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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 ?$e9<lsQq)  
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第一章 名词 -hkQ2[Ew#  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 ICAH G7,  
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第一节 可数名词 wH~kTU2br  
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考点一 单复数 @iEA:?9uX  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 Z3!f^vAi&  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 \,J/ r!  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 3s"0SLS4  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 h^j?01*Et  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: "_2Ng<2  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes (%O@r!{  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories }8;[O 9  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives 1Z{ZV.!  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs 9o>8o  
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例题: rpw.]vnn  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. =}PdH`S  
   A         B           C       D #$3yz'"QF  
答案:A fvb=#58N_  
应改为:Flowers 1".v6caW  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 mqq;H}  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic `gKf#f  
   A               B   C          D \p%3vRwS%p  
pain. @,XSs  
答案:A 3OM2Y_  
应改为:Doctors O0>A+o[1F  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 % >;#9"O4  
考点二 复数形式特例 h_ d<!  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 BPr ^D0P  
1.单复数词形相同 Ma| qHg  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 4`Ic&c/  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: ](F#`zUQ  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises rxme(9M  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula 81*M= ?  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena R/`q/0T.  
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: -)vEW n$3<  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), %& _V0R\k  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), 0j(M* sl  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: /*Qq[C  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) 7hy&-<  
fSDi- I  
5 不规则的名词复数 6oSQQhge  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice D #S\!>m  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet 2 &Nb  
<}6{{&mT4  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 _tr<}PnZ  
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例题: 20rkKFk*  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading G;3~2^lB\  
       A            B           C  ; v  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. :R):b  
            D #E0t?:t5bk  
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(2) )rLMIk  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed YC]L)eafo`  
  A      B           C           N)% ;jh:T  
feet. ZDL']*)'  
 D x]5@>5  
答案:D 1xf=_F0`&  
应改为:foot V Cy5JH  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 ~8|t*@D  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 W\f9jfD  
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第二节 限定词 ^BZkHAp  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: C} IbxKl  
1.之后肯定接单数: vFrt|JC_{  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.  t4Z  
例句: Each of them has two books. sM1RU  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) BcA31%  
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2.之后肯定接复数: O$`UCq  
these, those, many, such, other, 6`\]derSon  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), N12:{U  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several _ nT{g  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of {mE! Vf  
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc ANH4IYd3  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 u%O-;>J  
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考点一 否定限定词no j&6 jRX  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: t0PQ~|H<KV  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. dw@E)  
No one is here. )Du -_Z  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: _J?SIm  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; #`GbHxd  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 >e5zrgV  
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例题: FyD.>ot7M  
(1) (0*v*kYdL+  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. #G _/.h@  
(A) none D#sf i,O  
(B) no !"4w&bQ  
(C) not $CtCOwKZ  
(D) nor si/er"&o  
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答案: C =xEk7'W6k  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 H$!-f>Rxa  
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(2) qR,.W/eS8  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when >7-y#SkXdo  
A                B           C 9$tl00  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. =Q?f96T  
        D X7cWgo66T  
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答案: A dXP6"V@i I  
应改为: No Fe= "EDh  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 CM 9P"-  
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考点二 their等物主代词 d7~j^v)=^  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars npj/7nZj  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 +Jw{qQR/*  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. `` -k{C#F  
这里用their 而不用 the aYj%w  
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例题: S8*>kM '  
(1) Yq0# #__  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten F!R2_89iy  
              A      B        C N*1  
the lives. ~u2w`H?V  
 D e`ex]py<C  
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答案: D bFn(w:1Q  
应改为: their )d_U)b7i  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 #ko6L3Pi  
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(2) &E]"c]i+  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any |` v^d|  
      A        B              C ~ a >S#S  
specific way. p|s2G~0<  
    D  JilKZQmk  
XC}1_VWs  
答案: B (k#t }B[  
应改为: its "MTq{f2?  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 CwB] )QV?  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 X_!$Pk7ma  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 ME,duY/>Q  
XJ _%!  
例题: P8u" T!G  
(1) .:SfM r;G  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or $ JuLAqq  
        A        B        C 4(;20(q]  
relating those objects. /:^tc/5U ]  
 D ![j(o!6&  
0x6@{0  
答案: B 7%X+O8  
应改为: is a set %va[jJ  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 zEAx:6`c  
J ( =4  
(2) 2pw>B%1WP)  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. td%Y4-+-  
A       B     C           D 40rZ~!}  
mJ/^BT]  
答案: D C?bXrG\  
应改为: responses v)TUg0U=,  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few eNHpgj  
Y{`3`Pg&N  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 ya;@<b  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) 9$8X> T^   
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) "Fo  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 T<! \B]  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 }3LBbG0Bw  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an 8Ix -i  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: nYo &x'  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university f6@^ Mg  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour p`shY yE  
Cij$GYkv  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). vsOdp:Yp9!  
oFX"F0rx  
例题: nNkyOaK*4  
(1)       #JHy[!4  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever  zZS>+O  
   A                 B           C r3*+8 D~a_  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. kxt\{iy4  
                 D ]b5%?^Z#  
答案: B有错 WsG"x>1n  
应改为: puzzle. 4f_ZY5=  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle  m^W*[ ^p  
(2) [flu |v  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a  hg<"Yg=  
   A        B       C          D K|P9uH D  
question of physiology and of culture. G_4K+ -K  
答案: D有错 lq78gOg{  
应改为: day IN]` lJ  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day wdN>KS2!  
(3) $9LGdKZ_D  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the yoq\9* ?u^  
  A      B       C j3sz*:  
nonprofessional metal worker. /6i Tq^.%  
    D TsFV ;S l3  
答案: C AaCnTRG  
应改为: still a practical CWobvR)e  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 n',9#I(!L  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 )D6'k{6M  
例题: >uP{9kDm  
(1) &UJ Ty'  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. dd?x5|/#  
   A     B    C           D )sY$\^'WY  
答案: A ".*a)  
应改为: An emotion S+Y y  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an FEm1^X#]  
(2) @vQ;>4i.  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine nkr,  
   A    B                       C b3y,4ke"  
chemically with other atoms. Q9x` Uy  
         D I49=ozPP  
答案: A {$u@6& B  
应改为: an atom m\}\RnZu  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an XSHwE)m  
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考点二 定冠词the JJbM)B@-  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: 2jrX  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: 1VPN#Q!  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower u}@% 70A  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: }ii]c Y  
the first woman, the nineteenth century u[6` Jr~  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby j .yr 5%  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: {ZBb. $}RC  
the largest city, the most advanced technology #Ko+_Hm?4  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: NNREt:+kr  
the development of the watch, Um0<I)  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: )lngef /D_  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun (>Q9jNW  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: q%=7<( w  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: 2dV\=vd  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) 48"Y-TV  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the )1tnZ= &  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) me}Gb a  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: nD?M;XN  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) uK&wS#uY  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: $xn%i\  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… G~$M"@Q7N  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: ;(iUY/ h[h  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed 51(`wo>LS  
乘车的词组: g J[q {b  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), :z,vJ~PW  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) pfn#~gC_=  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), R;-FZ@u/  
打球的词组: {pJ@I=q  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball z?) RF[  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. Kd[`m kmS  
例题: hu*>B  
(D)       9oau _ Q#  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. CH_Dat >  
(A) it was the TboHP/  
(B) that the NVh>Q>B$_  
(C) there was a [,?A$Z*Z|  
(D) the .$s|T  
答案:D s1b\I6&:J  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 <Phr`/  
(2) ZYt"=\_  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of X|lmH{kf  
           A            B 28qWC~/9  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. IhKas4  
     C      D q>lkLHS  
答案:D !";$Zu  
应改为:of NTX+7<  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 52R.L9Ai  
(3) yT9RNo/w  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to ~ilBw:L-3  
  A      B              C    *E q7r>[  
nineteenth century. WD`{kqc  
  D u^.k"46hn  
答案:D -hV KPIb  
应改为:to the nineteenth n{NgtH\V  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the k yA(m;r  
第四节 不可数名词 ED_5V@  
wbKBwI5w  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 }(I DPaJ  
oa|*-nw  
抽象名词如: g 5N<B+?!i  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: `5jB|r/  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), B{7/A[$%C  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), W 9MZ  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) | (9FV^_  
还有表达学科类的名词如: jJ C( (1|  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, &!fcLJd  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) AQU: 0  
>x0lSL0y  
物质名词如: X,CF Y  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃),  @n'ss!h  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) [,X,2  
UHHKI)(  
nit7|T@^  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 !Hj)S](F  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, J, >PLQAa  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), XmR5dLc8  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) BVeNK=7m%  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 aBLb i  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice Xh!Pg)|E  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, j"8N)la  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 jo#F&  
例题: 2a-hf|b1  
(1) ( "z;Q?(  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and 9hpM*wt  
       A      B    C          D bd}SB-D  
trade. -2d&Aq4m)  
答案:C VHNiTp  
应改为:advertising z|H>jit+  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 Dw,f~D$+ic  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 +2O_LPV$,  
X|G+N(`|(  
考点二 限定词 yK3z3"1M?  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: gu&oCT  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) KR0 x[#.*  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 `;@4f |N9  
例题: ![%,pip2/&  
(1) 3 J<,2  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear 1fZ:^|\  
        A              B         C eRbO Hj1  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. cw{[B%vw  
                     D O2f2Fb$B7  
答案:D w.H+$=aK  
应改为:little. T(F8z5s5  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little C"<@EMU9  
(2) 4uA^/]ygo  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge g(k|"g`*  
      A                    B FO$Tn+\6  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. wP*Z/}Uum+  
           C         D v'tk: Hm1  
答案:B IIkJ"Qg.  
应改为:much evidence $(U|JR@  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词  %3j5Q   
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 KJ_R@,v\  
例如: )RFeF!("  
a lot of students , a lot of money :F&WlU$L  
the rest of the students, the rest of money #Z A YP  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. d/1XL[&  
\BL9}5y  
第五节 所有格及of结构 tS$Ne7yk e  
"dOzQz*E  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 zKNk(/y  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, x<(h9tB  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office kN)ev?pQ[  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , uZ+<  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room Ee O{G*pq  
例题: 9[`6f8S_$  
(1) |w DCIHzQ  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. AN@Vos Cu  
(A) of the drop (Gcl,IW  
(B) the drop's scdT/|(U$  
(C) drop of gA6C(##0  
(D) drops their }1V&(#H2  
答案: (B) +-hmITJ v  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 x>^S..K}L%  
(2) 5 F-Q&  
Over a very lar U^xFqJY6  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. {#vo^& B  
(A) occurs <\5{R@A*6  
(B) will occur zy|hf<V  
(C) can occur X\;y;pmRH  
(D) occurring .eE5pyw+C  
答案:D S'txY\  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 9cLKb  
Xy._&&pt  
考点二 of结构 7$'ja  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) WI%,m~  
如: the title of the passage +mJAIjH  
例如:  ZM"t.  
(1) w^~,M3(+)1  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names e*tOXXY1  
          A     B     C %\A~w3E  
of some works years after their completion. fA8 ,wy|>  
       D COap*  
答案: C /#tOi[0[  
应改为: paintings 8W{R&Z7aL  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 Ae"B]Cxb_X  
(2) O?@AnkOhn  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and e. [h  
      A         B     C         D C`fQ` RL\  
spinal cord. =vR>KE  
答案: B jN'zNOV~  
应改为: stimulation w0pH|$"/P  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 [ACa<U/  
>6c{CYuT  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 =7a9~&|  
SO|$X  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 "_lSw3  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 _T1|_9b  
例题: bYiaJ  
(1) ct`89~"  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. .RdnJ&K*  
(A) was a major collection LKhUqW  
(B) that a major collection "lB[IB)  
(C) a collection was major [S4<bh!  
(D) a major collection lwSA!W  
答案: (D) Z<`QDBN"4  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 d4~!d>{n|c  
(2) />H9T[3=  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of <d8 Yk>R  
    A         B        C     D *&XOzaVU  
medieval alchemists. @u?m4v{  
答案:A >o.4sN@  
应改为:beginnings. K1Mn_)%  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 4PR!O B  
m;'ebkq  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 ^DD ]jx  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 K9]L>Wj  
例题: 1 Qln|b8<  
(1) )1N~-VuT  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. |cs]98FEf  
(A) new dance, the twist @P@?KZ..v!  
(B) twist, was the new dance >4 VN1 ^  
(C) twist, the new dance that G0)}?5L1J  
(D) new dance is the twist #ozui-u>  
答案: (A) <- L}N '  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 shKTj5s?  
(2) .~u[rc|<  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep xa8;"Y~"bg  
     A                B        {>g{+Eq  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. 2)hfYLi  
 C               D 2DU Y4Ti  
答案: D C cPOK2  
应改为: promise. ,R. rxoO  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 (@m/j2z  
w p\-LO~  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 1J([*)  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, SSxp!E'  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 1oe,>\\  
例题: `*6|2  
(1) t W+"/<U  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. x$;RfK2&p  
(A) that institutes ^hXm=r4ozR  
(B) while instituted [Do^EJ  
(C) was an institution O uNPDq%  
(D) an institute aq)g&.dw?  
答案: (D) ; [G:  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 @^T~W^+  
(2) /poGhB 1k  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. >TMd1? ,  
(A) is the great modern choreographer ]DKRug5  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers 1 RJFPv  
(C) that the great modern choreographers 58XZ]Mc0  
(D) the modern choreographers were great ynv{ rMl  
答案:B ,`JYFh M  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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