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第一节：非谓语动词 [Ki0b^
1．In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethe v^1pN>#%g
price ofaproductor tomake afree contract with another private individual. {PVW D7
2．Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect, extremists ofthis kindthinkthatanimalslie outsidetheareaof moralchoice. iy%ZQ[Un
第二节：名词性从句 lw< c2 C
一 主语从句 e=+?K5q{P(
1.Thatasmuchas one-fourth ofall timber harvested is notusedprovedto befalse. !K'} K>iT
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2.Itisoneofthe mostunpleasantdiscoverieswhichweallmakethatwemustdeclineinthis way, thatifweescapewars,accidentsanddiseasesweshalleventuallydieofoldage,and that this happens atarate whichdiffers little fromperson toperson, so that there are heavyodds in favor ofourdyingbetweenthe ages ofsixty-five andeighty. p{j.KI s7
二 宾语从句 }Nf%n@
1. Somephilosophers arguethat rightsexist onlywithinasocialcontract, aspart ofan exchange ofduties andentitlements. ~ V\D|W9
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2. Itwasnecessaryto recognizethattheseinstitutions whicharebased on thesamepremises, letus saythesupernatural,mustbeconsideredtogether,our own amongtherest. N19({0+i2
三 表语从句 3 U7 *>H
1. Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsare butcontributionsto an unending process. j 4^9 7
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2. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person toturn the newly invented telescopeon the heavensto prove thattheplanetsrevolvearound the sunrather than around theearth. O4og?h>
四 同位语从句 R
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1. Influencedbytheviewofsometwentieth-centuryfeministsthatwomen’spositionwithin the family is one of the central factors determining women’s social position, some historianshave underestimated thesignificance ofthewomansuffragemovement. ]hFW 73FV
2. Thismodernfaithinmedicines is proved bythefactthatthe annualdrugbilloftheHealth Servicesismountingtoastronomicalfigures andshowsnosigns atpresentofceasing to rise. v# U"pn|M
第三节：定语从句 u[Df
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1. Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalina Nn T1X;0W
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country aslarge as ours andwhere theeconomy is spread over somanystates andinvolves somanyinternationalcorporations. IVA mV!.z
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2. Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneursfromoverseasflockinsearchoffame,fastmoneyandtoparticipateina technologicalrevolutionwhoseimpactonmankindwillsurelysurpasstheepoch-making European Renaissance andIndustrial Revolution ofthebygoneage. Fd[z
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第四节：状语从句 B4i!/@0s
1. Thegreaterinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthree decadesindicates thestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens, whatevertheir special conditions,deservetheopportunity tofullydeveloptheir capabilities. [YUv7|\
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2. Initiallythebraincanfunctionnormallyasitlosesdopaminergicneuronsin thesubstantia nigra, eventhough itcannotreplacethedead cells. 8j=}u/T @F
第五节：并列结构 &GB:|I'%7
1. Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswith in-built personalities willberegardedasworkmatesrather thantools,relaxation willbe in frontof smell-television,anddigitalage willhavearrived. xT+zU
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2. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only as little more than a hundredyearsage,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintaining thebehavior oftheindividual is onlybeginning to berecognized andstudied. 3v5%y '
第六节：强调结构 \kU &^H i
强调结构是指在句子当中，有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气，增强情感色彩或 加强对比，需要改变句子结构，这种结构叫做强调结构 <7j8 7
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1Do(does/did)+原形动词表强调 此种结构来强调谓语动词，往往只用于一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定句或肯定结构的 q@nP}Pv&5
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1. Thus, intheAmericaneconomicsystemitis thedemandsofindividualconsumers,coupled with thedesireofbusinessmen tomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualsto maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used toproduce it. @M5#S7q";
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2. Itisanimalsandplantswhichlivedinornearwaterwhoseremainsaremostlikelytobe preserved,foroneof thenecessaryconditionsofpreservationis quickburial,and itisonly intheseasandrivers,and sometimes lakes,wheremudandsilthavebeencontinuously deposited,thatbodies andthelike can be rapidlycovered over andpreserved. O]1y0BOQ
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第七节：比较结构 }DK7'K
英语中，比较结构的句型复杂，表现形式多样。在翻译的时候，需要仔细分析，在准确 理解的基础上，才能进行贴切的表达。所以，从理解与表达的角度来看，比较的形式是次要 的，真正重要的是意义上的比较。只要意义上表示比较，就属于比较句式。常见的比较结构 的意义很容易理解，所以也比较容易翻译，如：I am tallerthan he.（我比他高）。因此，这 里不再叙述基本比较结构的翻译方法，而主要介绍在意义上容易混淆的比较结构的翻译。 *2 2nVKi {
一、as…as…句型 NT+? #0I
（一）as…as…句型 F=a<~EpZ
as…as…句型是同级比较，表示两者比较程度一样。所以在翻译的时候，通常翻译为“… ZGYr$C~
和….一样”。 ),ma_{$N
（二）notas (or so)…as…句型 l33Pm/V2?
跟as…as…句型相反的结构notas(orso)…as…表示两者的程度不一样，前者不如后者， 所以，通常翻译为“…不如…”。 Q^e}?v%=%3
（三）notsomuch…as…句型 qIIv6''5@
not somuch…as…通常翻译为“与其说…不如说…”。 al9t^
（四）notsomuch as…句型 Y#l k6
not somuchas…这个结构相当于“noteven…”，所以通常翻译为“甚至不…，甚至没有…”。 请注意与not somuch…as…这个结构的区别。 */|9= $54
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二、比较级+thantodo…句型 T
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由比较级与than todosth.结合在一起的句型，通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。 8W#heW\-]
I hada bettercommand ofEnglish than tomakesuch foolish mistakes. JAX*hGhkh
我的英语学得很好，不至于犯这样愚蠢的错误。 _G.>+!"2/
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三、more…than…句型 ~ ArP9
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是A而不是B 与其说B不如说A less Athan B句型 A比B少 o17ekM L
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（二）morethan…句型 '_/Bp4
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在英语中，如果more than…句型后面所跟的词性不相同，意义也不尽相同，所以应该 用不同的汉语词来翻译。 f1 _<G
1．morethan后面接数词，表示“多于…，….以上”的意思。 $a"n1ou
2．morethan后面接名词或者动词，表示“不只是…”的意思。 Gmq/3tw
3．morethan后面接形容词、副词或者分词，表示“极其，非常”的意思。 9=V:&.L
4．morethan…can…则表示“难以…，完全不能…”的意思。 a8i]]1B lz
（三）nomore…than…句型 846$x
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1. Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of themindsof themenwhowatchtheexperiments. r]l!WRn
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2. Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigital informationthan existintraditionalmedia. ;ml)l~~YU
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第八节：否定结构
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英语中的否定结构是翻译中的一个常见而以比较复杂质问题。由于英汉两种语言在表达 方法上存在很大差异，尤其在表达否定概念上，英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语都有 很大不同。有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式，而另一些肯定句型译成汉语后又 往往变成否定形式。在翻译过程中，这些否定句就象陷阱一样，稍有不慎，就会掉入其中。 因此翻译否定结构时，切不可望文生义，而必须细心揣摩，真正透彻理解其意义，然后根据 汉语的表达习惯进行翻译。只有正确地理解英语中的各种否定句型，才能使译文准确、恰当 地表达出原文的含义。 ;+<&8. =,)
1 形式肯定但意义否定 morethan can… anythingbut… x7<\]
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2 形式否定但意义肯定 S`"LV $8
not…until（直到……才），not…too（越……越好），nonebut（只有），nothingbut（只有）， nothingmorethan（仅仅），no sooner…than（刚一……就），hardly…when…（刚一……就）,not only…butalso(不仅……而且)，not…longbefore（很快就），nomorethan（仅仅，只是），no other than（只有，正是） j^;I3_P
3 否定谓语转换为否定状语 英语原文否定谓语，翻译成汉语时，需要把否定转移到状语上。 Hedoesn’tstudy inthe classroom. 他不在教室里学习。 e =Z,
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4 主句的否定转换为从句的否定 英语原文否定主句，而翻译成汉语的时候，需要把否定转移到从句上。这样 结构常常 I rcp``g
是not…because….，可以翻译为“并不是因为…才…”。 |iR T!
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1. Thecontemporaryphenomenonofcarworshipistobeexplainednotleastbythesenseof independence andfreedomthat ownership entails. t@R
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2. Childrenoftodaydonotautomaticallybecomemoresophisticatedbecausetheyhave access tomoreinformationthan children ofthepast. $`wMX{
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第九节：倒装结构 ;W l+ zw
1. Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthisdonottellhow able an underprivileged youngstermighthave been hadhegrown up under morefavorable circumstances. ]6{*^4 kX
2. Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilarreligiousbeliefsandvaluesismorelikelyto havelawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeoplethanisaculturewherecitizenscome fromdiversebackgrounds. xw3YK!$sIF
第十节：分裂结构 UY <e&Npo
1. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary----thedangersofdruginteractions, for example----and manyare required bystate or federalregulations,itisn’tclear thatthey actuallyprotectthemanufacturers andsellersfromliabilityifacustomer isinjured. ;+tpvnV;]
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2. Odd thoughitsounds,cosmic inflation isascientificallyplausible consequence ofsome respected ideasinelementary-particlephysics,and manyastrophysicists havebeen convinced forthebetter partof adecadethat it istrue. F P> )&3>_
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