副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 UGAP$_j
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(一) 副词的分类 n}YRE`>D
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: }PoB`H'K5
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 5I@< 6S&X
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 pvcD
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3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。
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4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 4D0"Y#&G
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 g_-Y-.M
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 IY+P Yad
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(二)副词的用法 0<fN<iR`
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. RtN5\
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. kWF, *@.B
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. s_u@8e 6_
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. Hh,q)(Wo
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: IL&Mf9m
Nearly everybody came to out party. l(*`,-pv:
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. 7<=xc'*8t
9. 修饰全句: 5hg:@i',
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. >6KuZ_
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(三)副词的构成 (~#{{Ja
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 xhWWl(r`5
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 JN,4#,
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 w9G (^jS6
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 krFuEaO
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 i^f*Em1
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 $qV, z
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, -XRn%4EX?
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 &s-iie$"@x
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 \!x~FVA
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 5_ !s\ 5
(四)与形容词同形的副词 >k }ea5+
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: hSr2<?yk
We had an early breakfast. #ue
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We had breakfast early. B:J([@\'
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 XYj!nx{k,
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 ?71?Vd
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: G9 v'a&
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1. close做“近”解: Di)%vU
He lives close to the school. Sqn|
He was following close behind. B8.a#@R
做其他解释时用closely: vxE#6
Watch what I do closely. E.LD1Pm0
The prisons were closely guarded. EmG':K(
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: ddK\q!0
She stopped dead. zbY2gq@?
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: 27J!oin$
He was dead tired. vG'6?%38
The wind was dead against us. _nwsIjsW
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, 8FT]B/^&m
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 T3wQ Rn
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: A4uKE"WE
The train goes there direct. FP=up#zl
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. qPQ6`rD\
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: [x%[N)U3
He was looking directly at us. \qf0=CPw8
She answered me very directly and openly. ~7=eHU.@
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: o%yfR.M6$
Answer me directly. 2t7P| b~V1
Let's meet directly after lunch. #7Fdmnu`
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: Ko|m<;LX
They looked around. ]z#+3DaH
Let’s go on with the work. ]4ib^R~Z
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 n!-]f.=P
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(六)副词的词序 ?:tk8Kgf
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 )
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The building is very high. =,b6yV+$D
He came long before the appointed time. Q7.jSL6
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2. 副词修饰动词。 (#?O3z1@"
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. )1f%kp#]
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. wz..
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 F
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I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. p/yz`m T'w
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4. 频度副词的位置。 v#lrF\G5
在一般动词前:They always say so. ~:L5Ar<
有be动词时,在be动词后: R;
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I am always busy. ^7uXpqQBr
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. &pf"35ll
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: ?S;z!)
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The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. 2 OV$M~
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 cTz@ga;!mI
地点+状态+次数+时间: &.(iS
She arrived there safely the other day. ^q_wtuQ
程度十状态+地点十时间:
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They played fairly well there yesterday.