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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 x Mtl<Na   
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第一章 名词 ,*0>CBJvv  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 +IVVsVp  
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第一节 可数名词 ezlp~z"_k  
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考点一 单复数 -9-%_=6  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 ,{itnKJC  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 PK3)M'[  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) yt  C{,g>  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 NNutpA}s  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: uVDB; 6  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ]S,I}NP  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories L7n->8Qk  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives Ew4DumI  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs } 5OlX  
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例题: Yl8tj q}iC  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. ),bdj+wr78  
   A         B           C       D 6xnJyEQUM  
答案:A LdWeI  
应改为:Flowers 5?9}^s4  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 {!^HG+  
P|HY=RM a  
$Ae/NwIlc  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic !n uXK  
   A               B   C          D 3w{ i5gGn  
pain. n )`*{uv$  
答案:A Htsa<t F  
应改为:Doctors e5`{*g$i).  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 @gxO%@@  
考点二 复数形式特例 Q.\+ XR_|  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 : ] Y=  
1.单复数词形相同 [FyE{NfiJ%  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 vj{h*~  
*"9b?`E  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: d6hWmZVC  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises `]tXQqD  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula Z71"d"  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena H,H'bd/  
pOH_ CXw  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: ;AG5WPI  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), |n6nRE wW  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), '{OZ[$E  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: /ebYk-c  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) ]Ff&zBJ  
xQJdt $]U@  
5 不规则的名词复数 &p4q# p7,  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice vQIoj31  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet mH}AVje{ `  
V (X)Qu@R  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 ?}lCS7&  
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例题: C{Npipd}v  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading L {5zA5#m  
       A            B           C nTYqZlI,  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. *(r85lEou)  
            D qe\j$Cjy  
1S_ KX.  
(2) #Q|$&b  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed fT'A{&h|U  
  A      B           C           I s88+,O  
feet. JDMaLo  
 D ^{Mx?]z  
答案:D J/ rQ42d  
应改为:foot B;rq{ac!P]  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 RNIfw1R  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 X|.X4fs  
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第二节 限定词 '9RHwKu&s  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: xi|iV1A  
1.之后肯定接单数: i44KTC"sB  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. LfK <%(:  
例句: Each of them has two books. ;Hm\?n)a  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) vbA9 V<c&  
m4kmJaM  
2.之后肯定接复数: \)LY_D:  
these, those, many, such, other, NEK;'"  ~  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), L18Olu   
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several BDcl1f T  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of k.0$~juu  
<4Ujk8Zj  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc V_Y SYG9f  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 v bh\uv&  
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80 p7+W2m  
考点一 否定限定词no `_z8DA}E  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: .!=2#<  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. .7cQKdvcC  
No one is here. &K|CH? D  
kjjO<x?&*  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: Hz+edM UL  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; lts{<AU~  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 XCQ =`3f  
8"RX~Igf  
例题: :'a |cjq  
(1) Q+Jzab  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. ob-z-iDz  
(A) none O,XVA  
(B) no qp'HRh@P2:  
(C) not W 4~a`D7  
(D) nor MhWmY[  
')+'m1N  
答案: C #tGW|F  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 PzNk:O  
>t3%-Kc  
(2) Wyw/imr  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when " :@5|4qK  
A                B           C +A e4LeVzc  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. Ihw^g <X  
        D %F]4)XeW-+  
ezgP \ct  
答案: A G?#f@N0.5p  
应改为: No v&(PM{3o  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 M._9/ *C U  
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考点二 their等物主代词 nc uqo'r  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars dmgoVF_qR  
>;-.rJFr  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 \_bk+}WJ]s  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. BGh1hyJ8d  
这里用their 而不用 the 2f2Vy:&O_  
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例题: zy^t95/m  
(1) gY9HEfB  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten dT?/9JIv  
              A      B        C plcz m 2  
the lives. 5 Yj qN  
 D <]1Z  
|h}/#qhR  
答案: D v/gxQy+l  
应改为: their ]@LeyT'cY  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 _-mSK/Z  
NNDW)@p6z  
(2) X$mCn#8m  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any A><w1-X&=o  
      A        B              C my|]:(_0d  
specific way. [ {@0/5i  
    D uUmkk  
=emcs%  
答案: B ~| CWy  
应改为: its '\g-z  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 #M/^n0E  
, yd]R4M  
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 `|rF^~6(dR  
Dt]N&E#\D  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 gPT<%F  
|^:qJ;dOP  
例题: Z(h.)$yH*=  
(1) H\vd0DD;  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or 1U?,}w   
        A        B        C 6< hE]B)  
relating those objects. gc6Zy|^V4`  
 D _Jt  
nhdOo   
答案: B .Ld{QPa  
应改为: is a set Q\moR^>  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 jL6ZHEi#d7  
'qy LQ:6  
(2) ^!v{ >3  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. })F.Tjf*  
A       B     C           D xQ0.2[*5  
@{q:179w^  
答案: D C K=TD`$w  
应改为: responses ` EdZ  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few <y2HzBC  
t9eEcq Mg  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 e 2_p7   
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) ss0`9:z  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) |> zYUT[V  
or qL0i  
第三节 冠词作限定词 >[0t@Tu,D  
f2iA5 rCV]  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 H8!)zZ  
#ZyY(S1.  
考点一 不定冠词a / an G0Y]-*1  
i4}+n^oSYo  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: g#%Egb1  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university =Cc]ugl7-  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour F*-+5nJ&@  
e'A 1%g)  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). 7 MS-Gs|  
kB9@ &t +  
例题: tGJJ|mle>  
(1)       3Z}v%=5 "  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever kgHZaQnD  
   A                 B           C "&C>=  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. ue1g(;  
                 D ?c<uN~fC=  
答案: B有错 39~te%;C7  
应改为: puzzle. GuC 9h^[=M  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle TVF:z_M9  
(2) 26}fB  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a y@(EGfI  
   A        B       C          D lNz1|nS(Kd  
question of physiology and of culture. +; ,X?E]g  
答案: D有错 @KRia{  
应改为: day ~ike&k{  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day %]1te*_  
(3) $Wu|4]o>9  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the LLL;SNY  
  A      B       C }USOWsLSt  
nonprofessional metal worker. i91k0q*di  
    D kjDmwa+91T  
答案: C X|yVRQ?F`  
应改为: still a practical G#~U\QlG-  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 ] &SmeTe  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 h j\A-Yf  
例题: X3] [C  
(1) `dWnu3r;  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. I%b5a` 7  
   A     B    C           D !K+hXQE1  
答案: A m.<or?l'y>  
应改为: An emotion mM~&mAa+Z  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an h(^c5#.  
(2) I2-ue 63 ?  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine 4l>U13~#  
   A    B                       C JDW/Mc1bh  
chemically with other atoms. [e_<UF@A*  
         D O.Y|},F  
答案: A R;fev 1mE  
应改为: an atom k!G{#(++&6  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an v $+A!eo  
K4o']{:U  
考点二 定冠词the >FS%-eI6  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: X]n`YF7  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: g-,lY|a  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 8k)*f+1o  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: 2Nx:Y+[  
the first woman, the nineteenth century $at\aJ  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby \}%_FnP0ZU  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: xwW(WHdC]  
the largest city, the most advanced technology tOte [~,  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: F>^KXq:Z  
the development of the watch, j?T>S]xOX  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: c<~DYe;;  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun `sy_'`i>X  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: VC_F Cz  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: XiV K4sD8  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) { .0I!oWv  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the %rf6 >  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) L?P[{Ohh/  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: :8hXkQ  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) X+HPdrT  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: j |qdf3^f  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… ??|,wI Rz  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: x9 t %  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed wlh %{l  
乘车的词组: hOV5WO \  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), w@YPG{"j  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) #Aj#C>  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), Xk:3w,  
打球的词组: ^JY:$)4["  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball .:B0(4Mj  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. X4Uy3TV>  
例题: sYSq>M  
(D)       hOs~/bM  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. ADP3Nic  
(A) it was the d7x6r3J$  
(B) that the h CV(O2jL  
(C) there was a yM(ezb  
(D) the ]D^; Ca  
答案:D D$D;'Kij  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 bIk4?S  
(2) -:Juxh  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of QYAt)Ik9q  
           A            B a", 8N"'  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. EIg:@o&Jj  
     C      D Z%SDN"+'g  
答案:D bZ+H u~  
应改为:of ]*{tno  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 =#%Vs>G  
(3) /q"8sj/  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to T\7t#Z k  
  A      B              C    _w%{yF6   
nineteenth century. ),-MrL8c%  
  D C }:_&^DQ  
答案:D `mN5sq  
应改为:to the nineteenth 3nUC,T%  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the 5&134!hC  
第四节 不可数名词 uC 2{ Mmy  
-{$L`{|G  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 % +M,FgW  
j$z!kd+%  
抽象名词如: (;++a9GK  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: *p^*>~i9)  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), YH0utc  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), ?!n0N\|i]  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) 2nB{oF-Z  
还有表达学科类的名词如: hoZM;wC  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, SD1M`PI  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) #AH<dS  
>s>{+6e  
物质名词如: .J2tm2]"EZ  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), }(w9[(K  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) RJ$x{$r[  
zd {\ XW  
7DW HADr  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 /"7_75 t  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, b%UbTb,  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), #;s5=aH  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) n]v,cfn/=<  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 Tu}?Q. pKo  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice y"Jma`Vjq  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, ?9:~d#p  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 e c4vX  
例题: j@Y'>3  
(1) L31#v$;4  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and Tu_4kUCR!f  
       A      B    C          D TX$4x~:  
trade. cxn*!TwDs  
答案:C G"nGaFT~  
应改为:advertising e&ci\x%  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 xw~3x*{  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 4LkW`Sbm  
ECr}7R%  
考点二 限定词 4~Jg\@  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: {P!1VYs 5  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) 2dJP|T9H  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 pMLTXqL  
例题: Oe"nNvu/  
(1) -X_dY>>s  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear Fb\ E39  
        A              B         C HJt@m &H|  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. -xL^UcG0  
                     D ~UQX t r  
答案:D }}u16x}*n  
应改为:little. 0t2n7Y?N  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little g<g$c<sm  
(2) {iYrC m[_  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge 2U @:.S'K  
      A                    B ,Rdw]O  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. l- $5CO  
           C         D 3@wio[  
答案:B bi[g4,`Z;  
应改为:much evidence ^X ~S}MX  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 VWrb` p@  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 %>Mcme>(W  
例如: *R3^:Y&  
a lot of students , a lot of money {Kz!)uaC  
the rest of the students, the rest of money rqz48~\lJ  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. ^Q9K]Vo  
jE n 9T  
第五节 所有格及of结构 lC@wCgc  
)v\ A8)[  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 yVWt%o/  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, + cZC$lo  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office ogqKM_  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , hISYtNWjd"  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room VFq7nV/O  
例题: `jec|i@oO  
(1) Vi#[k n'  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. BmaY&?  
(A) of the drop ~( :$c3\  
(B) the drop's i ^, $/  
(C) drop of EAHdt=8W{  
(D) drops their h+w1 D}*  
答案: (B) XB a^ A  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 O"1HO[  
(2) \F)WUIK  
Over a very lar 89t"2|9 u  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 9%2h e)Yqc  
(A) occurs @2`nBtk  
(B) will occur 7Rd(,eWE@  
(C) can occur 8:2Vib$  
(D) occurring U G4I @@=  
答案:D 93 =?^  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 , eSpt#M  
7>F[7_  
考点二 of结构 "~KTLf  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) L uW""P/  
如: the title of the passage RL H!f1cta  
例如: nWh f  
(1) %* RZxR):  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names d(9-T@J  
          A     B     C /lhk} y^  
of some works years after their completion. h")7kjM  
       D Mb45UG#2  
答案: C X":2o|R  
应改为: paintings s(e1kk}"  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 y\[q2M<  
(2) 1&vR7z]*  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and qE VpkvEq  
      A         B     C         D 0fK#:6  
spinal cord. <fA}_BH%]  
答案: B  j8]M}Q$  
应改为: stimulation E`{DX 9^  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 px(~ZZB"  
l.Z+.<@  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 }lCQ+s!  
&JD^\+7U:  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 kuq&; uk$Q  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 T)Q_dF.N  
例题: D9hq$?  
(1) 1/6}E]-F  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. /CbiYm  
(A) was a major collection hzpl;Mj  
(B) that a major collection ~y whl'"k  
(C) a collection was major IGab~`c-[  
(D) a major collection = H}x  
答案: (D) sM%l:Fv  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 (m=1yj9  
(2) Vi0D>4{+  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of =EU;%f  
    A         B        C     D oiD{Z  
medieval alchemists. tZFpxyF  
答案:A +oHbAPs8  
应改为:beginnings. Y^;izM}  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 02,.UqCz  
T2 1?~jS  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 _A0X[}^K  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 A>HCX 4i  
例题: TmM~uc7mj  
(1) 5w+&plIJ  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. 2iO{*cB  
(A) new dance, the twist ]1W]  
(B) twist, was the new dance =^_a2_BBl  
(C) twist, the new dance that LnsYtkb r  
(D) new dance is the twist )|AxQPd  
答案: (A) M-q5Jfm  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 4Tx.|   
(2) r6:e 423  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep ta PqRsvu  
     A                B        GhjqStjS&l  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. QXl~a%lB  
 C               D !- 5z 1b)  
答案: D {y%@1q%"  
应改为: promise. -%{+\x2  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 S-</(,E}|  
B7.&yXWgn  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 b^P\Q s*m  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, lLglF4  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. YIb7y1\UM  
例题: ^gR~~t;@  
(1) (XFF}~>B.  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. \$F#bIjC  
(A) that institutes giW9b_  
(B) while instituted u|D L?c>W  
(C) was an institution s vS)7]{cU  
(D) an institute nHp$5|r<  
答案: (D) aMJ2bu  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 N ZFUCD)  
(2) DNyt_5j&:  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. fRkx ^u P  
(A) is the great modern choreographer U!JmSP  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers B[+b%a3  
(C) that the great modern choreographers MfKru,LSh  
(D) the modern choreographers were great TB84}  
答案:B -SzCeq(p%5  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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