副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 yEoF4bt
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(一) 副词的分类 J$w<$5UY
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: ,77d(bR<
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 A>;bHf@
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 &>W$6>@
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 )e=D(qd
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 ' ;FnIZ
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 S3*`jF>q
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 -4IE]'##
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(二)副词的用法 }"P|`"WW
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. Ru!iR#s)!
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. x$.^"l-vX
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. U!?_W=?
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. 6"5A%{J
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: r|fL&dtr
Nearly everybody came to out party. N06OvU2>xU
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. /hH
9. 修饰全句: RYQR(
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Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. 5z8d}
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(三)副词的构成 2Aazy'/
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 j@U]'5EVB
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 b_#m}yZ6
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 +_?hK{Ib"
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 sV{,S>s
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 ?FeYN+qR
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 +>Qq
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7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, U9:zVy
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 9N%We|L,c
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 h-#6av:
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 Pw7]r<Q
(四)与形容词同形的副词 z0p*
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有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: <EB+1GFuI
We had an early breakfast. 8>2.UrC
We had breakfast early. h5{'Q$Erl
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 MSQEO4ge
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 H1pO!>M
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: w(*vj
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1. close做“近”解: )BZ.Sv
He lives close to the school. axv>6k
He was following close behind. c?f4Q,%|
做其他解释时用closely: ~:rl=o }
Watch what I do closely. ?>D+ge
The prisons were closely guarded. ^EtMxF@D
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: NR5gj-B[
She stopped dead. b(eNmu
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: &=@IzmA
He was dead tired. 7{e
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The wind was dead against us. 4
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deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, 9|^2",V
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 CTB~Yj@d+
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: qTRsZz@
The train goes there direct. -/wtI
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. O40
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做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: 6y-@iJ*ld;
He was looking directly at us. 7Kr*P<-G
She answered me very directly and openly. |PvPAPy)uu
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: .wEd"A&j
Answer me directly. SXSgld2uS
Let's meet directly after lunch. bQzZy5,
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: JK7G/]j+Ez
They looked around. .Yamc#A-
Let’s go on with the work. a{ L%7
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 a(m2n.0'>
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(六)副词的词序 !4ocZmj\
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 =Pyj%4Rs
The building is very high. |QF7
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He came long before the appointed time. S^JbyD_yoh
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2. 副词修饰动词。 i7CX65&b
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. R)?*N@.s
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. O0*p0J
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 9sM!`Lz{
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. 1>.Ev,X+e
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4. 频度副词的位置。 7RQR)DG
在一般动词前:They always say so. &.F4b~A7
有be动词时,在be动词后: !K#qe Y}
I am always busy. p
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有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. ;'gW
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: qRu~$K
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. ~kV/!=
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 .
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地点+状态+次数+时间: HGl|-nW>
She arrived there safely the other day. MnmVl"(/
程度十状态+地点十时间: B 5L2<
They played fairly well there yesterday.