副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 @@}`hii
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(一) 副词的分类 kx{!b3"
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: SS8ocGX
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 8wIK:
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 P s#>y&
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 aWaw&u
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 xm^95}80yh
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。
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6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 ?`P2'i<b
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(二)副词的用法 z="L4
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. a[C&e,)}
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. )H+kB<n
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. zj20;5o>U&
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. H;I~N*ltJ(
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: `&g:d E(j
Nearly everybody came to out party. #s+Q{2s
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. d=F-L
9. 修饰全句: }ND'
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Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. D 'L{wm
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(三)副词的构成 ( u f5\}x
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 8"M<{72U]
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 iz`jDa Q|1
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 2
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4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 Qp!J:YV
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 e&3#2_
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 I:t^S.,
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, RWikJ
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 xIgql}.
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 l0`'5>
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 hTTfJDF
(四)与形容词同形的副词 ragSy8M
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: Z#7U
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We had an early breakfast. DHzkRCM
We had breakfast early. RVP 18ub.S
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 d_T<5Hin
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 qGa<@ b
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: qLRE
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1. close做“近”解: ('d{t:TsY
He lives close to the school. xid:" y=_&
He was following close behind. S'@=3)
做其他解释时用closely: PP-kz;|
Watch what I do closely. rIlBH*aT
The prisons were closely guarded. w `!LFHK
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: JUU
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She stopped dead. )*
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在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: K;C_Z/<%
He was dead tired. w,
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The wind was dead against us. 8^T2^gs
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, 8t\}c6/3"
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 8m7;x/0ld
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: %,;gP.dh7
The train goes there direct. ^S=cNSpC
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. QQ~23TlA
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: `WlH*p)z9
He was looking directly at us.
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She answered me very directly and openly. K @C4*?P
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: o}W;Co
Answer me directly. U/5$%0)
Let's meet directly after lunch. AZBC P
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: YM8rJ-
They looked around. ^(g_.>
Let’s go on with the work. z \^
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 9.]
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(六)副词的词序 L}b'+Wi@
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 F~'sT}A*
The building is very high. {RJ52Gx(
He came long before the appointed time. U\?+s2I)v
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2. 副词修饰动词。 qZP:@r"
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. 18rp;
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及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. py.!%vIOQ
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 'rvE
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. [lZ=s[n.
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4. 频度副词的位置。 ;8uHRcdQ
在一般动词前:They always say so. z:?:
有be动词时,在be动词后: ZLuPz#
I am always busy. ^t7_3%%w
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. ,k\/]9
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: >gF-6nPQ
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. d
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 0xLkyt0
地点+状态+次数+时间: |MVV +.X
She arrived there safely the other day. +hZ] B<$
程度十状态+地点十时间: pRb<wt7v
They played fairly well there yesterday.