英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: eH
%Ja[
倍数增加 /jM_mrpz
Xh?4mKgu
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①) OZf6/10O/
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) K*1.'9/
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) ! D$Ooamq
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. \/ErPi=g
#.H}r6jqs
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. |#k@U6`SG
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 j
C)-`_
+1QK}H~
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 yI&9\fn
,!Q]q^{C:W
(二)increase to n times(④) L_Q S0_1
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) 8#w)X/
increase by n times(⑥) V^TbP.
increase by a factor of n(⑦) s3:9$.tiR[
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 lj4o#^lC
?{6s58Q{
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. nn
+_TMu
The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986. 2}vNSQvG
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 uH:YKH':/
That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. T7[NcZ:I
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 ?s2^zT
The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. * ?]~
#
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 wMWW=$h#\
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 =n+ \\D
mV)+qXC
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧) Dvc&RG
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:
;j9\b9m
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. O"Q7
Rx
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 V 1/p_)A
fQdK]rLj
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) \)/yC74r7(
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. &%mXYj3y5
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 /.1.MssQM
,|h)bg7.
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: 69G`2_eKCp
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) ]uQqn]+I!
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 =1.9/hW
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. S/tIwG
~e3
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) [p;E~-S
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 g(|{')8?d
T'H::^9:E
倍数减少 5ZY<JA3
>e,mg8u6$
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12) O"G >wv
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) ?OlV"zK
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 >>{FzR
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. .iD*>M:W
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 hC <O`|lF
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. E&$yuW^z
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 H<EQu|f&x
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 %zk$}}ti.
r.ZF_^y}+
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14) X;v$5UKU
decrease by n times(15) sZGj"_-Hzu
decrease by a factor of n(16) z7GTaX$d
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。
-!W<DJ*
Z_1U
9+,
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 A+J*e
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. kHw_ S-
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 `K~AhlJUQ
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. 4lhw3,5
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 D(-yjY8aG
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. l7# yZ*<v
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 >{\7&}gz
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… MUfG?r\t
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) JRo?s~Ih
这个句型还有其它一些形式, ;4
N;D
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. yE[#ze
发现迅速减少到1/7。 7$h#OV*@,
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 4jD2FFG-
G
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 E4m`
_uc
hU=
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。