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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 v.5+7,4  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 ~PNub E  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 7x a>  
例题: Sa5G.^ XI  
(1) $, '*f?d  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, *uvQ\.  
 A                       B #R RRu2  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. &jr3B;g!C  
   C         D N,U8YO  
答案: D 7"xd1l?zz  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. Y[S1$(K&*  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 RCLeA=/N@0  
(2) M& CqSd  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. OK g qT!  
   A  B      C         D L4?IHNB  
答案: D .3!1`L3  
应改为: color T9q-,w/j;  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 *HB-QIl  
R_xRp&5  
HE_8(Ms ;8  
第二章 形容词 e(8Ba X _  
Oz#{S:24M+  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 G<;* SYAb  
9 JK Ew  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 #yvGK:F  
w:l V"]1  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 e64^ChCoV  
例题: !FFU=f  
(1)  1ZB"EQ  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. U|j`e5)  
       A  B   C          D w^0nqh  
答案:C _2 osV[e  
应改为:certain. SOvF[,+  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 1 I",L&S1  
(2) 0S$N05  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. n>U5R_T  
  A       B         C   D IRqy%@)  
答案:C d9 |<@A  
应改为:visual. Tc3yS(aq  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 hqkz^!rp  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: 0%I=d  
The man was awake. r^ ZEImjc  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) uOdl*|T?  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable ,L'zRyP  
例题: 5bpEYW+  
(1) 0>Z_*U~6  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means =+d?x 56  
     A                 B        C zjoq6  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. C8i^P}y  
       D o J;$sj  
答案: D K0Fh%Y4)QH  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) ))'<_nD  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) <B8!.|19  
(2) L8#5*8W6  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also sY f~c0${  
 A              B               C tT? cBg{  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. %;YHt=(1*X  
                 D SQt 4v"  
答案: A Pw!MS5=r  
应改为:like M?uC%x+S$_  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 r<Kx0`y  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. .];=Pu^  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, X1vd'>  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, M}v/tRI  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: K~eh P[^  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 `(/w y  
如: two young American students o"R7,N0rB  
    my three red pencils @A ^;jk  
第二节 比较级 Lrq .Ab#  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: ,>+p-M8ZL  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; L"Olwwmk  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 tr}Loq\y  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), F,)%?<!I  
Ob&<]  
UVIKQpA]A  
考点一 含有标志词than -"60d @.  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, q\p:X"j|  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. Ur=(.%@  
  She possesses more books than I do. (7=!+' T"  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. /9p wZ%:<  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, dNL(G%Qj+"  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, r{I% \R!@  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 .qZ~_xkd  
例题: HqD^B[ jS  
(1)  e5*hE  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. ^mO~ W !"  
(A) coolest WQL\y3f5  
(B) the coolest 3! oi+_  
(C) cooler nWYN Np?h  
(D) the cooler n'kG] Q  
答案:A qPy1;maXP  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 };jN\x?&q  
(2) e MY<uqdw  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. xQXXC |T  
           A   B              C     D z Q`jP$2  
答案:A 4Vi`* !  
应改为:more $ig0j`  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 WRy aKM  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: "haL  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, 6GSI"M6s  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 6NM:DI\%  
   (that 指代the population) q?DTMKx  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. vK\%%H  
   (those 指代 designs) kG@@ot" n  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) dDGgvi|[Mz  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may e .2ib?8  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. #W'H R  
例题: 1 &)?JZhg  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. ,p2s:&"  
(A) than do Yu[ t\/  
(B) that are having +*T7@1  
(C) which have UU mTOJr  
(D) that do r1.nTO%  
答案:A luuX2Mx>o  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 ,)J u[  
o-{[|/)Tk  
考点二 (not) so /as…as G!W[8UG  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, Z X(z;|l45  
如:It is as good as it looks. FsV'Cu@!U  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. xtE_=5$~  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 28H8l2{[>  
例题: wEE\+3b)  
(1) p |jV{P  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. P8>d6;o($  
(A) possibly little nourishment rI>aAW'  
(B) nourishment possibly little g[I b,la_a  
(C) little as possible nourishment Xr2ou5zAn  
(D) little nourishment as possible ( Qcp{q  
答案:D j =WST  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. 8p9bCE>\  
(2) j>x-"9N  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ZF|+W?0&%  
(A) so early [}8|R0KF  
(B) the earliest aj}sc/Qa  
(C) as early as !n$tr  
(D) so early that .J.-Mm` .  
答案:C CkD#/  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as a{J,~2>  
}_;!hdY q  
考点三 the same…as xY U.D+RY  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用,  eDJ fU  
如:She looks just the same as before. X 9%'|(tL  
  I got the same feeling as you did. @@rEs40  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 'XofD}dm  
例题: 4*mS y  
(1) _5m#2u51i  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, t|!j2<e  
         A       B          C ;VNMD 6H  
shorter tails, and longer bills. 199]WHc  
            D eK z?"g/j  
答案:B lGk{LO)  
应改为:as. /K{9OT@>  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” "+ >SJ~  
(2) #8bsxx!s  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of U uM$~qf/K  
  A                 B    V8wKAj Ux  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. <ggtjw S  
   C          D wwowez tER  
答案:D 7Wa?$6d  
应改为:as Q33"u/-v  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 -:9P%jWt  
zT|)uP*  
考点四 the more…,the more… kctzNGF|  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, <zy,5IlD  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. xc:!cA{V  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. {(#%N5 %  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 J5[~LZKW  
例题: /.eeO k  
(1) Op? OruT[  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. !.<T"8BUpv  
(A) the greater the need there is R%H$%cnj  
(B) greater need ph|ZG6:  
(C) is there great need ia{c  
(D) the great need qxMnp}O  
答案:A F;!2(sPS  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, G02m/8g3  
zT* .jv  
/_-;zL  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. =}fd6ea(o  
(2) R,!Q Zxmg  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. KZ :8[d  
(A) the stress it is greater ^Ori| 4}'  
(B) greater is the stress 5[9 bWB{  
(C) greater stress is wj|x:YZ*  
(D) the greater the stress [r OaM$3|  
答案:D mN5 8r"!J  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D i~{ _eQV  
l??;3kh1  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer :y,v&Kk#T  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, nxap\Lf  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. 3Gr&p6  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 \H5Jk$*  
例题: o8FXqTUcs4  
(1) qtu rd7  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 4*U P. r@  
          A           B      4R) |->"  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 3rf#Q }"  
    C                           D zyN (4  
答案:A 3@O0^v-  
应改为:no longer. OalP1Gy  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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