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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 3bDQk :L  
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第一章 名词 v76D3'8  
qQ0cJIISb\  
正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 _L@2_#h!  
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第一节 可数名词 $2u 'N:o  
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考点一 单复数 >P/][MT  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 x3u4v~ "-  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 RKPD4e>%  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) v$=QA:!U  
IXb}AxB f  
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 ?_ dIIQ  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: uio@r^Xz  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes +n7?S~R$  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories 6: ]*c[7  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives ;r6jx"i  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs /"?HZ% W  
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例题: /RyR>G!  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. )NO<s0?&  
   A         B           C       D ^{\<N()R  
答案:A fi+R2p~vs  
应改为:Flowers .c#y%S  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 &h~Xq^  
h!#:$|Q  
H K~xOAF  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic z`6fotL  
   A               B   C          D )XfzLF7  
pain. DOz\n|8S  
答案:A {T'GQz+R"  
应改为:Doctors UA~RK2k?  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 Gd+ET  
考点二 复数形式特例 v_S4hz6w\  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 IZ3{>N V  
1.单复数词形相同  T<-=nX  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 (]*H[)F/  
j%V["?)  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: "&Qctk`<P  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises g`k?AM\  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula rs=q! P"u[  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena Q>qFM9Z  
fU2qrcVu  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: qP*}.Sqk7  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), 'j%F]CK  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), 2h {q h  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: 9H]_4?aX  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) s|bM%!$1  
'[P}&<ie,  
5 不规则的名词复数 L3(^{W]|  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice ?lCd{14Mkh  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet io4A>>W==/  
h7_)%U<J2  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 +UWU|:  
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例题:  ZC ^C  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading cm>E[SHr  
       A            B           C %NHYW\sKX  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. &$fbP5uAZ  
            D Ln#a<Rx.E7  
rE!1wc>L  
(2) wod/&!)]A  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed @O3/3vi1  
  A      B           C           %EbiMo ]3B  
feet. J0<p4%Cf  
 D /nB'kg[h\  
答案:D @ 6xGJ,s  
应改为:foot %|Hp Bs#'  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 : 1)}Epo,  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 <4?*$  
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第二节 限定词 m3 IP7h'  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: a>Re^GT+z  
1.之后肯定接单数: Q)6va}2ai  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. V2`;4dX*2  
例句: Each of them has two books. [ #]jC[  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) !]DuZ=  
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2.之后肯定接复数: a&5g!;.  
these, those, many, such, other, d(l|hmj4j9  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), ep?:;98|t  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several M/w{&&  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of {!K;`I[]v  
8tZ} ;="F  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc {E~l>Z88  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 &:auB:b  
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考点一 否定限定词no V_M@g;<o  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: @U7Dunu*f  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. *.dKR  
No one is here. 4 m $sJ  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: X8.y4{5  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; g 2#F _  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 G|V\^.f<  
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例题: rBD2Si=  
(1) ul$omKI$}  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. kpWzMd &RK  
(A) none T8mY#^sW_  
(B) no m/" J s  
(C) not fT x4vlI4  
(D) nor }2mI*"%)\u  
5d(qtFH1  
答案: C ^K/G5  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 :Ip~)n9t  
:=Nb=&lst  
(2) [}@n*D$  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when CBIT`k.+  
A                B           C a.1`\ $]d  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. `{%-*f^  
        D nc - Qz  
` -yhl3si  
答案: A +fkP+RVY  
应改为: No 8KZ$ F>T]>  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 |E? ,xWN  
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考点二 their等物主代词 iY}QgB< M  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars l'W3=,G[?  
LPb]mC6#  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 =z+-l5Gu"  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. mi*:S%;h  
这里用their 而不用 the ZCj>MA  
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例题: X*_ SHt  
(1) E=$7ieW  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten 5hlJbWJa  
              A      B        C @\#'oIc|  
the lives. [3Wsc`Q  
 D P9 W<gIO  
u]ZqF *  
答案: D E|KLK4 ]  
应改为: their qpluk!  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 ,ivWVsN*]  
ZE5-i@1  
(2) +OV%B .  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any uJ2C+$=Ul  
      A        B              C p{\qSPK  
specific way. l4R<`b\Jt  
    D A>rWGo.{E  
j TB<E=WC  
答案: B -oaG|  
应改为: its '@3a,pl  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 =Qjw.6@  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 ai<MsQQ:=  
oF 1W}DtA  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 aHVdClD2o  
} Y7W1$he  
例题: 2f}K #i8   
(1) u+I r:k  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or O[5_ 9W 4  
        A        B        C FJwZo}<6E  
relating those objects. f>"!-3  
 D b[&, %Sm+6  
" `$'tk[  
答案: B 35N/v G0  
应改为: is a set #)h ~.D{  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 skC|io-Zv  
D-b2E6 o6  
(2) *n|0\V<  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. @7[.> I(  
A       B     C           D N|Cy!E=d  
*|,ykb>  
答案: D |q.:hWYFpM  
应改为: responses fO|~Oz<S  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few :C:N]6_{SZ  
rM >V=|9,  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 J PzQBc5e  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) =`\,2Nb  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) ?lwQne8/  
~ Dp: j*H  
第三节 冠词作限定词 L..X)-D2 n  
`2mbF ^-4  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 M}oFn}-T9a  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an =@jMx^A"  
&pY G   
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 6[h$r/GXh"  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university .iN* V|n  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour Nj-rZ%&  
cD`O +WA2K  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). v{{2<,l  
aq,)6P`  
例题: rD U6 5j  
(1)       <&0*5|rR  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever _yB9/F  
   A                 B           C &|\}\+0Z  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. 7C?mD75j  
                 D "gikX/Co=  
答案: B有错 I+d(r"N1  
应改为: puzzle. y'O{8Q8T  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle O#5( U. E  
(2) Cl.T'A$  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a 5YH mp7c-z  
   A        B       C          D J+NK+,_*M  
question of physiology and of culture. (4f9wrK  
答案: D有错 :Q L p`s  
应改为: day FY S83uq0  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day _O,ZeES  
(3) GFa/9Bi  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the xLK0~|_#!  
  A      B       C -86:PL(I"  
nonprofessional metal worker. X3O$Sd(D  
    D  iPO S  
答案: C OT3;qT*fw  
应改为: still a practical *Y0,d`  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 J\D3fh97-  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 HWOH8q{f!  
例题: 1W<_5 j_  
(1) 0w. _}C z  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. 4yv31QG$  
   A     B    C           D A_|FsQ6$P  
答案: A M )^9e?  
应改为: An emotion @2*6+w_Ae  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an Pp hQa!F$  
(2) D~&e.y/gHN  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine kk+8NwM1  
   A    B                       C PzDgl6C  
chemically with other atoms. 0M +tKFb  
         D L(8dK  
答案: A jpv,0(  
应改为: an atom 9(j!#`O7&  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an TeqsP1{?  
rtE,SN  
考点二 定冠词the .p>8oOp  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: 1_lL?S3,a@  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: gwNkjI= ,  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 3: Uik  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: nVzo=+Yp  
the first woman, the nineteenth century p#2th`M:P1  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby >`'9V| 1  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: Q>$L;1E*,  
the largest city, the most advanced technology ` l"~"x^Rr  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: e.V){}{V  
the development of the watch, :^a$ve3(Jq  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: zhE7+``g  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun gzF&7trN  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: h6/Z_ Y  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: 6-"&jbvm  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) *en{pR'  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the rej[G!   
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) \`C3;}o:"P  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: 0P(}e[~Z  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) zlE kP @)  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: #x21e }Li  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… AI2CfH#:C  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: q9Q4F  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed G1rgp>m  
乘车的词组: }R^{<{KVJ  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), iYnt:C  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) ',f[y:v;  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), I,D=ixK  
打球的词组: Y%3j >_\;  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball k.%F!sK  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. Wxjpe4  
例题: 8QU`SoS9  
(D)       rAWBuEU;!  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. %llG/]q#  
(A) it was the ec|IT0;  
(B) that the XIU2l}g  
(C) there was a "='|c-x  
(D) the 7r>^_aW  
答案:D - 0zo>[c/p  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 gN*8 zui  
(2) Z EW`?6  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of \-^3Pe,  
           A            B gbvBgOp  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. `| fF)kI  
     C      D K.z@Vx.  
答案:D  BzDS  
应改为:of Gb"PMai  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 bp }~{]:b  
(3) o;t{YfK  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to W_?S^>?l/  
  A      B              C    y<)x`&pcD  
nineteenth century. |KuH2, n0  
  D !O*\|7A(  
答案:D VQ +Xh  
应改为:to the nineteenth 905 /4z'  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the 1|2X0Xm{  
第四节 不可数名词 F*QGzb v)  
a4c~ThbI  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 nP] ~8ViS  
]2?t $"G8  
抽象名词如: 9\V^q9l  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: z`lDD  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), WUKYwA/t  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), _Y=>^K]9K  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) QDs]{F#  
还有表达学科类的名词如: ~qs 97'  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, 8@Pv nOL  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) VGkwrS;+I  
%6L{Z*(  
物质名词如: @jX[Ho0W'  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), }Dm-Ibdg(  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) 3V2 "1Ic  
3 cu`U`  
J;HkR9<C  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 voEg[Gg4%I  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, b 'jZ4{+W  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), WL:C BE#  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) D:4Iex9$F"  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 LY(YgqL  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice r3*0`Rup  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, j#rjYiYKy  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 Dyyf%'\M  
例题: iv*`.9TK-  
(1) Yi1lvB?m  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and ux:czZqy  
       A      B    C          D tJ;<=.n  
trade. ge %ytrst  
答案:C MEf`&<t  
应改为:advertising FxeDjAP  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 O eLM*Zi  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 LX;w~fRr.  
 3 c #oK  
考点二 限定词 d nRbt{`jP  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: ZFYv|2l  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) `< _A#@  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 JWQd/  
例题: a _}k^zw(  
(1) nwSujD  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear i;Y3pF0%P  
        A              B         C / ,Unp1D  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. v|~&I%S7  
                     D ' b?' u  
答案:D y-C=_v_X  
应改为:little. }M U}-6  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little QEtf-xNn^  
(2) w2 %u;D%  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge hv. 33l  
      A                    B @9$u!ny0  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. M( eu wy  
           C         D `3wzOMgJ  
答案:B ?so=k&I-M  
应改为:much evidence xvpCOoGsz  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 :2v^pg|  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 dio<?6ZD9P  
例如: %KjvV<f-a  
a lot of students , a lot of money 322)r$!"  
the rest of the students, the rest of money E8gbm&x*  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. Nd;) V  
E\$7tXQK6  
第五节 所有格及of结构 M'(4{4rC  
!<EQVqj6  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 At t~N TL  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, r}>q*yx:  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office 9e aqq  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , .,vF% pQ  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room  b' 5]o  
例题:  sJ3O ]  
(1) L!>EW0  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. f+c<|"we  
(A) of the drop P&g.%8b~84  
(B) the drop's U %,K8u|WH  
(C) drop of ZH s' #  
(D) drops their ^.Xom~  
答案: (B) $~G=Hcl9  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 l)P~#G+C  
(2) =QG0:z)K<v  
Over a very lar 8lJMD %Df:  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. C)H1<Br7  
(A) occurs h ycdk1SN  
(B) will occur p$+.]  
(C) can occur CHGV1X ,  
(D) occurring ?c7} v  
答案:D }$wWX}@  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 9|K3xH  
\|wUxijJ*,  
考点二 of结构 caC-JcDXy  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) pI]tv@>:f  
如: the title of the passage K:_5#!*^98  
例如: AzlZe\V?)~  
(1) O&vE 5%x  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names wBa IN]Y,  
          A     B     C qHtonJc  
of some works years after their completion. [>#@?@x`P  
       D wiE'6CM  
答案: C 4IUdlb  
应改为: paintings +yO^,{8SE  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 grWmF3c#  
(2) !STa}wl  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and #eZm)KFQg  
      A         B     C         D g)/#gyT4Y  
spinal cord. eCfy'US;@3  
答案: B FQp@/H^  
应改为: stimulation C A 8N  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 ^U@-Dp,k+  
3{ "MN=  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 +61h!/<W  
3l?-H|T  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 ^.:dT?@R  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 079mn/8;  
例题: {EL J!o[  
(1) [:Y`^iR.  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. x+;"(]#  
(A) was a major collection ~ IIlCmMl,  
(B) that a major collection \-eDNwJ:#@  
(C) a collection was major H7&bUt/  
(D) a major collection fJ8Q\lb<_  
答案: (D) Sn~h[s_(  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 Pi&8!e<  
(2) =, WW#tD  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of rV6SN.  
    A         B        C     D #\LsM ~,  
medieval alchemists. WAWy3i  
答案:A 9EIOa/*  
应改为:beginnings. =bDy :yY}  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 _A5.  
.*acw  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 J3P )oM[  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 pipO ,n  
例题: a3?D@@Qnw  
(1) W2 p&LP  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. {T2=bK~  
(A) new dance, the twist LRa^x44  
(B) twist, was the new dance WD${f#]N  
(C) twist, the new dance that ` 0}z ;&:  
(D) new dance is the twist t=B>t S.hO  
答案: (A) I&lb5'6D  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 kl/eJN'S  
(2) 8kA2.pIk  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep 0%f}w0]:  
     A                B        5l]G1+  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. +T|M U  
 C               D @_ Q  
答案: D aUVJ\ ;V  
应改为: promise. d=J$H<  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 dd{pF\a  
xQ{n|)i>  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 @s[Vtw%f  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, fP :26pK^  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. dYP-QUM$7  
例题: Kx[u9MD  
(1) ZM$}Xy\9  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. Uw:gJ 9  
(A) that institutes @2HNYW)  
(B) while instituted 'tRaF  
(C) was an institution V/; / &  
(D) an institute O,>`#?  
答案: (D) _ h7qS  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 H|]~(.w 1}  
(2) XX@@tzN  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. }>|!Mf]W?R  
(A) is the great modern choreographer 5*he  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers '=^$ ;3Z  
(C) that the great modern choreographers S9'8rn!_  
(D) the modern choreographers were great AlQE;4yX  
答案:B 9*"Ae0ok1  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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