过去分词与形容词的语义差： fE^rT Utn
1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things h VR=g!e#X
the destructive power of modern weapons x$A5Ved
Damaged: being in a bad state NB, iC
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emotionally damaged children "}ZD -O`!
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements .|o7YTcR:
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game. F%< 0pi
Respectful: feeling or showing respect `Th!bk
They listened in respectful silence. "l Uw{3
3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides. -5E%f| U
Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby. rb,&i1
Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment. Zcf?4{Kd?
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights. NShA-G N5
Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative. > Y[{m $-
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother. p- zLi!
Lovable: a sweet lovable child '2# O {
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday. o/9 V1"
6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone. `` zg |h
Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds g*!2.P
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford. 3Vt-]DGX
虚拟语气 YSeXCJ:Iy
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 A;{8\e
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别 jaNkWTm :
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 r@iGM Jx$
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) U3p=H^MB.
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
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(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 ;m7$U
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 m& o&XVC
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验) _DH,$evS%
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) ]<{BDXIGIE
（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 VNA VdP
It took me only five minutes to finish the job. g+)T \_#u
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 d}IVY I
(1)不定式作表语 uKhfZSx0 w
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 8 =J6{{E
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。 iB[%5i-
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 ?][Mv`ST
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 HJoPk 'p%
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 Fi1gM}>py
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。 xZbm,. v
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 t\u 0\l>
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 %w_h8
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. [C/h{WPC-
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant． |.)dOk,o
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 :] {+ 3A
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。 Cc/?-0a2!
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。 ]J:?@}\^
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 _T8#36iR
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake. IP/
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His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected． 3[aCy4O
(3)分词作表语 Y7]N.G3,]
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有： F;5.nKo
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 }(O
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exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 jZ7#xRt5w
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 z(K[ i?&
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 4E&URl0Bh
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 mEr
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pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 ??ah
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 q2Ax -#
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 ,8cw jS2E
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
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worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 v-2 .OS<o
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 =-1d m+P
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 ]aXCi"fMs
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。 i~ PN(h
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 9)3ok#pQ/
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 N9Y,%lQ|B8
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求： &5)Kg%r
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 w}K<,5I>
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 .~4%TsBa Y
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 n*{e0,
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afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 w%GEOIj}
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 K%1'zSAyK
begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 ,H'O`oV!1E
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 wk<QYLEk
cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 yOxJx7uD
ask问 dread害怕 need需要 3^xTZ*G
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 &JV e
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swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 h IuK s5`
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 @D[jUC$E
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划 aF;Q SI
bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 A84I*d
care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 D[x0sly
decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 J 0~Ha u
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 ]6v6&YV
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 t
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start开始 undertake承接 want想要 U{"&Jj
consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 M~t S
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decide决定 learn学习 vow起 Y? = +A4 v
contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 Mf^ ;('~
