkJPPa[  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, t'~:me!  
  A  B         C     3"%:S_[  
  the Navajos form largest group. }k'8*v}8  
         D sd Z=3)  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 ?zxKk(J  
eD G=-a4  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, .] 5 &\  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language QT M+ WD  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the @ -g^R4e<  
iQ~cG[6  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many wMei`svY  
            A      B         C B-JgXW.\0  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. F^KoEWj[H  
            D WF_G GF{  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 %/s:G )  
vBq 2JJAl  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the o"K{^ L~u  
例如:my best friends 1,BtOzuRo  
,odjL6u  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial si0jXue~j\  
            A    B     C NcRY Ch  
  and banking center. -,3Ka:  
        D O3B\K <l  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ExV>s*y  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 8M8=uw~#  
A .*}<  
]`]m41+w  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary e>y"V; Mj  
                 A         DYbkw4Z,  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. &`0heJ 5Yn  
    B   C     D v6T H-  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 {>>f5o 3  
!SKEL6~7  
七、平行结构 w~X1Il7 A  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构  \KDOI7  
bsR&%C  
bY&s $Ry3"  
(一) 对等连接词 .pr-  ^  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 WwPfz<I  
单一式: and, or ,but )!e-5O49r  
相关式: both…and, not … but, z9u"?vdA  
     either …or, neither…nor TBvv(_  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as 83Bp_K2\  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, x$?{)EY  
没有so...as... O5LB&s   
between…and, }q)o LC  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also J}nE,U2  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 7.hn@_  
khyn4   
短语式: as well as pEw &i  
     rather than (而不是) Ud\Jc:DG  
     other than (除…之外) ,ZC^,Vq  
     instead of (代替) 2~K.m@U}!Z  
Tmg~ZI:MW  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 vLXN{ ]  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  &w- QMj M>  
       A     B   )?:V5U O\  
  but he is now living in Detroit. W]4Gs;  
       C   D CY <,p$  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 0~<d<a -@  
"nf.kj:>  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics {r#2 X1  
       A         B YrS%Yvhj0  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford AL>*Vj2h/n  
  remained active in city and regional planning. A<C`JN}  
          C    D  X@*$3z#Z  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 s"*zyLUUo  
(二)平行的内容 L6fc_Mo.EE  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 Ig-9Y;hdmn  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of Ec y|l ;  
             A         B   /8VM.fr$  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, F0t!k>  
         C            D " 6Hka{  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. `7zz&f9dDX  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 bJj <xjBM  
O['gp~P"  
+/*g?Vt  
第二、名词单复数的平行 *Em 9R  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 #/Y t4n  
lpQsmd#  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, y TfAS .  
  A     B          C   &~ QQZ]q6  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 6q RZ#MC  
                 D   X 2hV)8Sk  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 br*L|s\P\9  
<7fF9X  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, X3vTyIsn  
                   A         B qcEiJ}-  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. -h%;L5oJ2,  
      C          D QkBT, c  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have cVv+,l4 V0  
+/y 3]}  
第三、时态的平行 }\k"azQ`  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated Pf5RlpL:p  
                A     ~gQ$etP d  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops u1s^AW8 y  
                   B w-*$gk]   
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. uF_gfjR[m  
          C    D XP~bmh,T,  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 -fFM-gt^t  
g VjI1{WTK  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- Y0fX\6=h  
  spread from its home in Central America and Oaf!\ z}  
  now grows throughout the tropics. +O>!x#)&"  
   (A) to be    (B) it   _\waA^ F  
   (C) the     (D) its ??0C"8:[  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? :M)B#@ c=  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow v*` $is+  
XF(0>-  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- ,=whwl "tA  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. RO"c+|Py  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised ZnSDq_Uk  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised H'|b$rP0@  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 rt)70=  
6!7LgM%4  
第四、排列位置的平行 @9~a3k|  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. yo]!Zn  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode rKEi1b  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  3;( ;' 5|Z  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes T[*1*303  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes ][3H6T!ckL  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 !i=LQUi.  
Kcv7C{-/  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: j]th6  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 A8 V7\  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 >a7'_n_o  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 6U[`CGL66  
ZYDLl8  
八、词序的颠倒 zvv<w@rX  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 "`]G>,r_  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 |hms'n0  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage <>JN&#3?  
              A    B        *y +T(73  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. ^UI{U1N~Bz  
      C       D    feM% -  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 0G`_dMN  
|hBX"  
v5 STe`  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 A;~lG3j4  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only G|eY$5!i  
          A      B     c\"t+/Z  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. zUX%$N+w}>  
    C         D sXHrCU  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 /@Qg'Q#  
(iub\`  
Cm@e^l!  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 W4n;U-Hb  
\a\-hm  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were .B 2?%2S  
          A   B     C   %:i; eUKR  
  in what is now the United States. e8T#ZWr*  
    D >YP6/w,e  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 Ln6\Iis  
q@K8,=/.#  
所有的系动词分为三大类: zN}1Qh  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, &o{=  
    is, remain, keep, stay, nnr g^F  
    lie, exit(表示位于) P<<?7_ ??  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 Gk~QgD/Pix  
    become, turn, grow, b(^gv  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) Py^ _::  
)qXl8HI  
第三种,感官动词 Ns?qLSN  
    seem(好像是) $P<T`3Jg  
    look(看起来好像是) J<K- Yeph  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste P#e1?  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 <'s_3AC  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe lw/zgR#|  
    A               B     w[`2t{^j  
   to cause numerous deaths. #<_gY  
        C   D  LjZvWts?  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 TVaD',5_V%  
+7yirp~`K  
九、词性的混用 :X1~  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 )8BGN'jyi  
um/2.Sn>  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 BGk>:Z`  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; =m<; Jx5  
QU`M5{#  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high N0Y$QWr_$  
          A        B      . X  (^E  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and r'!HWR  
              C , 7` /D  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. j=r aS  
          D %[1\d)  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) +Ce[OG.  
jO` b&]0  
5m.{ayE  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 _(#HQd,i  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 U[4Xo&`  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds ld RV JVZc  
         A       B      7(ni_|$|  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to ,r=9$i_  
          C        Qqp_(5S|>  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. nRP|Qt7>  
            D <)hA? 3J  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 5y 9(<}z  
HDmjt+3&n  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, xj6@85^  
            A       \&{a/e2:S  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of nC:>1 kt  
      B      C  U(d K  
   urban Black people in the United States. }9Th`   
   D q=EHB5!q  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 G_vcuCHm  
\ oY/hT_  
9\QeH'A  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 Q)/V >QW  
表示时间有两种可能, P{bRRn4Z  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 Mr0<b?I  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, ;+Dq 3NE  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 Gu#Vc.e  
"jUM}@q5  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence .83{NF  
       A     B     8[k:FGp>  
  were made while the American Civil War. $fzO:br5WJ  
   C    D vcmB)P-T`O  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 iBM;$0Y  
ir{li?kV  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the K9HXy*y49  
   A      B           C    I[l8@!0  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. X([8TR  
          D qk{+Y  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 l%_r3W  
anzt;V.;Y  
N^TE ;BM  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 '!DS3zEeLS  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 \) FFV-k5  
lEYAq'=  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social MQY}}a-oug  
                   A     xU!eT'Y  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. /Xm4%~b_gj  
     B   C    D TPF5?  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 iD${7 _  
IA;'5IF  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples {8pN]=SaJ~  
   A        B   C      fe4Ki  
  easily under the stress of compression. VR XK/dZ  
   D T!%J x.^  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 JC.nfxG@:  
f.G"[p  
)>]@@Trx  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 i}gsxq%  
>3?p23|;  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine od-yVE&  
    A         B KL\hV .6  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. a{@gzB  
          C            D U}R  (  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 oe*CZ  
REGk2t.L  
WD>z  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, P47 x-;  
         A n+57# pS7  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ez14f$cJ+  
   B      C      D Dnp><%  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 &&ZX<wOM  
O_ d[{e=5`  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 }u]7x:lh  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; l.xKv$uOGR  
two hundred diligent students
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