过去分词与形容词的语义差： D.ajO
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1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things J+]W*?m
the destructive power of modern weapons H[;\[ 3
Damaged: being in a bad state an<loL W
emotionally damaged children q_G O;-b{
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements C"JFN(f
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game. v;_k*y[VV$
Respectful: feeling or showing respect \-2O&v'}
They listened in respectful silence. &
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3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides. \-F
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Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby. g"P!KPrf1p
Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment. T M?RH{(r
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights. '
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Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative. :TTZ@ q
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother. Rv^
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Lovable: a sweet lovable child \y\@=j
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday. rf[w&
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6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone. oD vE0"Sz
Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds m~x O;_m
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford. *^WY+DV
虚拟语气 hZ;[}5T\<S
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
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1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别
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(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Hb :@]!r>
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) =u,8(:R]s
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) nTd[-3o
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 F\"`^`( O
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 < `/22S"
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验) P+j5_ V{\b
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) <Jwx|
（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 u+
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It took me only five minutes to finish the job. oT jsiXS
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 K:3u/C`
(1)不定式作表语 ztRe\(9bL
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 },W<1*|
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。 TODTR7yGo
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 <8[y2|UBt
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 c<c " n'
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 j0F'I*Z3
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。 zx7g5 ;J
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 zK P{A Sk
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 X4 bB
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. tU :,s^E"#
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant． 3r[}'ba\
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 1;Dug
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。 -hpJL\ng
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。 JTw3uM, e
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 MBO3y&\S4
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake. 0bt"U=x4
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected． %v_w"2x;
(3)分词作表语 ,vn
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分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有： lg(*:To3B
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 Pl>S1
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 6]/LrM, 23
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 7E-1
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disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 giDe
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 2[
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pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 4Hk eXS.
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 $eI=5
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 3V,$FS ]
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 { NS6y \,
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 aQzu[N
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 ( }E ] g
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 rr@S|k:|
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。 " ^t3Vj N
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 }i" \?M
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 Vm _waa
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求： E% ?X-$a
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 L=ala1{O
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 xXCSaBS~
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 ^9{mjy0Q
afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 3rF=u:r7 c
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 lk$@8h$vS
begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 3C+!Y#F
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 J
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cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 j~|pSu.<
ask问 dread害怕 need需要 5#DtaVz
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 &!@7+'])
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 @w%{yzr%
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 20Umjw.D
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划 0|RFsJ"
bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 9Y6Ear .W
care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 ;;A8TcE
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decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 u%o2BLx
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 }m`+E+T4
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 aSN"MTw.
start开始 undertake承接 want想要 }i)^?@
consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 F2B9Q_>P
decide决定 learn学习 vow起 (jV_L 1D
contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 Id<3'ky<N
