高分语法讲解 xMtl<Na
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第一章 名词 ,*0>CBJvv
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 +IVVsVp
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第一节 可数名词 ezlp~z"_k
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考点一 单复数 -9-%_=6
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 ,{itnKJC
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 PK3)M'[
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) yt C{,g>
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 NNutpA}s
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: uVDB;6
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ]S,I}NP
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories L7n->8Qk
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives Ew4DumI
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs }5OlX
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例题: Yl8tj
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. ),bdj+wr78
A B C D 6xnJyEQUM
答案:A LdWeI
应改为:Flowers 5?9}^s4
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 {!^HG+
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic !nuXK
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pain. n)`*{uv$
答案:A Htsa<tF
应改为:Doctors e5`{*g$i).
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 @gxO%@@
考点二 复数形式特例 Q.\+
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意
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1.单复数词形相同 [FyE{NfiJ%
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 vj{h*~
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: d6hWmZVC
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises `]tXQqD
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula Z71"d"
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena H,H'bd/
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: ;AG5WPI
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), |n6nRE wW
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), '{OZ[$E
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: /ebYk-c
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) ]Ff&zBJ
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5 不规则的名词复数 &p4q# p7,
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice vQIoj31
tooth - teeth foot - feet mH}AVje{
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 ?}lCS7&
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例题: C{Npipd}v
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading L{5zA5#m
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. *(r85lEou)
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(2) #Q|$&b
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed fT'A{&h|U
A B C Is88+,O
feet. JDMaLo
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答案:D
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应改为:foot B;rq{ac!P]
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 RNIfw1R
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 X|.X4fs
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第二节 限定词 '9RHwKu&s
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: xi|iV1A
1.之后肯定接单数: i44KTC"sB
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. LfK <%(:
例句: Each of them has two books. ;Hm\?n)a
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) vbA9V<c&
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2.之后肯定接复数: \)LY_D:
these, those, many, such, other, NEK;'"~
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), L18Olu
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several BDcl1f T
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of k.0$~juu
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc V_Y SYG9f
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 vbh\uv&
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考点一 否定限定词no `_z8DA}E
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: .!=2#<
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. .7cQKdvcC
No one is here. &K|CH?
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: Hz+edMUL
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; lts{<AU~
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 XCQ=`3f
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例题: :'a |cjq
(1) Q+Jzab
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. ob-z-iDz
(A) none O,XVA
(B) no qp'HRh@P2:
(C) not W
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(D) nor MhWmY[
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答案: C #tGW|F
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 PzNk: O
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(2) Wyw/imr
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when " :@5|4qK
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. Ihw^g<X
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答案: A G?#f@N0.5p
应改为: No v&(PM{3o
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 M._9/
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考点二 their等物主代词 nc
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars dmgoVF_qR
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 \_bk+}WJ]s
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. BGh1hyJ8d
这里用their 而不用 the 2f2Vy:&O_
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例题: zy^t95/m
(1) gY9HEfB
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten dT?/9JIv
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the lives. 5 YjqN
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答案: D v/gxQy+l
应改为: their ]@LeyT'cY
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 _-mSK/Z
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(2) X$mCn#8m
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any A><w1-X&=o
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specific way. [{@0/5i
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答案: B ~|CWy
应改为: its '\g-z
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 #M/^n0E
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 `|rF^~6(dR
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 gPT<%F
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例题: Z(h.)$yH*=
(1) H\vd0DD;
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or 1U?,}w
A B C 6<hE]B)
relating those objects. gc6Zy|^V4`
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答案: B .Ld{QPa
应改为: is a set Q\moR^>
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 jL6ZHEi#d7
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(2) ^!v{
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At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. })F.Tjf*
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答案: D C
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应改为: responses `
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解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few <y2HzBC
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 e
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The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) ss0`9:z
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) |>
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第三节 冠词作限定词 >[0t@Tu,D
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 H8!)zZ
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考点一 不定冠词a / an G0Y]-*1
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: g#%Egb1
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university =Cc]ugl7-
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour F*-+5nJ&@
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). 7 MS-Gs|
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例题: tGJJ|mle>
(1) 3Z}v%=5
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How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever kgHZaQnD
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. ue1g(;
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答案: B有错 39~te%;C7
应改为: puzzle. GuC 9h^[=M
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle TVF:z_M9
(2) 26}fB
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a y@(EGfI
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question of physiology and of culture. +;
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答案: D有错 @KRia{
应改为: day ~ike&k{
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day %]1te*_
(3) $Wu|4]o>9
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the LLL;SNY
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nonprofessional metal worker. i91k0q*di
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答案: C X|yVRQ?F`
应改为: still a practical G#~U\QlG-
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 ] &SmeTe
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 h
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例题: X3][C
(1) `dWnu3r;
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. I%b5a`
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A B C D !K+hXQE1
答案: A m.<or?l'y>
应改为: An emotion mM~&mAa+Z
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an h(^c5#.
(2) I2-ue 63 ?
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine 4l>U13~#
A B C JDW/Mc1bh
chemically with other atoms.
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D O.Y|},F
答案: A R;fe v
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应改为: an atom k!G{#(++&6
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an v
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考点二 定冠词the >FS%-eI6
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: X]n`YF7
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: g-,lY| a
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 8k)*f+1o
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: 2Nx:Y+[
the first woman, the nineteenth century $at\aJ
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby \}%_FnP0ZU
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: xwW(WHdC]
the largest city, the most advanced technology tOte
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(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: F >^KXq:Z
the development of the watch, j?T>S]xOX
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: c<~DYe;;
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun `sy_'`i>X
在下列情况下,一般不用the: VC_F
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(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: XiV
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Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) {.0I!oWv
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the %rf6>
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) L?P[{Ohh/
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: :8hX kQ
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) X+HPdrT
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: j
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Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… ??|,wI
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(4) 一些固定词组中,如: x9t%
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed wlh
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乘车的词组: hOV5WO
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by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), w@YPG{"j
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) #Aj#C>
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), Xk:3w,
打球的词组: ^JY:$)4["
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball .:B0(4Mj
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. X4Uy3 TV>
例题: sYSq >M
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. ADP3Nic
(A) it was the d7x6r3J$
(B) that the h CV(O2jL
(C) there was a yM(ezb
(D) the ]D^; Ca
答案:D D$D;'Kij
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 bIk4?S
(2) -:Juxh
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of QYAt)Ik9q
A B a",
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Alaska and a territory of the Canada. EIg:@o&Jj
C D Z%SDN"+'g
答案:D bZ+Hu~
应改为:of ]*{tno
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 =#%Vs>G
(3) /q"8sj/
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to T\7t#Z
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A B C _w%{yF6
nineteenth century. ),-MrL8c%
D C
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答案:D `mN5s q
应改为:to the nineteenth 3nUC,T%
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the 5&134!hC
第四节 不可数名词 uC 2{
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 %
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抽象名词如: (;++a9GK
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: *p^*>~i9)
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), YH0utc
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理),
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enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) 2nB{oF-Z
还有表达学科类的名词如: hoZM;wC
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, SD1M`PI
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) #AH<dS
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物质名词如: .J2tm2]"EZ
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), }(w9[(K
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) RJ$x{$r[
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 /"7_75
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1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, b%UbTb,
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), #;s5=aH
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) n]v,cfn/=<
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 Tu}?Q.pKo
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice y"Jma`Vjq
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, ?9:~d#p
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 e c4vX
例题: j@Y'>3
(1) L31#v$;4
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and Tu_4kUCR!f
A B C D TX$4x~:
trade. cxn*!TwDs
答案:C G"nGaFT~
应改为:advertising e&ci\x%
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 xw~3x*{
词汇:barter: 实物交易 4LkW`Sbm
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考点二 限定词 4~J g\@
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: {P!1VYs
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much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) 2dJP|T9H
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 pMLTXqL
例题: Oe"nNvu/
(1) -X_dY>>s
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear Fb\ E39
A B C HJt@m
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. -xL^UcG0
D
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答案:D }}u16x}*n
应改为:little. 0t2n7Y?N
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little g<g$c<sm
(2) {iYrC m[_
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge 2U
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A B ,Rdw]O
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. l-$5CO
C D 3@wio[
答案:B
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应改为:much evidence ^X ~S}MX
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 VWrb`
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另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 %>Mcme>(W
例如:
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a lot of students , a lot of money {Kz!)uaC
the rest of the students, the rest of money rqz48~\lJ
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. ^Q9K]Vo
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第五节 所有格及of结构 lC@wCgc
)v\ A8)[
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 yVWt%o/
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, + cZC$lo
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office ogqKM_
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , hISYtNWjd"
如: the students' union, the ladies' room VFq7nV/O
例题: `jec|i@oO
(1) Vi#[kn'
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. BmaY&?
(A) of the drop ~( :$c3\
(B) the drop's i
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(C) drop of EAHdt=8W{
(D) drops their h+w1 D} *
答案: (B) XB a^
A
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 O"1HO[
(2) \F)WUIK
Over a very lar 89t"2|9 u
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 9%2he)Yqc
(A) occurs @2`nBtk
(B) will occur 7Rd(,eWE@
(C) can occur 8:2Vib$
(D) occurring UG4I@@=
答案:D 93=?^
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 ,eSpt#M
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考点二 of结构 "~KTLf
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) L uW""P/
如: the title of the passage RL
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例如: nWhf
(1) %*
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James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names d(9-T@J
A B C /lhk}
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of some works years after their completion. h")7kjM
D Mb45UG#2
答案: C X":2o|R
应改为: paintings s(e1kk}"
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 y\[q2M<
(2) 1&vR7z]*
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and qEVpkvEq
A B C D 0fK#:6
spinal cord. <fA}_BH%]
答案: B j8]M}Q$
应改为: stimulation E`{DX
9^
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 px(~ZZB"
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 }lCQ+s!
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 kuq&; uk$Q
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 T)Q_dF.N
例题: D9hq$?
(1) 1/6}E]-F
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. /CbiYm
(A) was a major collection hzpl;Mj
(B) that a major collection ~y
whl'"k
(C) a collection was major IGab~`c-[
(D) a major collection =H}x
答案: (D) sM%l:Fv
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 (m=1yj9
(2) Vi0D>4{+
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of =EU;%f
A B C D oiD{Z
medieval alchemists. tZFpxyF
答案:A +oHbAPs8
应改为:beginnings. Y^;izM}
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 02,.UqCz
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 _A0X[}^K
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 A>HCX 4i
例题: TmM~uc7mj
(1) 5w+&plIJ
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. 2iO{*cB
(A) new dance, the twist ]1W]
(B) twist, was the new dance =^_a2_BBl
(C) twist, the new dance that LnsYtkbr
(D) new dance is the twist )|AxQPd
答案: (A) M-q5Jfm
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 4Tx.|
(2) r6:e
423
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep ta
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A B GhjqStjS&l
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. QXl~a%lB
C D !-
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答案: D {y%@1q%"
应改为: promise. -%{+\x2
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 S-</(,E}|
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 b^P\Q s*m
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, lLglF4
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. YIb7y1\UM
例题: ^gR~~t;@
(1) (XFF}~>B.
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. \$F#bIjC
(A) that institutes giW9b_
(B) while instituted u|D L?c>W
(C) was an institution s vS)7]{cU
(D) an institute nHp$5|r<
答案: (D) aMJ2bu
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 N
ZFUC D)
(2) DNyt_5j&:
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. fRkx ^u
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(A) is the great modern choreographer U!JmSP
(B) one of the great modern choreographers B[+b%a3
(C) that the great modern choreographers MfKru,LSh
(D) the modern choreographers were great TB84}
答案:B -SzCeq(p%5
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句