What is English Grammar ? ;LBq!
The study or use of certain rules of the English language m 8Q[+_:$H
Rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences Lb'HM-d
So English Grammar studies the words and sentences <R6$ kom`
An Overview of English Grammar c&Mci"nj0
Parts of speech (词类): <Q4yN!6
noun, article, pronoun, numeral, adjective, verb(auxiliaries--primary ~, model verbs), adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection "uz}`G~O
Phrases(短语): 1w)#BYc=L
verb phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases yH<^txNF
Sentences: &wlSOC')j
simple, compound, complex, compound-complex j&G*$/lTO6
Noun: (5SN=6O
名 词 的 数(少数名词的复数形式是不规则的) v$O%U[e<
child→children, man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese, mouse→mice, ox→oxen <fJ*{$[p
autos, dynamos, pianos, kilos, photos; radios, ratios, zoos, bamboos, portfolios, studios(cargoes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes heroes) YlZe
beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, gulfs, proofs, roofs, safes(loaf → loaves, wolf→ wolves, leaf→ leaves, knife→knives, thief→thieves, life→lives, shelf→shelves) %lw!4Z\gg
名 词 的 数(少数名词的复数形式是不规则的) .{-&3++WZ
analysis→analyses, axis →axes(轴心) bacterium→bacteria, basis→bases, crisis→crises, criterion→criteria, datum→data, thesis → theses, formula→formulae(或formulas), fungus→fungi, medium → media, phenomenon→phenomena, syllabus→syllabi, thesis→theses D3^Yc:[_@
单复数一样的名词有:aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species等 PKT/U^2X]
hair和fruit一般情况下用单数,表示总体 (W<n<sl:-
police和cattle的谓语形式总是用复数形式 >g+ogwZ
the hostess's living room, J~0_
the children's mother B r GaCja
soldiers' training ground :E ISms
John’s and Tom’s room (c.f. John and Tom’s room) Ip/_uDi+!Z
my uncle’s, the barber’s, the chemist’s, 8+Y+\
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the Smiths(一家), the Smiths’(的住所), the Smith’s(的家) [dje!5Dc(
Pronoun ZiBTe,;
习惯用法: 1D42+cy
He is nothing but a singer. 他只不过是个唱歌的。 NR8YVO)5$
Nothing but a miracle can save us. 只有奇迹才能救我们。 SBnwlM"AN
She is anything but beautiful. 她并不美。 kKV`9&dZe
John is anything but a liar. 约翰决不是个骗子。 1M|DaAI
He has seen something of life. 他略有阅历。 k_rtsN
I’m something of a cook. 我略懂烹饪。 x[Xj[O
He is not much of a scholar. 他算不上个很好(高明)的学者。 \:cr2 w'c
The new arrival was none other than the President. -5Qsc/s&
(刚到的那人就是总统本人。) qB`zyd8yu
We did the work none too well. 我们活干得一点也不好。 6vVx>hFJ47
Adjective and Adverb <lHelX=/
习惯用法: ,t4g^67R{
There are no less than five hundred people present at the New Year party. o|\0IG(\
(“不亚于”,表示出席的人较多) T&_!AjH
There are not less than five hundred people present at the New Year party. PTfy#
(“不少于”,表示出席的人较不多) _ri1RK,
Rather than allow the potatoes to go bad, she sold them at half price. XG
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Rather than cause trouble, he left..( rather than后面跟动词原形) :eQ?gM!,
Verb: g{&a|NU^
时 态 7xAzd#
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被 动 语 态 $42C4I*E
虚 拟 语 气 #4. S2m4
情态动词 `nA_WS
非谓语动词:不定式,-ING分词,-ED分词 U[\aj;g)
被 动 语 态 d[+ xLa
主动形式表示被动意义,如某些系动词如cook, feel, prove, smell和taste等其主动语态表示被动的意义 g:/l5~b
The pattedshoes that my wife bought me _____ comfortable. k,>sBk8
[A] felt &:g5+([<