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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 z+}QZ >  
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第一章 名词 :e1o<JgPt  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 INs!Ame2  
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第一节 可数名词 A5:qKaAq  
620%Z*   
考点一 单复数 n"PJ,ao  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 =;a!u  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 mMx ;yZ  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) gbeghLP[?  
dC e4u<so\  
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 Jf)bHjC_V  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:  9fnA  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ,d+fDmm3  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories 9Ya<My  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives PP~rn fE  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs 9//+Bh  
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例题: 5AS[\CB4  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. "vYE+   
   A         B           C       D 8[CB>-9  
答案:A xqXDxJlns  
应改为:Flowers E CdvX0*a  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 R3)57OyV  
&C im!I  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic cfox7FmW  
   A               B   C          D "'8KV\/D  
pain. JXG"M# {  
答案:A <H1 `  
应改为:Doctors '\~$dtI$  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 L%v^s4@  
考点二 复数形式特例 F-D]TRG/*]  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 !3i Gz_y  
1.单复数词形相同 k4qp u=@U  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 Ftw;Yz  
,\ 2a=Fp  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: ccC zu6  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises 6{[pou&  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula I$Qs;- (  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena A*. /,KT  
x}U8zt)yD3  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: Wv__ wZ  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), ]0;864X0  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), #-3=o6DCK  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: 2^t#6XBk/  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) ;})5:\h  
D+ ~_TA  
5 不规则的名词复数 7r|(}S  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice -(`OcGM'L  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet QDpEb=|S  
?JV|dM  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 v+jsC`m  
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例题: ,>t69 Ad  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading [^8n0{JiN  
       A            B           C tO_H!kP  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. zEZLKWm9-  
            D Soie^$ Y  
{pb>$G:gfx  
(2) xEuN   
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed O D Ur  
  A      B           C           H _Va"yTO6  
feet. ExHKw~y9  
 D nm7;ieMfr  
答案:D fYE(n8W3  
应改为:foot c!8=lrT.  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 M MzGd:0b  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 y7KzW*>g :  
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第二节 限定词 ~[k%oA%W  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: s4_/&h  
1.之后肯定接单数: _Lw OOZj  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. s:00yQ  
例句: Each of them has two books. fF*`'i=!  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) &[2U$`P`V  
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2.之后肯定接复数: %AOIKK5  
these, those, many, such, other, K^r)CCO  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), `:'w@(q  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several  `[zQf  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of I ];M7  
9+,R`v  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc [P |[vWO  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 :V)lbn\  
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考点一 否定限定词no 5-)#f?  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: W&h[p_0  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. 39 {{7(hh  
No one is here. * y^OV_n-8  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: }0,>2TTDN  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; %hlspI(J  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 3Q/#T1@  
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例题: W:i?t8y\y  
(1) ch5s<x#CE  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. 8\<jyJ  
(A) none - Xz?s  
(B) no |L_wX:d`9  
(C) not G0n'KB  
(D) nor Y}6n]n;uR  
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答案: C 4 !`bZ`_Bw  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 (Lh#`L?x  
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(2) Q5S,{ ZeT  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when 59(U`X  
A                B           C 6]Q3Yz^h  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. *cWmS\h|  
        D Ju@Q6 J5  
Kr  L>FI  
答案: A '%v#v3'  
应改为: No ^SEdA=!  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 O`FqD{@V  
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考点二 their等物主代词 Bz8 &R|~>"  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars $awi>#[  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 /I&wj^   
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. jm>3bd  
这里用their 而不用 the HN5W@5m: .  
5/ecaAB2  
例题: &!7+Yb(1  
(1) #*q2d  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten j St mS2n  
              A      B        C Ru%|}sfd  
the lives. !7lj>BA >  
 D c $;\i  
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答案: D P1 +"v*  
应改为: their 7u11&(Lz  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 -@%%*YI>  
kv|,b   
(2) #*IVlchA"B  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any A-E+s~U8  
      A        B              C f|0lj   
specific way. 3VCqp13  
    D QrjDF>   
Hw_o w ?  
答案: B "h$R ]~eG  
应改为: its = TcOnQj  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 P@ypk^v  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 6TFo|z!C  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 L4974E?S  
n E :'Zxj  
例题: tjzA)/T,4  
(1) K^ D82tP  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or A!HK~yk~Q  
        A        B        C 0<P(M:a  
relating those objects. uCUu!Vfeg  
 D Lt<oi8'N   
S=9E@(]  
答案: B nk08>veG  
应改为: is a set c cr" ep  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 /Dd\PjIH{  
c IZc:   
(2) K`+vfqX  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. p$OD*f_b  
A       B     C           D ;/A}}B]y  
O)<r>vqe}  
答案: D pI^=B-7  
应改为: responses Yk7"XP[Y  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few `QLowna  
i+U51t<  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 jeFN*r _  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) @^HwrwRA  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) fk\5D[j^  
E!YmcpCl  
第三节 冠词作限定词 .HOY q  
/$*; >4=>f  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 AO8:|?3S  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an 8>v7v&Bh|  
qa;EI ; 8  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: e@+v9Bs]q  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university #mTMt;x  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour xOgq-@`  
hgif]?:C<  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). <tU :U<ea]  
{Ot[WF  
例题: q|/!0MU"  
(1)       gpsrw>nw  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever 3liq9P_  
   A                 B           C B*BHF95!  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. |y'b21 7t  
                 D 6|i`@|#  
答案: B有错 v(k*A:  
应改为: puzzle. @Z,qu2~|!  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle BMe72  
(2) AV9:O{  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a 89ZDOji?O  
   A        B       C          D mn Qal>0~  
question of physiology and of culture. 8[f8k 3g  
答案: D有错 @t "~   
应改为: day /S/tE  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day e|35|I '  
(3) i<0D Z_rub  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the YcEtgpz@  
  A      B       C ;c nnqT6  
nonprofessional metal worker.  aKa  R  
    D P~n8EO1r  
答案: C #I bS  
应改为: still a practical cYE./1D a  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 b "`ru~]  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 zK[ 7:<  
例题: z0=Rp0_W  
(1) 6yy|V~5  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. 'nC3:U  
   A     B    C           D m*Q[lr=  
答案: A  n.=e)*  
应改为: An emotion UZ[/aq  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an wpAw/-/  
(2) pE$|2v  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine j;$6F/g  
   A    B                       C c13vEn!c  
chemically with other atoms. f ho=<|-  
         D 4r68`<mn[  
答案: A 61ON  
应改为: an atom UrD=|-r`  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an .5jnKU8NF  
s BeP;ox  
考点二 定冠词the J3]qg.B%z  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: z v L>(R  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: <M5{.`o  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower f.U0E6-(3N  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: s0~05{  
the first woman, the nineteenth century 'xLM>6[wz  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby bQ|#_/?  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: :,xyVb+  
the largest city, the most advanced technology .(P@Bl]XJ  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: c<JM1  
the development of the watch, JxMyeo%gv  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: $ uz 1  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun zR3lX}g  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: K4h-4Qbn  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: p[af[!  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) qb>|n1F_  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the rA1zyZlz  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) ,Do$`yO+  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: 6\)8mK  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) u@:=qd=\  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: @6I[{{>X  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… J7 *G/F  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如:  2U+z~  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed ,G!_ SZ  
乘车的词组: gn e #v  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车),  #LNB@E  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) ]Xkc0E1  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), 9q0,K" x)  
打球的词组: 1vR#FE?  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball CgTQGJ}-  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. %f3Nml  
例题: 6!}m$Dvt~  
(D)       xUYN\Pc-  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. ]K0,nj*\c  
(A) it was the ;uWI l  
(B) that the omUl2C  
(C) there was a x+)hL D[ n  
(D) the aY1#K6(y  
答案:D i7w}` vs  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 GF.g'wYc)Y  
(2) < &m  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of J<P/w%i2  
           A            B A&_i]o  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. s)&R W#:X  
     C      D '?!<I  
答案:D Y @ ,e  
应改为:of }-]s#^'w  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 UNH}*]u4`  
(3) MvjwP?J]  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to 1.OXkgh  
  A      B              C    W,oV$ s^  
nineteenth century. kU9AfAe  
  D 'w$we6f  
答案:D $YO]IK$  
应改为:to the nineteenth '~ 6CGqU*  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the oIR%{`3"I  
第四节 不可数名词 Q]koj!mMl  
sVl:EVv  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 i~PZvxt  
@P*P8v8:  
抽象名词如: oTa+ E'q  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: RoXOGVo  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), .;sPG  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), gmH0-W)=  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) M]:B: ;  
还有表达学科类的名词如: ON=ley  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, w0>)y -  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) 3mn-dKe((  
ov.rHVeI  
物质名词如: Z`h_oK#y15  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), wx7>0[zE  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) 8pKPbi;(2  
24k}~"We  
*wl_8Sis}  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 k 5<0M'  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, 3JO:n6  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), 5 `mVe0uI  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) zT40,rk  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 obk v ]~  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice \shoLp   
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, lw lW.C  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 g5]DA.&(  
例题: 438> )=  
(1) BbhdGFG1  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and hRiGW_t  
       A      B    C          D 35\0g&  
trade. 2Nszxvq,  
答案:C >@\-m  
应改为:advertising 7}?z=LHb3  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 D7oV&vXg  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 7~g0{W>Zm  
P,], N)  
考点二 限定词 L 3Iz]D3s  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: qTex\qP  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) 7tnzgtal  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 uSbg*OA  
例题: 2^+"GCo  
(1) [! o -F;  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear L~zet-3UNf  
        A              B         C rJxT)bR  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. ZaV@}=Rd8  
                     D {hR23eE)#  
答案:D Gj?q+-d!(5  
应改为:little. y-> iv%  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little U3QnWPt}>  
(2) R["7%|RV  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge LdL\B0^l  
      A                    B )<&QcO_  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. i vk|-C'\  
           C         D =+WFx3/  
答案:B `w }"0+V  
应改为:much evidence D.} b<kDD  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 &3. 8i%  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 tIw4V^'|  
例如: !{LwX Kf  
a lot of students , a lot of money HmKE>C/  
the rest of the students, the rest of money v]>(Ps )R  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. 3{=4q  
^S @b*  
第五节 所有格及of结构 j3U8@tuG  
#e[5O| V~  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 4{=Em5`HbO  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, xOH@V4z:  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office ;8UHPDnst  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , #Bjnz$KB  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room D]REZuHOI  
例题: H{If\B%1t  
(1) (nm&\b~j  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. &H6Fkza;4  
(A) of the drop :1Ay_ b_J  
(B) the drop's 9b>a<Z  
(C) drop of Wk?XlCj  
(D) drops their tQ"PCm  
答案: (B) #+$z`C`  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 \BA_PyS?W+  
(2) _#I0m(  
Over a very lar e5dwq  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. g"xZ{k_3  
(A) occurs 0X;Dr-3<  
(B) will occur H3JWf MlW  
(C) can occur h4U .wk  
(D) occurring Xv9C D  
答案:D *ZHk^d:  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 (q utgnW  
{az8*MR=X  
考点二 of结构 x~ I cSt  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) XS>4efCJ   
如: the title of the passage 2HUoT\M  
例如: |oX l+&u  
(1) /%~`B[4F  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names GerZA#  
          A     B     C H&I 0\upd  
of some works years after their completion. 6;ICX2Wq'  
       D '8Yx  
答案: C 27)$;1MT:  
应改为: paintings w\a\I  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 _uDtRoI8  
(2) a XwFQ,  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and G'!Hc6OZ  
      A         B     C         D zdtzR<X   
spinal cord. 6x_8m^+m  
答案: B /Z-|E  
应改为: stimulation ]ko>vQ4]3  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 VF;%Z  
e<q;` H  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 /|Zk$q.\  
V_h , UYN  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 ~Xa  >;  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 r"^P>8  
例题: B \BP:;"  
(1) RxcX\:  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. '(=krM9;  
(A) was a major collection ,9=5.+AJ  
(B) that a major collection C4ge_u#  
(C) a collection was major T2GJoJ!  
(D) a major collection !Vy/-N  
答案: (D) 90 (JP-  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 ~ #Vrf0w/  
(2) g\GuH?|   
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of 4; y*y tY*  
    A         B        C     D *}Vg]3$4  
medieval alchemists. #Mrof9  
答案:A 0"LJ{:plz  
应改为:beginnings. 5V]!xi  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 ~}+F$&  
xbsp[0I,  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 6;Wns'  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 h:[%' htz  
例题: w a2?%y_G  
(1) tP^2NTs%]  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. v*U OD'tk  
(A) new dance, the twist '9.L5*wh]  
(B) twist, was the new dance dv1Y2 [  
(C) twist, the new dance that QZw`+KR  
(D) new dance is the twist Qv~lH&jG  
答案: (A) *: }9(8d  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 sQwRlx  
(2) Y?IvG&])  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep }xJ ).D  
     A                B        Qa>t$`o`  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. POB6#x  
 C               D (J} tCqP  
答案: D S+2we  
应改为: promise. 7!F<Uf,V3  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 A s"% u  
DsX+/)d  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 x<d2/[(}mT  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, 0Sx$6:-~  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. SJ*qgI?}T  
例题: tK7v&[cI  
(1) tw k  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. erlg\-H   
(A) that institutes !KC4[;Y  
(B) while instituted ++\s0A(e  
(C) was an institution tY@+d*u  
(D) an institute <]Btx;}  
答案: (D) Bi-x gq'z  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 ?uh%WN6nU]  
(2) F rd>+   
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. SiLWy=qbR  
(A) is the great modern choreographer xcE2hK/+  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers -J":'xCP!  
(C) that the great modern choreographers =I8^E\O("  
(D) the modern choreographers were great &0x;60b  
答案:B HC!5AJ&+}v  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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