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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 Yx3ivjX.>  
一、代词 unD.t  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 h#JX$9  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 T:!f_mu|  
  主格、宾格、所有格  e gdbv  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) T:=ST3#m  
+Z=%4  
(二) 反身代词 H9%[! RF  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 `W9~u: F  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ?mn&b G  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) =lZtI6tZ  
s8V:;$ !  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  d\-v+'d*+  
    A                 B    FaQz03N\  
  a series of indicators that could help E]dc4US  
             C      <IO@Qj1*  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. Dn[uzY6  
    D z2~\ b3G  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 +F]=Z  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 x T1MW  
V>(>wSR  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 e:+[} I)  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 kca#ssN  
b ,e"x48q  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies "h7Np/ m3  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the 9Ecc~'f  
     A   B      C          D UK5u"@T  
  Pacific. 45Lzq6  
&G)/i*  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 kgP6'`}E[  
a"m-&mN  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 -,q qQf  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 2sYz$ZGC"#  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 ^VsE2CX  
#_ Z)2ESX  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined XwIhD  
                       A   MDCwgNPiQW  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and  6apK  
             B Uc9hv?  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. rN'8,CV  
   C       D  Y-+JDrK  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 {__NVv  
vG:S(/\>  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important WsW]  1p  
        A     q;.LK8M  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John eq@-J+  
   B        C      Q@[(0R1  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  )JhB!P(  
      D W9;9\k  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. MS\?+8|SV(  
=7F?'&LC  
pGr4b:N  
(四) Who和which的区别 R`M@;9I.@  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人  v> s,*  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 EFv^uve  
/4;Sxx-  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who :mhO/Bx  
              A            B  `A<2wd;  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. -/:K.SY,  
   C                  D Kw(S<~9-@  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 3R%yKa#  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ~=9S AJr]  
)Myx(w"S  
(五) that和which的区别 ZC`VuCg2O  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 ;]k\F  
Z29LtKr  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it ]|u7P{Z"R  
              A        B DB}v..  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. y;_F[m  
      C              D @>&b&uj7T  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 6 X'#F,M  
P9 y+rF.  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 *=tA},`\7  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 6Hfv'X5E`Z  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when dnV&U%fO  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. C-g,uARX(r  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which p+0gE5  
"H=N>=g0E  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Nw(hN+_u  
              A         B   VVcli*  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ryqu2>(   
         C      D 3Pp+>{2_?  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 /%gMzF  
+3sbpl2}  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  #XG3{MGX[  
  affected the way people in the United States----. kU#k#4X4g  
   (A) living and working w`fbUh6/  
   (B) they live and work ia-ht>F*;  
   (C) live and work $zF%F.rln  
   (D) to live and to work !b&+2y2i[W  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 h<bhH=6 ~  
j\zlp  
二、介词 An^)K  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Zz+v3o0  
C%{2 sMJ z  
(一) 介词搭配 ;?q}98-2  
PgA1:i&'  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those U$3DIJVI  
    A         B   C      2 |JEGyDS-  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. f=VlO d  
                D #9 Fk&Lx  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 !m%'aQHH(  
FP}I+Ys  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ew~? &=  
A       B     C  D nK)1.KVN  
分析:B错改为be rich in kjB'W zZ8  
OU}eTc(FeC  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the nC!]@lA  
    A         B      C )?7/fF)@|  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. iSR"$H{  
             D #5kclu%L$  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 V5i}^%QSs  
Di27=_J  
+P Dk>PdEt  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 .'Q*_};W  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 mpCu,l+lo  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. l6 }+,v@#  
          A      B  C     D v\MQ?VC  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 nw,.I [  
_-TW-{7bh  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has l2YCl K  
                 A  B     [! wJIy?,  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on bZ:+q1 D  
      C  E>i<2  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. zVf79UrK  
      D I{>Z0+  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 +se OoTKR  
vu.?@k@  
2、介词by = M4:nt  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by hcRe,}wJ  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing (n: A` ]  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States IHi[3xf<  
    A         B       E R~RBzp  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. yocFdI  
   C     D !G[%; d  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 wd<{%qK`{  
c/^jD5U7  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ~$C<^?"b  
   A                      <]KQ$8dtD  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 4ytdcb   
     B    C       D 0%[IG$u)|  
   supply moccasins and field rations. kRwUR34yc  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 [xrsa!$   
k+?gWZ \  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with r,Xyb`  
        A                }0]uA|lH*  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements NyRa.hgZ;  
        B          C   hLuv  
  that are often represented at symbols. ZYY2pY 1  
              D Y Z8[h`z  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 rFzj\%xa[  
三、谓语动词 [pm IQ228  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 l5VRdZ4Uf  
①、主谓分割原则 }i^|.VZZ  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Cm%I/4  
     A     ! M CV@5$  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. /t7f5mA  
        B      C      D *<67h*|)  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 C"**>OGe  
=$gBWS  
②、与后者一致原则 :n{{\SSIgX  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ^zO{Aks  
not only…but also !i (V.A  
wn.6l `  
EZI#CLT[  
③、与前者一致原则 '5$@ I{z  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, O<L=N-  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 5rck]L'  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and y3 N[F  
     A      B  C     X,3 \c:  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. G]k[A=dg  
         D 8+gp"!E  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is `3VI9GmQ  
#\Y`?  
④、就近原则 G,?a8(  
or, either…or, neither…nor, BRY/[QRqZ  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are WZ,k][~  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is \ Xh C  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 LFi* O&  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 q\i&E Rr  
*`w>\},su  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are }ixCbuD  
        A      B        t~K[`=G\ex  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. YfT D  
    C              D ,GVX1B?  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 iZnLgkk@  
qvy*; <w  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 Lks+FW  
There are five apples that are red. 4l*cX1!  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 GQYn |vm  
7z3tDE[#  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets N& F.hi$_  
      A            LD?\gK "  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. [+b8 !'|&  
   B   C    D a)r["*bTx  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 t`hes $E  
2eRk_j]  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 i qxMTH#!  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ;! ?l8R  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 F%lC%~-qh  
pV8tn!  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 <uFj5.  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: +Z_VF30pa  
a. there be 句型 H-e$~vEbP  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 K fVsnL_  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 j7w9H/XF}  
Xe: ^<$z  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. L;?h)8  
   A     B      C    D    \X(*JNQ  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is +C7W2!I[G2  
V,& OO  
rZB='(?  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific J1gnR  
             A     B    J_yXL7d  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ()Wu_Q  
     C         6Xo "?f  
  miles in width. u~ FVI  
     D  O.y ?q  
分析:倒装句,are改为is ,1CmB@  
4|Y1W}!0/  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and dSTyx#o  
   A    B       C         @U?&1.\  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film )J+OyR=  
                    D E&t8nlTx  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. A{)pzV25  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 !or_CJ8%  
qvWi;  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 |-*50j l  
fifty percent of + 名词 >hG*=4oh  
one percent of + 名词 x}WP1YyT~  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: p H3\X cn  
  one percent of my students + are aEa+?6;D  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. vQ2{ +5!|  
>P}XCAU  
这里要强调两个结构 SE i\H$ !  
half of =fifty percent XMP4YWuVc  
most of + 可数名词 + are @6R6.i5d  
most of + 不可数名词+ is {w"Cr0F,  
1#AxFdm1  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been b *0uxvLu  
   A       B         C   Ii/{xVMD  
  found in central and eastern Canada. \4<|QE  
           D Sj/v:   
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ?-9uf\2_  
&e*@:5Z:k  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized glROT@  
                 A   B  z`Nss o=  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. BKE?o^03  
              C     D w0H#M)c  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 { JDD"z  
Pn@DHYP  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 SG0PQ  
①、主要考察时间状语 8s[1-l  
$XkO\6kh  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. bBo>Y7%  
   A        B  C     D q*a~9.i @  
MujEjD "|  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was {%y|A{}c  
*O[/- p&7  
Q^@7Yg @l  
②、For和since的区别 T VSCjI  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 ^rjUye%EK  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 6zNWDUf  
  I has been a teacher for three years. `/!F Zh<  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. $bZ-b1{c C  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 s6_i>  
@B(E&  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became }ALli0n`V)  
   A      B              cc}#-HKR[  
  the primary responsibility of the president. = 8y,7u)  
     C    D &0%B3  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 tw\1&*:  
E m+&I  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of & 2q<#b  
             A  B  C   ZB/1I;l`c  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. }?c%L8\  
            D ^L7!lzyo  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ;<Gxo nIV  
! R3P@,j  
oK4xRv8Hd  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  $MfRw  
   A       B        C     D v*<rNZI  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live . P?n<n#  
[/ertB  
(三) 谓语的语态 aD_7^8>  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 @M'qi=s*  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: Q&^\YgkCf  
①、prove Y3(I;~$!  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 7-}5 W  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; %f1IV(3Qc  
>lzXyT6x8  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming -!li,&,A1  
                      A   7y)Ar 8!D  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be bQwG"N  
    B                  C a) P r&9I  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. w9O!L9 6  
                  D #Er"i  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 >kmgYWG  
RO%M9LISI  
Ht\2 IP  
②、Locate,Situate NJ-Ji> w  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 W3\E; C-g0  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 cs9h\]ZA  
这两个词也可以用作被动 ~UNha/nt  
  My school was located near the river. S?C.:  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 UwF-*(#41  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. I.T?A9Z  
   (A)locates z9g6%RbwX  
   (B)locating {x _cgsn  
   (C)to locate @ F $}/  
   (D)is located J:&.[  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 \0_jmX]p  
' ]+!i a  
③、表示需要概念的动词 S4{vS?>j  
need, want, require等 Hs:zfvD  
H-v[ShE  
My watch needed repairing F'|e:h  
My watch needed to be repaired. ^H1m8=  
^,AE;Z T7  
④、表示人的情感的动词 a7F_{Mm  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 Jvsy 6R  
d,(q 3  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 Haekr*1%  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 ge6S_"  
{B k` Zlki  
主动和被动技巧总结: i$@xb_  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 &B[*L+-E  
S#B%[3@  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the bPP@  
                 A      L[Z^4l_!  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, .ve_If-Hg  
                 B A:GqR;;"x>  
  power structures, and flood-control works along )j~{P  
                    C 3'`&D/n  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. h@=@ fa  
                D @<pd@Mpf]  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 RMT9tXe*5  
ecz-jZ! `  
四、非谓语动词 U+ ik& R#  
1v.#ndk  
(一) 分词 y] D\i5Xv  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 A>upT'  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 kwT)j(pp<  
Cy6!?Mik  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then SH=S>  
   A  =5B5  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. V'W*'wo   
     B      C            D Y 'X!T8  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning hDW_a y4  
Ew PJ|Z^  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Tr:@Dv.O  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in EHn!ZrQgh  
      A               B   /ZabY  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. ">t^jt{  
               C         D T3 ie-G@<  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living :M{ )&{D  
U9b[t  
VgYy7\?p  
一些动词后面必须用doing uIO,9> ee  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 1<#D3CXK  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, *#} =>, v  
 advocate, suggest urx?p^c  
 delay, quit #'%ii,;w Q  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, sgK =eBE  
 avoid, escape(逃避) Z'k?lkB2i  
 spend+名词+doing; |z_Dw$-xm  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing J0R{|]W8  
1/:vFX  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their diM*jN#  
   A     B    C              D PZV>A!7C8n  
  crops. CUpRtE8@[_  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 )#\3c,<Y  
Y)]VlV!`  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, UQh.o   
               A        B [T7&)p  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. vD9.X}l]  
        C          D jA:'P~`Hj  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing (NR( )2  
dPp QCx f  
(二) 不定式 b&h'>(  
A. 动词不定式的省略 @(6i 1Iwu9  
①、help后面可以省略to 1:T"jsWw  
  help do BRu}"29  
  help sb. to do 58#nYt  
lbovwj  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid  }+/Vk  
              A      B   sxF2ku4A  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. QwFA0  
         C     D /[>_Ry,  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 .c<U5/  
{GCp5  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ;DZj.| Sj+  
  make, CL5^>. }  
  let, ; Gv-$0{P3  
  have sb. do sth =(TMcu$4`  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 16I[z+RG  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians $/Q\B(X3  
        A               B G2!<C-T{2  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. 9 {SzE /[  
   C     D @zw&-b:qI  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know 6A>bm{`c:  
d<=!*#q;o  
③、感官动词 P>~Usuf4  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe Xs$a^zZ  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 ;QG8@ms|  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 GYJ j$'  
L5d YTLY  
k{X+Y6'ku  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 8?<J,zu@AV  
(1)表示第一人 .pl,ujv  
the first woman to do sth. {s6#h#U  
gV:0&g\v  
(2)表示迫使的动词 kMEXgzl  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ~tW<]l7  
+ W-b3R:1>  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis '_K`1&#U  
     A                 B    6b` Jq>v  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. n@C#,v#^0  
       C           D 7uv"#mq  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 v{1g`E  
:m'(8s8  
hD,^mru  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 Rdd9JJsVd  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 Y<@_d  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 v )2yR~J  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 chuJj IY  
  be apt to do Mj19;nc0I  
EjEXev<]  
(4)表示目的的名词, <x$f D37  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 _\,4h2(  
固定的句式: ^b.fci{1m  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. 4h}\K l  
the objective 目标 J04R,B  
aim vL"n oLs  
goal * _,yK-et  
reason理由 A>:31C  
function功能 eo"XHP7ja  
intension意图 QX (t @VP  
/cZcfCW  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ]InDcE  
                       A  \/y&l\ k)  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. .e S* F  
           B          C     D B=%YD"FAv  
分析:the function to provide, A错 n 2(\pQKm  
].gC9@C:$i  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure z-S8s2.Fd  
                  A       kf)s3I/`(  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 2l8z/o7v  
     B  34vH+,!u  
  that make up various components of a living cell. lWU? R  
    C    D Pv8AWQQJ  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 V}G; oz&>)  
Lb2/ Te*  
(5) 其他同根名词 @v}M\$N?  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 t\<*Q3rl-  
 attempt to do 企图 dC">AW  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Sj4@pMh4  
 ambition, b=Q%Jxz?  
 be ambitious to do  M5LqZyY  
 effort r P&.`m88n  
E`3[62C  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation `ve5>aw0_Y  
  A                    B   &eX^ll  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. x$V[xX  
          C       D 6q^.Pg-Y  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 ]3yaIlpD1  
ljj}X JQ  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great  qr7_3  
  A                   B   k%ckV`y  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. e_CgZ  
       C            D Ha/-v?E  
分析:efforts to register, C错 PF/eQZ*4  
~G`(=\_0  
IqmoWn3  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 UPJ3YpK  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ?e!mv}B_  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. H!dg(d^  
djtCv;z  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 !BW6l)=L  
I am glad to see you. '0>w_ge4  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. a-7T   
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. IHtNaN )  
D>Dch0{H,:  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 8!{F6DG  
It is difficult to decide. hbv>Jjd  
rXlJW]i  
v9s /!<j  
五、句子的结构 v-mhqhb  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ^X/[x]UOT@  
Ks  @  
(一) 主语的重复 9My |G)M6  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 VCZ.{MD  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any 2-*zevPiG=  
          A      B      `Al( AT(p  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the #4e Taik  
          C          D Gn_rf"  
  League of Nations. 8QN#PaY  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 m:,S1V_jl  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson S~mpXH@  
fYuz39#*  
tz&oe  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are tGcp48R-:+  
        A        B  &v\  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. { ke}W  
    C         D }x^q?;7xW  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ivKhzU+  
Rs<li\GS  
(二)谓语的重复 8MH ZWi  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 {uQp $`  
'<.@a"DnJ  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  4#oLf1  
    A            B    n-P)X<\  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. H +O7+=&  
         C   D -Q6njt&  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 nS8oSs_  
Uk=-A @q  
(三)谓语的缺少 brk>oM;t  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body h <s.o#8  
          A     B    Gy+ /P6  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. Gm 0&y  
         C               D bn b:4?d]  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 A.@S>H'P  
'gDhi!h%  
(四)主句的重复 UE2!,Z,  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 .""?k[f5Q  
5.KhI<[  
2WK]I1_  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite {s8 v0~  
      A         B        C   8CR b6  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. \OV><|Lkh  
     D MlDWK_y_&  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 ]!JUiFj"uD  
z JhG`iWFw  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow a^U)2{A*f  
        A   B       X,)`< >=O  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. eI%{/>  
      C    D sp=;i8Y 3  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 o5NV4=  
u0&QStI  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided pX5#!)  
   A                     B  `eD70h`XK  
  names for towns, only George Washington I ,j,H z0  
      C L_TM]0D>7  
  is remembered in the name of a state. :gD=F&V  
          D = ;hz,+  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 g4Y1*`} 2f  
六、比较级和最高级 4=BIYC"Lu  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 gk &  
4^3}+cJ7j  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 :eL{&&6  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which Pdq}~um3{  
      A               K{]9Yo  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. b3'U }0Ug  
     B       C           D XLu Y  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 2.,4b-^  
$,@PY5r  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 GkOZ =ej  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. U ]o  
     A      B     C  D |n*nByL/  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 8)Z)pCN  
`RF0%Vm~t  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere C\3;o]  
     A       B     C   D yi29+T7j4S  
  is the grizzly bear. uZ1b_e0SGu  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 IBT 1If3  
Lrrc&;  
o_i N(K  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 fTq/9=Rq4  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ><&>JgM  
^MXW,xqb  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with H Q_IQ+  
   A           B  762c`aP_(  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. ;h7W(NO~z  
   C                 D -eQ>3x&3r  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 -/g<A~+i]$  
[C0"vOTUb  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 B7 #O>a  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as qexnsL  
J4woZ{d  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 !*\ J4bJe  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 u6t%*''  
the taller boy 6)h~9iK  
H#+2l?D:"  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 yADX^r(  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Fy#7 <Hp  
          A            B 4;|@eN  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is Oj F]K,$  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. sPP(>y( \  
    C          D !q[r_wL  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they Jwtt&" c0.  
C9j3|]nyL  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 KX^!t3l6  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, uE ^uP@d  
  A  B         C     9}|t`V"  
  the Navajos form largest group. b(Nxk2uv  
         D ( d1ho=  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 6 9s%   
rNl%I@G  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, %%{f-\-7Ig  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language ^fEer  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 1 uJpn  
] ]lN[J  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many A2%RcKY7  
            A      B         C b ~C^cM  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. XNr8,[c  
            D Z5 Tu*u=  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 AmX ~KK  
`G<|5pe  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 1UN$eb7  
例如:my best friends G DwijZw  
KSR'X0'  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial D"<>! ]@(a  
            A    B     C X8 A$&  
  and banking center. t $u.  
        D bb!cZ >Z  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 `C)|}qcC  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 roNs~]6  
\^Z DH  
W744hq@P%  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary _YA;Nd#%k  
                 A         %5Zhq>  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. -f=4\3y3p  
    B   C     D Vb/XT{T;b  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 SVi{B*  
uE&2M>2  
七、平行结构 nT%<!/}!  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 AxiCpAS;J  
dRXdV7-!  
F=V_ACU  
(一) 对等连接词 m$A-'*'  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 Z]k+dJ[-  
单一式: and, or ,but V w5@)l*f  
相关式: both…and, not … but, K~jN"ev  
     either …or, neither…nor )B5(V5-!|  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as kg()C%#u  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, O v|Uux  
没有so...as... xwZ7I  
between…and, 6a*OQ{8  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also c7/fQc)h4d  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, R LUH[[  
V>B*_J,z.  
短语式: as well as L`0}wR?+  
     rather than (而不是) KGsW*G4U=  
     other than (除…之外) Bt1 &C?_$T  
     instead of (代替) 9|&%"~6'  
g TqtTd~L  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 6l?\iE  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  S0-/9h  
       A     B   XjV,wsZ=  
  but he is now living in Detroit. I DtGtkF  
       C   D e!|T Tap  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 Odj4)   
'X1fb:8m8  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics Q.`O;D}x  
       A         B o&vODs  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford -~ 5|_G2Y"  
  remained active in city and regional planning. 4e5 5  
          C    D  >XiTl;UU  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 lhLE)B2a2  
(二)平行的内容 %$.]g  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 7SpF&  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of 4Js9"<w  
             A         B   #.z`clK#  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, f MDM\&f  
         C            D _/zK ^S)  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. FD*w4U5  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 -H;p +XAY  
L?gak@E  
h% T$m_  
第二、名词单复数的平行 NiTLQ"~e  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 d 9n{jv|  
.^J7^ Ky,  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, Yh} F  
  A     B          C   < BNCo5*  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. Pxn;]!Z #  
                 D   (Mw<E<f  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 NhDM h8=$^  
p&%M=SzN  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, :U7m@3czU  
                   A         B ADa'(#+6  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. ? <.U,  
      C          D 9-9:]2~g!  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have K{)YnY_E;  
0bQm:J[(#  
第三、时态的平行 dU~DlaEy(  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated ;uC + 5g`  
                A     u,6 'yB'u  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops ?kvkdHEO_  
                   B n?QpVROo\  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. f;(]P   
          C    D +r+H`cT@  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 G([!(8&2Y  
xCd9b:jG  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 90pk  
  spread from its home in Central America and GMZj@q  
  now grows throughout the tropics. "/)}Cc,L  
   (A) to be    (B) it   @'Er&[P  
   (C) the     (D) its 7b_Ihv   
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? 6c3+q+#J2  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow \@kY2,I V  
p1=sDsLL  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- U+!H/R)(  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. &\\ iD :J  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised 8u::f`vi  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised RN?z)9!  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 a; Ihv#q  
:B=p%C  
第四、排列位置的平行 Zcg=a_  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. ;X u&['  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode c FjC  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  7oPBe1P,K+  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes w+cI0lj  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes {PHxm  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 ~9qDmt,i  
+:2(xgOP.V  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: ~e[)]b3  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 |WeLmy%9  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 (r,RwWYm  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 :L9\`&}FS  
&X^~%\F:2  
八、词序的颠倒 d]h[]Su/?  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 EOV<|WF>  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 ^HKxaW9W  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage hHoc7  
              A    B        6^['g-\2  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. +D1;_D U  
      C       D    MQ"<r,o?:  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 }6eWdm!B  
`c{ i +  
2:i`,  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 kaUH#;c>_  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only Lm'Ony^F  
          A      B     [kz<2P  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. sl%B-;@I  
    C         D cX1"<f D o  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 av wU)6L  
4|J y]  
E](Ood  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 ep[7#\}5  
\0j|~/6   
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were vyqlP;K  
          A   B     C   I2|iqbX40Q  
  in what is now the United States. mRfF)  
    D :?jOts>uP  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 RhbYDsG  
_V6;`{$WK  
所有的系动词分为三大类: CbS9fc&  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, 5`6@CRef  
    is, remain, keep, stay, 8Z/P<u  
    lie, exit(表示位于) athU  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 2}I1z_dq~  
    become, turn, grow, "z< =S  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) im%'S6_X4  
4\ H;A  
第三种,感官动词 bb+-R_3Kd  
    seem(好像是) q* ?LXKi  
    look(看起来好像是) RBwI*~%g{  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste vkASp&a  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 1nX/5z_U  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe -+#\WB{AI  
    A               B     <i%.bfQ/-  
   to cause numerous deaths. \;.\g6zX  
        C   D  /b@8#px  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 qOV#$dkY  
o[O-|XL_  
九、词性的混用 AWi~qzTZ  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 op/HZa  
1<\@i{;xsU  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 B'lWs;  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; F(Pe@ #)A  
C~yfuPr\B  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high YRfs8I^rg  
          A        B      k>FMy#N|@  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and \=kH7 !  
              C gah3d*d7  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. `kpX}cKK}  
          D <IC=x(T  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) _*>bf G  
|h\e(_G \  
TUw^KSa  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 (CJiCtAsl`  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 r/$+'~apTk  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds 3 { LXx  
         A       B      Kyt.[" p  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to 9%S{fd\#  
          C        W2D^%;mw  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. o]t6u .L  
            D +dX1`%RR[  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 +FfT)8@W  
o@>{kzCx  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, EgOAEv  
            A        Zf68 EB  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of 3~z4#8=  
      B      C hb9e6Cc  
   urban Black people in the United States. h!5^d!2,  
   D '%_1eaH  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 kMWu%,s4  
T)&J}^j  
l>`N+ pZ$  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 ?BT\)@ h  
表示时间有两种可能, )67_yHW  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 kq6S`~J^R  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, !8yw!hA  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 vpcHJ^19  
xT70Rp(2po  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence s `HSTq2  
       A     B     sP$bp Z}  
  were made while the American Civil War. eZ5UR014  
   C    D #qXE[%  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 OSk:njyC[  
Ev* b  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the J\<7M8   
   A      B           C    [/hS5TG|7  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. NsJt=~  
          D jXvGL  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 pA%XqG*=Y  
})!d4EcZf  
1RM;"b/  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 {[G2{ijRz  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 TJ[C,ic=D  
SQ| pH"  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social x?Z)q4  
                   A     9)0AwLlv  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. ' Bb]< L`  
     B   C    D 8T92;.~(  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 Yh_H $uW  
Cj%SW <v|  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 1}#v<b$  
   A        B   C      /:v+:-lU  
  easily under the stress of compression. )hm U/E@  
   D ;Q&38qI  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 O-Hu:KuIf  
#\N?ka}!  
c_c]0Tm  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 :J]S+tQ)  
kB1]_v/  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine (1H_V(  
    A         B g0Qg]F5D~  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. 0/hX3h  
          C            D ^_6%dKLK  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 " ] 0ER  
+#8?y 5~q  
hnZI{2XzBE  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, 7iu?Q  
         A nL!h hseH  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. QT{$2 7;  
   B      C      D 1Lz`.%k`:  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 zOYkkQE3mJ  
%Y%+K5;AZ  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 b7R#tT  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; 'D%No!+Py  
two hundred diligent students
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