英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: 'bVDm m).
倍数增加 @T[}]e
3tY\0y9
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①) :"5'l>la
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) p'z
fo!
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) $}RBK'cr}
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. XMo#LS
XA75tU[#
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. GyQu?`
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 ``KimeA~
>KX
Sb@
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 cnJ(Fv_F$
60p*$Vqy
(二)increase to n times(④) gE2k]`[j]
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) .`qw8e}y#'
increase by n times(⑥) d Bn/_
increase by a factor of n(⑦) ~k>H4hV3
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 6$]
@}O^V
Xm,w.|dx
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. ^1y (N>W
The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986. l]tda(
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 p2T
<nP<Pt
That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. #mu3`,9V
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 P X/{
The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. 17IT:T,'
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 z+IHt(
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 ,m ^q>
4#D=+70'
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧) 7i(U?\A;.
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: hH Kd+QpI
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. m"3gTqG
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 ,EhQTVJ
J*V@huF
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) bEx8dc`Q
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. )X-~+X91S
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 |Uf[x[
`*?8<Vm
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: )1de<# qM
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) &U
<t*"
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 ^)-* Ubzz
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. "`A@_;At`
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) f(=3'wQ
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 /eFudMl
>
b^|SL
倍数减少 a3i;r M2
'dT JE--@
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12) 2VSs#z!
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) t?bc$,S"\(
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 #~ikR.-+Eq
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. J2tD).G
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 z>n<+tso
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. M{sn{
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 ' pnkm0=`
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 E05RqnqBn0
/Q |guJx
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14) f[S$Gu4-
decrease by n times(15) P.8CFlX
decrease by a factor of n(16) IiX`l6L~W
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 nMz~.^Q-
|{)SLvlJl
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 \W^+aNbv=8
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 7&I+mw/X
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 PP+-D~r`}
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. fe,A\W&8
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 !21#NCw
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. =%wwepz6
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 \&|zD"*
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… {{3n">s}:
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) HOEjLwH
这个句型还有其它一些形式, !a(#G7zA
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. dcK7Dd->
发现迅速减少到1/7。 3n\eCdV-b<
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. oH[4<K>
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 uTSTBI4t
Wa/&H$d\u@
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。