英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: aDq5C-MzG
倍数增加 !g?|
9
1/RsptN"v
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①) dq7x3v^"ZG
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) ~o82uw?
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) V `b2TS
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. ?{\nf7Y
:H7D
~ n
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. _p#CwExuy
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 }E+!91't.^
6FUw"|\u{
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 )i~cr2Hk
@AK
n@T5
(二)increase to n times(④) NS9B[*"Jl
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) N/]o4o
increase by n times(⑥) kQ4dwF~
increase by a factor of n(⑦) {p)",)td
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 YCdS!&^UN
<p}R~zk
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. l*ayd>`~x
The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986. T:t]"d}}
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 QZ4v/Ou
That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.
LG-y]4a}
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 $@sE
n4h
The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. FjK3
.>'
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 zw+B9PYqX
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 UUSq$~Ct
@L>q(Kg
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧) 4Yxo~ m(
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: k xP-,MD
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. [!!o-9b
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 `o<'
x.
I
&Q+Ln,(&L
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) (]b!{kS
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. L~
_9_9c
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 0*%Z's\M"
SPN5dE.@
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: Tg!i%v(-t
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) Fp@TCP
e#
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 7+]=-
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. ki [UV
zd
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) !g Z67
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 b}0,\B%
Vm%1> '&
倍数减少 ${+ @gJ+S
W4[V}s5u
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12) :80Z6F.k`
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) ~(x;5{
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 MxWy*|J}
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. q2. XoCf
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 ~7Ts_:E-
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. [PQ?#:r
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 VS9`{
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 w:s]$:MA8
&n6$rBr%
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14) ,stN
decrease by n times(15) +
`
s@
decrease by a factor of n(16) V2$h8\a
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 T?:glp[4I
_u{c4U0,
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 Sl-v W
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. &C_'p {G
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 Vnx,5E&
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. _/Gczy4)#
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 Xv<B1
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. &krwf
]|
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 @)
s,{F
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… "`M?R;DH
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) z|asa*
这个句型还有其它一些形式, [F*.\
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.
Y^
kXSU
发现迅速减少到1/7。 Nc+,&R13m
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. ;3\3q1oX
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 2P/K
K
0$7s^?G0
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。