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主题 : 医学博士英语历年真题摘要写作示范
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楼主  发表于: 2007-06-04   

医学博士英语历年真题摘要写作示范

医学博士英语历年真题摘要写作示范:97年题 <;m<8RjX  
A Blind Zone in Childr-Nutrition pRIhFf  
This article reveals a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves correcting. Most BB*f4z$Y%  
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parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat YS@ypzc/  
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and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive ?Unb? {,&2  
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the food is the more nutritious it is. However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has -$jEfi4I  
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lead to malnutrition among many city kids. This is indicated in a survey recently made in u:gN?O/G  
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Shanghai. 9m<jcxla$  
What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate in grains, starch and sugar, the main and most {/(D$"j(S  
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inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism. The energy it Avd ^  
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supplies is the main source of calories in human bodies,about 60% of the total amount of &U raUl  
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calories. If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be A3no~)wZn  
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used up to provide the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body. E^lvbLh'  
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Consequently, it results in a retarded development in the children and even malnutrition. ?NR A:t(}  
Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food 36%nB*  
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containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrients, none of which can be done LuSLkLN  
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without. 2FF4W54I  
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Writing Drill 4(98 FATMD) 8XzR wYV  
In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological 8V)^R(\;  
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consultation(PC) they used to reject. In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about the 04'~ta(t  
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consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related }YMy6eW4  
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questionnaires carefully. PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China. sqJSS Nt  
Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have vj\dA2!~  
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such obstacles. There have been reports on many severe cases resulting from misunderstanding ryCI>vJz  
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and lack of PC. In view of this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological !{ )tSipd  
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healthcare service for students. Many students have corrected their misunderstanding about 7#U^Dx\yh  
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PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their 1~ t{aLPz  
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mental obstacles. Even some military cadets have begun to consult experts for advice. TJ'[--  
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Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental problems from developing into & jczO-R^  
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obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide. CI :`<PZ\-  
University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and 'd&0Js$^  
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grown into a unique course in universities. Though it contributed to students’ healthy !x>%+&c>k  
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growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both dT$M y`>  
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students and faculties. 'vq:D$A  
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Writing Drill 5 老年健康饮食为先 mVsIAC$}8  
Aging usually brings about recession in many bodily functions such indigestion, )r z+'|,  
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hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and other metabolic dysfunctions. However, scientists find ?EpSC&S\  
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that these hypofunctions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating habits. This ;k86"W  
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article discusses this problem and the solution to it. NU\ 5{N<  
First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old \U?n+6 7g  
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people. Second, less staple food and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged GF:`>u{C  
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because overconsumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Third, more bean {(#%N5 %  
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food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth, light food Rek -`ki5F  
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should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular 5P h X"7  
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diseases. Fifth, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, C4#rA.nF|  
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metabolism and cardiovascular balance. yag}fQ(XH  
In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food are of the first 7"*|2Xq  
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significance to the health of the aged and a long life. Xvok1NM,  
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Writing Drill 6 x/MZ(A%D  
Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical *Sf -; U  
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diseases. It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying. These methods have  `}no9$l~  
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different functions. 5NXt$k5  
Laughter activates over 80 muscles. In laughing, smooth muscles in organs contract and help Zz |MIGHm  
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improve digestion. Crying can give vent to harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by 6`"M  
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stress. Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis, back pain, `wTlyS3[  
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diabetes, etc. that medication alone can’t do. $\Tkhq<  
Many diseases of today are caused by bad mental conditions, work and stress, family q1hMmMi  
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problems, etc. Medication doesn’t usually effect in these cases because it doesn’t treat :H[\;Z1_  
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the cause of the ailments. Behavioral prescription, with its physical and mental massage fd8#Ng"1  
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like sports and dancing, can help patients stay off the cause of their diseases. Therefore, TQ1WVq }*  
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it is advocated by many doctors and health experts. g "!\\:M  
It is expected that behavioral prescription will applied more widely as an effective therapy )3z]f2  
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in the near future.f bn 4 &O  
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Writing Drill 7 Smoking and Health "t&{yBQ0u  
It is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. It 5y_"  
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irritates the throat and respiratory passages. It sometimes leads to poor appetite, nausea, G\Q9IcJ0dY  
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short breath, and irregular heartbeat. More importantly, smoking is associated with chronic nY) .|\|i  
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and fatal diseases of respiratory tract. Evidence shows that smokers are more likely than n'64;J5  
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nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lungs, throat, tongue, and jaw, emphysema and bronchitis +>3]%i- \  
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as well. As a result, many nations have made enormous efforts to warn people of the dangers zw:/!MS  
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of smoking. Yn[x #DS  
While smoking, particles of tobacco tar and smoke slow down the work of cilia. The tar s%dF~DSK  
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collected in the lungs can cause cancer. Moreover, nicotine in tobacco can be simulating by NFoZ4R1gy  
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affecting various centers on the medulla oblongata region of the brain. It can affect other {qAu/ixp  
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physiological process that in turn affect the respiratory center in the brain. It can also q lY\*{x4  
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influence other centers that slow down the action of the heart, constrict the arteries, and ~&[u]u[  
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cause vomiting. mahi7eU P  
In brief, smoking does nothing but harm to people’s health. Therefore, smokers of any age By/bVZks  
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or kind should try to give it up. {dZ8;Fy4  
这篇短文的主旨是说明吸烟对健康危害及造成危害的原因,通读全文,根据其要点可以分为四个部分:1 lIy/;hIc  
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)吸烟有害;2)吸烟有哪些具体的害处;3)为什么吸烟会有害,亦即其致害机理是什么;4)总结:吸 0N1' $K$\  
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烟有害要戒烟。 .%hQJ{vf-^  
总之,摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”,要体现出层次感,结构要明快,这样可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻 ?lG;,,jc,W  
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辑。 ks^ |>  
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Writing Drill 9 Handwashing and Health \1khyF'  
Hospital infection is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality. The risk of transmitting EreAn  
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pathogens by the hands of health care workers (HCWs) is increasingly big today. A simple and pgfu+K7?w  
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effective way of prevention is handwashing. Kk56/(_S  
But it is found that HCWs don’t always wash their hands before and after patient contacts. jM[f[  
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Semmelweis, a Viennese doctor in 1847, believed that high puerperal fever rate in some wards bAdAp W  
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was caused by the hands of some medical students. He ordered that all students wash their @%keTTZ  
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hands with chlorinated lime before and between all patient contacts. As a result, the rate qIUC2,&g  
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fell sharply. His methods were used by some other hospitals but his beliefs were ignored @Yb Z 8Uc  
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largely at that time. ]qF<Zw7  
In the 1980s, a government health organization recommended that handwashing be imposed. But 4I+.^7d  
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it has not been well compiled, even in ICUs, despite some efforts to improve compliance. The O\:;q*]  
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traditional handwashing practice has not been changed yet. GZ}*r{  
HCWs have their own excuse for the resistance, such as no time, skin irritation, etc. Some =54Vs8.  
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say they have done it but surveys prove otherwise. With more multidrug-resistant pathogens +KYxw^k}"7  
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on the increase. HCWs have to know that handwashing means health. HCWs: wash your hands o7hH9iY  
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before or between patient contacts. ktdz@f  
本篇短文主要讲了通过洗手防止和减少医院获得性感染的问题, 这篇短文总的说来结构比较清晰,总结 m.|qVN  
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归纳起来相对容易,摘要写作当中,首先要将摘要分成三个部分,先象一般的论文一样写个引言,介绍主 | 3hT{  
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题,其次写Semmelweis首先发现了医务工作者不洗手而接触病人会造成感染,而洗手可以减少这种感染及 ) +VHt  
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引起的死亡率,尽管他的方法没有得到当时医学界的认可,最后是结论部分,写20世纪80年代,政府健康 ZJ)3GF}4  
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机构也要求强制洗手,但执行情况并不尽如人意。 MLEIx()  
总之,摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”,要体现出层次感,结构要明快,细节引用尽量地少,这样才可以 iDyMWlV  
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向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强,抓住了要点。 mR g ,A\  
Writing Drill 10 Dangerous Factors in Maturing $ l0eI  
On their way to adulthood, adolescens are faced with many dangerous factors. These may Vq?8u/  
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include sexual encounters with HIV carriers, violence, mental and sexual abuse, drug abuse, iqc4O /  
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smoking, as well as the negligence from the adults. S&;T_^|  
What can doctors do to make the teenagers’ world a safer place? Perhaps we should first ui0J}DM  
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call for attention from the medical profession to the long ignored needs of teenagers. Some Xs.$2  
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critics suggest that adolescent medicine become a medical subspecialty for more and proper y^0HCp{  
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attention to teenagers’ needs. Of course, there are some difficulties such as policymakers J,(U<%n  
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’ focus on more general practitioners whereas adolescents are poorly served by the medical {d *qlztO  
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community. \_-kOS  
Adolescents deserve primary care that is attentive to their special needs. The best way is f<$K.i  
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to encourage policymakers to be interested in adolescent medicine. One of the ways for this DLg`Q0`M5  
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is to require most medical students and trainees to master the skills needed to treat  3=G5(0  
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teenagers. +0JH"L5!  
Writing Drill 14 Psychological Care of Medical Patients )0 42?emn  
There are more and more physically ill people accompanied by psychiatric morbidity, which zd*W5~xKg  
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can be physically and mentally harmful if not treated promptly and properly. fs)q7 7g  
However, there is a lack of psychiatric care of these patients, which has to be addressed in jmZ|b6  
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no time. There are some cost-effective treatments for psychiatric disorder in physically ill ,& pF:ql F  
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people. But few hospitals arrange formal services for these patients, which may not be s].'@_~s  
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efficient in the future. Some health service reforms have also affected the formerly ZF11v(n  
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cooperative relationship between psychiatrists and general hospital doctors. Pressure on fv 1!^CDia  
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beds in both psychiatry and general medicine makes the already difficult task of caring for VQW )qOR9  
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patients with coexisting mental and physical illness harder. Besides, increased consumerism -T>wi J  
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and heightened awareness of coexistence of mental and physical illness adds to demand for +ouy]b0`t  
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relevant services. rc{[\1 -N  
In view of this situation, some British psychiatrists and physicians suggested that doctors 0g*r!aa  
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and nurses learn to identify mental problems in their patients and offer psychological care Lq8Z!AIw>  
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and refer for psychiatric help. In their report, they also provided some relevant knowledge KA* l6`(  
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and approaches to treatment and psychiatric services. 0tm "kzy  
本文的内容根据标题便可不言自明了;患有身体疾病的同时伴有心理疾病的人越来越多,但这些人的心理 r :MaAT<  
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护理亟需要得到科学的治疗和护理。摘要中要突出这种内科病人的心理护理缺医少药的问题,如缺乏正规 YPJx/@Z`  
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的治疗和医护人员,费用昂贵等,结论断要包含专家就此问题提出的建议和看法。 oB}G^t  
摘要可以分成三个部分,一是引言段,引出问题;二是正文段,概述问题并加以讨论;三是结论段,用专 :@807OYzy  
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家的建议作为结尾。 +AC-f2  
总之,摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”,要体现出层次感,结构要明快,不要拘泥于细节,这样可以向阅 zxmI/]3+/  
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卷老师表明你的逻辑性强,抓住了要点。  rOf  
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板凳  发表于: 2007-09-23   
为什么不能复制?
级别: 初级博友
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沙发  发表于: 2007-09-23   
谢谢!太有用啦!
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