考博英语范文35篇-1

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考博英语范文35篇 YH9]T,



博士生入学英语考试协作部分试题说明



根据教育部1992年颁布的《研究生英语教学大纲》（以下简称大纲《大纲》

的要求：“非英语专业博士研究生英语入学水平原则上应达到或高于硕士生的通过水平。”

《大纲》中对硕士生的写作要求是“掌握基本写作技能（如文章结构、段落展开和起承转合等），能按具体要求，在一小时内写出250词左右的短文，正确表达思想，语意连贯，无重大语言错误。”、



第一部分 写作文的要求，评分标准及考试中普遍存在的问题 p#2th`M:P1

一 考试要求 !d(V7`8

1．文章内容切题。审题准确,不跑题。

2．表达清楚。语言简洁、准确、说理清楚,读者能从作文内容清楚理解作者写作意图。

3．意义连贯。文字连贯、层次分明、意义表达完整。要使文章意义连贯必须具有一定的技能，包括较强的语感，遣词造句能力和文章谋篇布局的组织能力；

       4．语言规范。符合英语表达的习惯、语法错误较少、语言基本功扎实，最终避免中式英语。

    二 作文的评分标准及样卷介绍 M.xEiHz

        14 分: 内容符合要求, 包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容;语言流畅;层次分明,句式有变化。词汇丰富,句子结构和用词准确,文章长度符合要求。

        11分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容；文字连贯，句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，文章长度符合要求。

         8分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中多数内容；基本清楚表达的主题的内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误，个别是大错。文章长度符合要求。

         5 分：内容基本切题，基本表达了标题或提纲中的内容；文字连贯，语言可以理解，但有较多的结构和用词错误，且大错较多。文章长度基本符合要求。

         2 分：基本切题，但语句支离破碎，只有少数句子可以理解。

         0 分：文不切题。只将预先背诵的某篇文章默写下来，或语句混乱，无法理解。



附：14 分样卷

Topic： With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher- level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate(postgraduate) education system. State your opinion aobut this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.



With China’s entry into WTO, she is facing a lot of chances and challenges in many aspects. As far as talents are concerned, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, especially for higher-level talents. In order to adapt this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate education system.



      In my opinion, we must make some reform and adjustment in graduate education system in many aspects as follows. First of all, from the view of the government, it must adjust its policy of using talents, especially higher-level talents. For example, it may provide many privileges for them.

Secondly, for the viewpoint of the universities, they should adjust their constructure of curriculum. They should pay more attention to the cultivation of graduate’s capability. They should take effective measures to direct their educational goal from exam-oriented education to education for all-round development. Finally, as far as personnel is concerned, a student should pay more attention to the learning of all kinds of knowledge to meet the needs of society.



     In a word, it is high time that we reformed the graduate education system. If we do not make some changes in the graduate education system, we may be failure in the international competition. So we must reform our graduate education system. (219 words)

   点评：该文紧扣主题，结构严谨，内容充实，语言流畅，句式变化多样。虽有个别小错，但英语表达能力较强，长度符合要求。

                                   万能框架 5QlJX

      As is implied in the table (or cartoon) and well known to all of us, … Take … in the table(cartoon) for example, it’s … for the … to… But when… D`u{U]

      On the other hand, there do exist some… that… They are making all possible means to … and trying their best to… Compared with what those… , It’s a pity that… And what’s more, with the deepening and furthering of our country’s opening and reforming, more… are allowed to… With China entering the WTO, … are also permitted to … If still blind to this, the … is sure to … So, it’s urgent and essential for … to analyze… more rationally and macroscopically.It must keep in mind that … should never be unheard. dG1qrh9_-

      Although the condition is unsatisfactory now, with the awareness of the …in the table (or cartoon) and all the society efforts, improvement and an even brighter future are not only possible but also inevitable. W_?S^>?l/







      三 历年考试中存在的典型问题分析 (i {

1．不会审题，偏离主题。

2．汉语思维，逐字翻译。常见考生用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译成英语。

3．用词搭配不当。

4．词汇量小，表达困难，拼写错误。

5．句法逻辑关系混乱。例如：Our English class often told stories.正确的应是:

Stories are often told on our English class.

      6．不会用关联词转承上下句和段落。关联词即过渡词，使用过渡词，可使上下句子和段落合理衔接，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，常见过渡词如as far as, however, well, though, in spite of 。

7．语法错误。主要表现为：

（1）       分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise， raise； hear, listen

（2）       被动语态和主动语态的误用,例如: interesting和 interested

（3）       词类混淆,将动词或形容词误用作名词,将名词或动词误用作形容词,例如:

benefit 和beneficial; difficult和 difficulty; pleasure 和pleased等。

（4）       混淆可数名词和不可数名词，例如： help，practice等。

（5）       冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：

a English book, should did, must done 等。



四．如何写出漂亮的文章 B&3oo

     文章要内容切题，表达清楚，意思连贯，语言比较规范。这就要求考生在写作时，把握如下方面：

1．统一性（Unity）

内容切题，实际上就是要求文章统一性。所谓统一性，就是指短文必须围绕着主题扩展，不能多中心。统一性表现在句子、段落和篇章三个层次上。我们写汉语文章的要求是首先不能跑题，实际上就是对统一性的要求。

2．连贯性 (Coherence)

指句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的衔接要自然通畅，主要体现在文章的逻辑发展顺序和过渡词语的运用上。

1）逻辑顺序

按照时间先后，或空间位置的相互关系，我们可以写出眉目清晰、符合逻辑的段落或文章。叙述文体多采用时间顺序，描写文体中空间顺序更常见。高潮形成系指按照其重要性或严重性安排各个发展点（指段落）或发展段（指文章）的顺序，这种语篇发展方法在描写、叙述、说明和议论文中均常出现。英语语篇的逻辑顺序安排一般是先谈最次要的内容，继而谈较为重要的内容，最后再谈最重要的内容，从而形成文章高潮。

2）过渡词语的运用—— 语篇的外在连贯手段

有时，单靠逻辑上的连贯对英语语篇来说是很不够的，因而过渡词语的运用必不可少。汉语的连贯属于“意合”，英语的连贯属“形合”，而借助过渡词语取得语篇的连贯是形合法最突出的特点。所以，在英语文章内，诸如等过渡词语特别多。它们的运用挑明了句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的关系，使文章更加显得连贯。由于受汉语“意合”的影响，中国学生常忽略过渡词语的运用。所以中国学生在进行英语写作时必须对此给以足够的重视。

、

3．语言规范

语言的规范涉及面广。小至遣词造句，大到语篇结构，无不体现语言使用的质量。根据近年博士生入学英语考试的作文试卷统计，许多考生未熟练掌握造句技能甚至不能保证单词拼写正确、句子无重大语法错误。因此要多读多看英语报刊和原著，从中学习语言用法，没有仔细阅读过、理解过的东西千万不要在作文中使用，切忌中国式英语。、、



第二部分 35 篇范文 /w[B,_ZKTk

1.       Television Program and Their Effect on children Lvco9 Ak

Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children. Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child. Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.

The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young. There are often specials on animal life. A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative. The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category.

On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children. Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy. All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.

Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs. A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.





2. How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities

   With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities. Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.

   People have offered many solutions to this problem. I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical. The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc. in the overcrowded city. With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining. The housinmg problem in big cities will thus be solved.



3. “The younger generaton knows best”

   Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comments is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than ti is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders. Events, which the older generation remembers vividly, are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.

The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this precisely what the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformity. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat —race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?

There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guilance. Today, the situation might reversed. The old—if they are prepared to admit it — could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not “sinful”. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?



4. Public Transportation KD(}-zUs

   As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China. I can illustrate some examples.

There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways. Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes. Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people. When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home. And travelers need special arrangements to go home. In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy.

To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines. But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.

There are three sources for fund raising. One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles. Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale. The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds. If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds. If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.

The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles. For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held. In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated. So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.



5. Human Education xn BL{ []

The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture “Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text”. In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4^th movement. His opinion set us thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.

   With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth. In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit. At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion. On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society. It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation. Our times call for an ideal humane education.

It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole. Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation. Our attitude towards tradition should be “discarding the dross and selecting the essence”. The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education. It should start from primary school. In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality. The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.

To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education. We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.



6. Criticism on Television Z H1UAf

A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren. A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s crimes.

For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago. In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of violence.

The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children. The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.

A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents. In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life. There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends happily.

In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs. When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.





7. The ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money )o\U4t

Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man. They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married. The young people’s parents shook their heads. “You can’t get married yet.” They said. Wait till you get a good job with good prospects. So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married. They were still poor, of course, they didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that did’t matter. They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car. The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves. And so ends another modern romantic fable.

We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive. Our possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood. When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn. We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses. If we buy a new television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one. If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself. The most amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.

It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of industry must be kept turning. Built-in obsolescence provides the means; goods are made to be discarded. Cars get tinnier and tinnier. You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.

This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere. i.e. to a bigger wage packet. The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and “fringe benefits” are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.





8. Communication and Language 8H<:?D/tH

One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language. There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today. In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as 10000.

Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position. But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication. Sometimes, we “say” more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.

   Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication. Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites. Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth. The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex. But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology.





9. Cooperation Goes with Competition nJ{vO{N

   In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world. Both of them speed up the wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind. It is possible to accomplish a complicated program by only one person now. As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the more efficient it will become in business.

Furthermore, we can’t avoid competition in our exchanges. From time to time, we compare ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others. This is the spirit of competition, by which we pursue the highest goal. It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its reputation. Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.



10. The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection

   Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago. Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions. This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society. Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal.

Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations. The number of U.S. patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 2000 in 1995. The direct economic impact of technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small. In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act () is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history. It has been estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as the licenses mature.

Intellectual property terms have become vitally important. The company wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their competitors. But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret. The key to resolving this dilemman is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the commercial market place.



11. Generation Gap 6Uik>e7?

Despite various improvements in all aspects of social life, the generation gap between the grown-up and the young remains unbridged. Instead, it grows wider apart.

Nowadays, the youths do not blindly follow what their elder say. Owing to widespread edcuation, the influence of western civilization, to certain extent, gives them a new code of philosophy, which is completely different from that of their elders. An invisible cold wall thus appears between the two generations.

Modern youths are trying to be more revolutionary. They have their own interpretation fro different matters; they also have their own ideals. Their reluctance to learn old teaching and sayings becomes the constant friction between the two generations. They always introduce new changes. However, the old people, wedded to everything of the past, are hostile to changes and the generation gap becomes wider and wider.

After all, the young generation, like the old one, is made of flesh and blood. The young also need respect and they also have skills and good ideas. In order to narrow the gap, both groups should try to understand each other. Most probably, these suggestions may help to solve the problem.





12. Should Men and Women Be Equal? $: %U`46%s

   Should men and women be equal? This is a question much talked about by many people. Some hold the opinion that men are superiro to women in many ways. For one thing, many a job men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough; and for another, most of the word-famous scientists or statemen are found to be males. Moreover, the whole human society seems to have all along been dominated by men only. Isn’t it evident enough to show that men are a lot stronger than women? Hence, the former should enjoy more rights than the latter.

   Other people, however, think quite differently on this question. They firmly believe that men and women are born equal. And women are certainly as talented as men if they are given equal opportunities of education. Isn’t it a fact known to us all that women have been working side by side with men in China and elsewhere in the wordl? Like their men folks, they have been distinguishing themselves not only in research institutions, but in government bodies and other organizations as well.

Personally, I am firmly standing on the side of those women’s rights defenders. Since men and women are playing an equally important role in all human activities, why should not they be on an equal footing? Furthermore, from time immemorial, there have been two sex groups, namely, men and women. Our Human society could definitely not have existed or advanced without either of them. Is it wonder that men and women ought to be equal and enjoy equal rights accordingly?



13. Computer and Man 9*"Ae0ok1

   It is believed that the computer can do almost every thing. At the time the computer was invented, scientists, carried away by its calculating speed, felt that they had created a miracle. It

Was gradually used not noly in mathematics,physics,chemisry and astronomy, but in places like the library, hospital and military army to replace the work of man. For the work of man. For this reason, the computer was entiled “Electronic Brain” in terms of appreciation.

Can man be controlled by computers? The answer is negative. Although a computer works much faster and accurately than man , a fact is undeniable; it is designed, manufactured and programmed by man, and therefore by human beings. Of course, science fictions have made up many fascinating stories about a computer, or rather robot,who conquers man and the earth, even the whole universe; however, they are only unrealistic imaginatio. A horse helps man a lot runs much faster than we, but it is only a slave.

The future for the computer is very promising. With the help of it, we can do things that could not be done before.Conquering the universe, discovering new things, explaining mysteruiys phenomena puzzling us at present are all made possible by computer.



14. what kind of life to live-realistic or romantic ? ]nEZQ+F

There has always been an argument between the young and the old about what kind of life to live-realistic or romantic. Young people tend to think real think that real lofe is as dramatic and fascimating as it is in the novels and movies while more experiened adults think this naïve daydream is certain to be broken by later experiences and everyone should learn to get used to the dull routine of his everydy life.

   However, there are some inadequacies in the opinions on the part of both sides. Life will be unimaginable if everything we do is only for realistic purpose, and the same is true if what we do everyday is just to enjoy ourselves. So it’s not difficult for us to see that neither way can ensure a happy life.

In my opinion, a real happy lofe can never be separated from either of the two ways. On the one hand, let’s enjoy life-enjoy the excitement of sports. On the other, let’s not forget our work. Happy life can never go without hard work.

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