高分语法讲解 z+}QZ>
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第一章 名词 :e1o<JgPt
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 INs!Ame2
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第一节 可数名词 A5:qKaAq
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考点一 单复数 n"PJ,ao
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 =;a!u
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 mMx ;yZ
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) gbeghLP[?
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 Jf)bHjC_V
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:
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1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ,d+fDmm3
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories 9Ya<My
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives PP~rn fE
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs 9//+Bh
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例题: 5AS[\CB4
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. "vYE+
A B C D 8[CB>-9
答案:A xqXDxJlns
应改为:Flowers E
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解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 R3)57OyV
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic cfox7FmW
A B C D "'8KV\/D
pain. JXG"M#
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答案:A <H1`
应改为:Doctors '\~$dtI$
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 L%v^s4@
考点二 复数形式特例 F-D]TRG/*]
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 !3iGz_y
1.单复数词形相同 k4qp u=@U
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 Ftw;Yz
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: ccC
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basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises 6{[pou&
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula I$Qs;- (
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena A*./,KT
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: Wv__ wZ
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), ]0;864X0
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), #-3=o6DCK
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: 2^t#6XBk/
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) ;})5:\h
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5 不规则的名词复数 7 r|(}S
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice -(`OcGM'L
tooth - teeth foot - feet QDpEb=|S
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 v+jsC`m
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例题: ,>t69 Ad
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading [^8n0{JiN
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. zEZLKWm9-
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(2) xEuN
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed OD Ur
A B C H
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feet. ExHKw~y9
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答案:D fYE(n8W3
应改为:foot c!8=lrT.
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 M MzGd:0b
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 y7KzW*>g:
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第二节 限定词 ~[k%oA%W
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: s4_/&h
1.之后肯定接单数: _LwOOZj
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. s:00yQ
例句: Each of them has two books. fF*`'i=!
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) &[2U$ `P`V
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2.之后肯定接复数: %AOIKK5
these, those, many, such, other, K^r)CCO
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), `:'w@(q
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several `[zQf
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc [P|[vWO
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 :V)lbn\
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考点一 否定限定词no
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: W&h[p_0
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. 39{{7(hh
No one is here. * y^OV_n-8
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: }0,>2TTDN
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; %hlspI(J
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 3Q/#T1@
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例题: W:i?t8y\y
(1) ch5s<x#CE
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. 8\<jyJ
(A) none -
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(B) no |L_wX:d`9
(C) not G0n'KB
(D) nor Y}6n]n;uR
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答案: C 4!`bZ`_Bw
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 (Lh#`L?x
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(2) Q5S,{ ZeT
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when 59(U `X
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. *cWmS\h|
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答案: A '%v#v 3'
应改为: No ^SEdA=!
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 O`FqD{@V
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考点二 their等物主代词 Bz8 &R|~>"
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars $awi>#[
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 /I&wj^
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. jm>3bd
这里用their 而不用 the HN5W@5m:
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例题: &!7+Yb(1
(1) #*q2d
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten j
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A B C Ru%|}sfd
the lives. !7lj>B A
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答案: D P1 +"v*
应改为: their 7u11&(Lz
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 -@%%*YI>
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(2) #*IVlchA"B
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any A-E+s~U8
A B C f|0lj
specific way. 3VCqp13
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答案: B "h$R ]~eG
应改为: its =
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解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 P@ypk^v
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 6TFo|z!C
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 L4974E?S
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例题: tjzA)/T,4
(1) K^D82tP
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or A!HK~yk~Q
A B C 0<P(M: a
relating those objects. uCUu!Vfeg
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答案: B nk08>veG
应改为: is a set c cr" ep
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 /Dd\PjIH{
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(2) K`+vfqX
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. p$OD*f_b
A B C D ;/A}}B]y
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答案: D pI^=B-7
应改为: responses Yk7"XP[Y
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few `QLowna
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 jeFN*r_
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数)
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A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) fk\5D[j^
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第三节 冠词作限定词 .HOY q
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 AO8:|?3S
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考点一 不定冠词a / an 8>v7v&Bh|
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: e@+v9Bs]q
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university #mTMt;x
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour xO gq-@`
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). <tU
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例题: q|/!0MU"
(1) gpsrw>nw
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever 3li q9P_
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. |y'b217t
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答案: B有错 v(k*A:
应改为: puzzle. @Z,qu2~|!
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle BMe72
(2) AV9:O{
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a 89ZDOji?O
A B C D mnQal>0~
question of physiology and of culture. 8[f8k3g
答案: D有错 @t "~
应改为: day /S/tE
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day e|35|I '
(3) i<0D
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Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the YcEtgpz@
A B C ;cnnqT6
nonprofessional metal worker.
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答案: C #IbS
应改为: still a practical cYE./1D a
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 b"`ru~]
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型
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例题: z0=Rp0_W
(1) 6yy|V~5
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. 'nC3:U
A B C D m*Q[lr=
答案: A n.=e)*
应改为: An emotion UZ[/aq
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an wpAw/-/
(2) pE$|2v
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine j;$6F/g
A B C c13vEn!c
chemically with other atoms. f
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答案: A
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应改为: an atom UrD=|-r`
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an .5jnKU8NF
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考点二 定冠词the J3]qg.B%z
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: z v L>(R
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: <M5{.`o
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower f.U0E6-(3N
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: s0~05{
the first woman, the nineteenth century 'xLM>6[wz
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby bQ|#_/?
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: :,xyVb+
the largest city, the most advanced technology .(P@Bl]XJ
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: c<JM1
the development of the watch, JxMyeo%gv
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: $ uz
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the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun zR3lX}g
在下列情况下,一般不用the: K4h-4Qbn
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: p[af[!
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) qb>|n1F_
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the rA1zyZlz
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) ,Do$`yO+
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: 6\)8mK
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) u@:=qd=\
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: @6I[{{>X
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from…
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(4) 一些固定词组中,如: 2U+z~
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed ,G!_ SZ
乘车的词组: gne#v
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车),
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by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) ]Xkc0E1
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), 9q0,K" x)
打球的词组: 1vR#FE?
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball CgT QGJ}-
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. %f3Nml
例题: 6!}m$Dvt~
(D) xUYN\Pc-
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. ]K0,nj*\c
(A) it was the ;uWIl
(B) that the omUl2C
(C) there was a x+)hL
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(D) the aY1#K6(y
答案:D i7w}`
vs
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 GF.g'wYc)Y
(2) < &m
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of J<P/w%i2
A B A&_i]o
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. s)&R W#:X
C D '?!<I
答案:D Y @ ,e
应改为:of }-]s#^'w
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 UNH}*]u4`
(3) MvjwP?J]
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to 1.OXkgh
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nineteenth century. kU9AfAe
D 'w$we6f
答案:D $YO]IK$
应改为:to the nineteenth '~
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解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the oIR%{`3"I
第四节 不可数名词 Q ]koj!mMl
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 i~PZvxt
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抽象名词如: oTa+
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(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: RoXOGVo
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), .;sPG
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), gmH0-W)=
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴)
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还有表达学科类的名词如: ON=ley
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, w0>)y-
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) 3mn-dKe((
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物质名词如: Z`h_oK#y15
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), wx7>0[ zE
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) 8pKPbi;(2
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 k
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