英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: } qf=5v
倍数增加 &Is}<Ew
[7btoo|P]
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①) V4.&"0\n #
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) nH=
8I~jp
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) ip`oL_c
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. aA|<W
g
KDX1_r=Y
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. 8`{)1.d5[
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 B,_/'DneQK
h
N5?u:
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 fQkfU;5
:Q=tGj\G
(二)increase to n times(④) I+4#LR3;
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) nsM=n}$5x
increase by n times(⑥) @5rl;C
increase by a factor of n(⑦) !*tV[0i2
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 +~x'1*A_
p";5J+?(
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. WEnI[JGe
The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986. BWWO=N
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 ,dR<O.{0
That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. VbG#)>"F
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 j TyR+#Wn
The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. R[#vFQ
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 %tvP\(]h
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 T)Zef
Mjon++>Z
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧) \`:nmFO(9
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: x_+-TC4IXn
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. 28!
ke
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 sOyL
kdP*{
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) !0Mx Bem
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. #
E{2 !Z
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 ;xl0J*r
hjgB[
&U>
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: _m.w5nJ
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) 11((b
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 "OO)m](w
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. SYd6D@^2j
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) jf^BEz5
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 (uVL!%61k
KDS}"/
倍数减少 [0n[ \&
0
%#<MCiaK
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12) SaIY-PC
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) c[>xM3=e^q
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 ='t}d>l
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. ^~;"$=Wf
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 lc$wjK[w[
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. +# 3e<+!F
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 [jv+Of
IZ
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 DF>3)oTF
s1]m^,
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14) `W:z#uNG]
decrease by n times(15) 9:P\)'y?
decrease by a factor of n(16) );zLgNx,
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 N8iLI`
~F^tLi!5
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 R GL2S]UFs
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. D94bq_2}
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 @^Rl{p
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. =I aWf
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 iu?gZVyka
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. .1}1e;f-
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 wn;)La
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… D4\[D8pD
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) %fnG v\uI
这个句型还有其它一些形式, (g*j+i
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. HB{'MBs
发现迅速减少到1/7。 ap8q`a{j^
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. eyuyaSE
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 e=nvm'[h
Mg2 e0}{
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。