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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 _z)G!_7.>\
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 t
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^lB1- ;ng 2．被动形式 Agl5[{]E
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k]{W Y v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 1.+0=M[h v 时间状语从句当中的时态： TppR \[4] @] uvpI!h fW~r%u
.y 一般过去时 所有的过去 #f0J .) M 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 $ bI VD
现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 NYA
, 一．非谓语动词 >B<jR$`6@
一．不定式： ekND>Qjj
~2+J] 8@I] 一）不定式的常考形式： m X{_B!j^
J,D u:|3o 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. &\#If: 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. a'u:1C^\ 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 R".~{6
f Q33J> 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. U2 m86@E 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. [v h&o-6 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 &o%IKB@
2XI%z4\)! 二）不定式常考的考点： {
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@ px2/x 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 q
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vncLB&@ 7 2）不定式做状语----目的 HjCc fOej
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E p{ 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. kEi WE|
UP]X,H~stU 三)不定式的省略 4UP#~
U0>Uqk", 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel 21ng94mC
is`O,Met + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； bit@Kv1<C + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 kD1[6cJ!=. I saw him work in the garden yesterday. /WqiGkHV*
MoAZ!c F8 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) +'aG&^k4 I saw him working in the garden yesterday. vhsHyb 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） JSO'. [N v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. Ig b@aG A 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to jiAKV0lX
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y?Vsp< I ‘d like to have John do it. \ct7~!qM
ZDffR: An I have my package weighed. Zq[aC0%+
H!6nIS9yxt Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. ..u2IdEu
t^ax:6;"| 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do tZ4Zj`x|^
R>|)-"b( ` 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： b Ag>;e(
/U1&#"P want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do )$Tci p` force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do -XcX1_ be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do ;giW H6fR6Kr4j 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 |~V`Es +j
k2 axGq accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. %BV 2 q
三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 +xGz~~iNh
Adyv>T9 He needs (a lot of) encouraging. uoX] #<1J jjbw+
Z,x9 { 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 z'9Mg]&>
pt cG: 1)是名词 seeing is believing N=?! ~n9Q- 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. >mWu+ Nn: 一)动名词的形式: i*q!|^M
vWM '}( 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. x?|C-v 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. `/1Zy}cD 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. e.Y*=P}D 二) 动名词常考的点 TAXl73j_CY
p Pezy: 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 4Pm+0=E
:2n(W XFFI 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 $!ms av
c v'Fc 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. rX8EXraO
,; _D~7L I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． $_.m< A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） 7%(|)3"V I regret not having taken your advice. 4cO||OsMU 4)有些词后只能接动名词 /&+6nO
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{mlJ E>~% admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... ^1% gQ@ P 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： x%;Q
/7&$ it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... E "[^^
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F C= %_y 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 biFN]D
N ".-]bB remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 t `4^cd5V
`;^% t I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) vWJhSpC[
328(W I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) Lp \%-s#5s
^"w.v' sL forgot与remember的用法类似。 {PM)D [$i I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… 5 JbPB!5;
xNNoB/DR I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。
*it(o try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. ?l_>rSly5
.P=uR 8 try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. O_f|R1G5z
auP:r I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 r\Wp\LfY&{ To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 %iI0JF*E z prefer的用法： DA
oOs}D 我宁愿在这里等。 FhB^E$r% I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） p[e|N;W8A I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） Z'GO p? I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） H ^Xw<Z= z9$x9u
O0"i>}g4 3 分词： Sv -}w$
1){1 HK
现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 =~Jv* c
现在分词的形式: jh ]wHG
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) uL b-
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2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) i^uC4S~
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) "zw? AC6
过去分词 w\_NrsO!x
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. mf@YmKbp
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) VzpPopD,QW
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 ,I=Cl m R
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