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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 t?YGGu^  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 sNS! /  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 c @2s!bs  
例题: |`:Uww+3  
(1) NrS1y"#d9  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, { #>@h7  
 A                       B 3&x_%R  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. ]J_Dn\  
   C         D {%UY1n  
答案: D )Bd+jli|s  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. G} }oeS  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 4s0>QD$J  
(2) {PYN3\N,  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. .\*\bvyCw  
   A  B      C         D 7&m*: J  
答案: D "qQU ^FW  
应改为: color 2JtGS-t  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 '<4OA!,^)  
Ha4?I$'$  
!Y`nKC(=z  
第二章 形容词 TZ-n)rC)v  
YR~g&E#U^  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 t2tH%%Rs  
-D{~7&  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 KC8A22  
h/eKVRGs"  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 fs~n{z,ja%  
例题: Y5PIR9-  
(1) L-G186B$r  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. * Oyic3F  
       A  B   C          D 9I30ULm  
答案:C jVk|(  
应改为:certain. @oYTJd(v{  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 5\EHu8  
(2) e`#Gq0}8  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. _.Uz!2  
  A       B         C   D b LSI\  
答案:C _lyP7$[: c  
应改为:visual. >D<nfG<s Z  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 }wj*^>*  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: XD%?'uUQ_  
The man was awake. Me5umA  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) pN4!*7M  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable >Z<ym|(T*  
例题: 8*6J\FE<p  
(1) PX2Ejrwj  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means U|U/B  
     A                 B        C hO{@!H$l  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. ?_n.B=H`8  
       D $V`O%Sz  
答案: D B>a`mFM  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) \EB]J\ x<  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) )-9|3`  
(2) *;"^b\f5_  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also r hNdXYY>  
 A              B               C )S8q.h  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. f()^^+  
                 D s#* mn  
答案: A [k."R@?  
应改为:like DgO oEHy[  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 Kau *e8  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. C .YtjLQP$  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, ( 7Y :3  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, )](8 {}wo  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: 2px5>4<  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 #/ 1A:ig  
如: two young American students o2Pj|u*X  
    my three red pencils 3UrqV`x \  
第二节 比较级 /!AdX0dx  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: 7zQD.+&L  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; "#e2"=3*  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 - *yj[?6  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), kN>d5q9b%X  
zWjGGTP~3&  
WQ"ZQ  
考点一 含有标志词than !4oYQB  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, {b c<0  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. ]/d2*#  
  She possesses more books than I do. eh)J'G]G  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. 2ix_,yTO  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, s V [|op  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, qRB%G<H  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 7 ic]q,  
例题: [;I.aT}R!;  
(1) 2d1'!B zDA  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. 1bj75/i<6  
(A) coolest C<n.C*o  
(B) the coolest RKBjrSZg8  
(C) cooler jj$'DZk  
(D) the cooler %LVk%kz  
答案:A E176O[(V=  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 gNZ^TeT  
(2) .s2d  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. u\t ;  
           A   B              C     D PK+][.6H  
答案:A f-{ [ushj  
应改为:more ~i  &K,  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 b]Z@zS<8  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: JBWiTUk  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, r_2  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. ::M/s#-@  
   (that 指代the population) } "cb^3  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. 8D+OF 6CM  
   (those 指代 designs) pP".?|n  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) ;V%lFP3#  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may sxsM%Gb?H  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. A: @=?(lI3  
例题: _;@kS<\N  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. Gwvs~jN  
(A) than do wCI.jGSBW  
(B) that are having h.7 1O"N  
(C) which have %{Ls$Y)  
(D) that do U2Ur N?T  
答案:A M(2[X/t  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 ^SjGNg^ 7D  
tHu8|JrH+  
考点二 (not) so /as…as >?tcL *  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 1-qQp.Wj  
如:It is as good as it looks. F1,pAtA  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. p@Qzg /X  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 G UcuD^Fe  
例题: <"\K|2Sg  
(1) ->j9(76"  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. :#gz)r  
(A) possibly little nourishment d-?~O~qD|!  
(B) nourishment possibly little @lj  
(C) little as possible nourishment r^ "mPgY  
(D) little nourishment as possible \XpPb{:>  
答案:D @RnGK 5  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. 0CDTj,eK  
(2) |YlUt~H>  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. F.\]Hqq  
(A) so early oF*Y$OEu?c  
(B) the earliest Vl'=92t  
(C) as early as > PYe"  
(D) so early that ^X_%e|  
答案:C "~+K`*0r8  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as Q!Op^4Jz  
JTb<uC  
考点三 the same…as .*zQ\P  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, :7`,dyIqT  
如:She looks just the same as before. G!Uq#l>  
  I got the same feeling as you did. JRo{z{!O6  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 PNKmI  
例题: m83i6"!H  
(1) )0%<ZVB  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, |FNP~5v  
         A       B          C +fwq9I>L  
shorter tails, and longer bills. @ J"1 !`  
            D ktS0  
答案:B iFHVr'Og'  
应改为:as. 3!}#@<j  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” F0|T%!FB>%  
(2) =X1$K_cN  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of K E^_09  
  A                 B    tL3(( W"  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. j`#|z9`(pB  
   C          D ]xS< \{og  
答案:D ce;9UBkOg2  
应改为:as XRz.R/  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 p"X\]g^jA>  
G%>[I6G  
考点四 the more…,the more… HL)1{[|`  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, WL7:22nSHa  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. C {'c_wX  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. /TB_4{  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 9!R!H&  
例题: 0 @ ,@  
(1) x:@e ID  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. \/,SH?>4x  
(A) the greater the need there is qS7*.E~j|]  
(B) greater need #{]=>n)j  
(C) is there great need c#rbyx?5  
(D) the great need 0)84Z.k  
答案:A ;ndg,05_  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, -OziUM1qs  
ZHB'^#b  
}%:?s6Ler  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 9\"~G)  
(2)  %k2zsM  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. "=RB #  
(A) the stress it is greater q6,xsO,+  
(B) greater is the stress 1]kk  
(C) greater stress is qVY\5`f@  
(D) the greater the stress m+!%+S1  
答案:D } M1<a4~  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D / )EB~|4']  
:3G9YjzC}  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer 1n5&PNu  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, tF;aB*  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. oW8[2$_N+  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 G9gvOEI/  
例题: h(zi$V  
(1) SHaZ-d  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio <.AIV p  
          A           B      >Te{a*`"m:  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 0|U<T#t8?  
    C                           D  aCTVY1  
答案:A 2<'gX>TW  
应改为:no longer. =];FojC6I  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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