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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 7AwgJb hn  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 oFDz;6  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 v .=/Y(J  
例题: c)}2K0  
(1) !2tW$BP^  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, geM6G$V&  
 A                       B EpYy3^5d  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. ^e Gue  
   C         D >9H@|[C  
答案: D :7g=b%;  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. P[ r];e  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 _Ov;4nt!  
(2) J=W0Xi !  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects.  k5`OH8G  
   A  B      C         D (:pq77  
答案: D *\uM.m0$  
应改为: color ({^9<Us  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 l?8M p$M  
L<V3KS2y  
"O[j!fG8,  
第二章 形容词 o>Er_r  
}8-\A7T  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 %+)o'nf"U  
d XHB#  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 o Y}]UB>  
Sh6JF574T  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 I6!5Yj]O"  
例题: e({9]  
(1) =sJ _yq0#R  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. {c?JuV4q?  
       A  B   C          D %+>s#Q2d  
答案:C G!N{NCq  
应改为:certain. )d\ j I  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 Ys+OB*8AE  
(2) LQ11ba  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. )tHaB,  
  A       B         C   D f3j{VN  
答案:C IQ< MyB(  
应改为:visual. Q5{Pv}Jx  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 $ ,SF@BhO  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: i,A#&YDl  
The man was awake. <ljI;xE  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) bzDIhnw  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 3f " %G\  
例题: *-W #G}O0  
(1) eI.2`)>  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means <~TP#uAz  
     A                 B        C !Cgx.   
of on-the-spot, alive reports. YjF|XPv+ l  
       D _=ua6}Xp  
答案: D 4n#ov=)-~  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 5uq3\a  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) 0]QRsVz+  
(2) 2!&&|Mh}  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also ^ -FX  
 A              B               C ZyOv.,y  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. J"=1/,AS  
                 D O}9KJU  
答案: A +_XmlX A3Z  
应改为:like H&r,FmI@  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 :m86 hBE.  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. !D!~ ^\  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, m9U"[Huv1E  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, p!]6ll^  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: QL6C,#6  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 dz~co Z9  
如: two young American students cvwhSdZu8  
    my three red pencils m<L;  
第二节 比较级 =rdY @  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: %m:m}ziLQ  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; 0]D0{6x 8  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 u77E! z4Uz  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), *yl>T^DjTC  
Kwc6mlw~M  
n G_6oe*=I  
考点一 含有标志词than OL_{_K(w  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, 0%!rx{f#\  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. - 0?^#G}3}  
  She possesses more books than I do. cb5,P~/q  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. :eo  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, &3J@BMYp  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, EUsI%p  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 UT}i0I9  
例题: p4p@^@<>X  
(1) fDx9iHGv  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. s+:=I e  
(A) coolest ]({~,8s  
(B) the coolest .xB u-?6s6  
(C) cooler d\ |!Hg,  
(D) the cooler {}:ToIp  
答案:A JI vo_7{  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 1 hg}(Hix  
(2) wj[$9UJb  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. +MmH u6"1  
           A   B              C     D }jill+]  
答案:A trE{FT  
应改为:more ]r_;dYa  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 Hr$QLtr  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: E@Ad'_H  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, :_QCfH  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. %6_AM  
   (that 指代the population) Z(!00^  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. 3MRc 4UlB  
   (those 指代 designs) -kbg\,PW  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) awz;z?~  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may w|Nz_3tI  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. '? jlH0;  
例题: *YlV-C<}W"  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 36am-G  
(A) than do ?mlNL/:  
(B) that are having Q?X>E3=U  
(C) which have R i^[i}  
(D) that do _2N$LLbg  
答案:A f^VP/rdg  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 8n>9;D5n  
2+X\}s1vN  
考点二 (not) so /as…as ciMzf$+G$  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, Q~T$N  
如:It is as good as it looks. 6&/T@LQYrh  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. -{ZWo:,r~q  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 Xn{1 FJX/  
例题: v,ju!I0.  
(1) oJfr +3I  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. \eFR(gO+  
(A) possibly little nourishment AnT3M.>ek  
(B) nourishment possibly little q`r**N+zn  
(C) little as possible nourishment |iwP:C^\mJ  
(D) little nourishment as possible 7a~X:#  
答案:D %V nbmoO  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. /3{b%0Aa  
(2) :ijAqfX  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ~sXcnxLz  
(A) so early JeE ;V![  
(B) the earliest \P6$mh\T  
(C) as early as \o^2y.q:>  
(D) so early that ^- d% r  
答案:C 3p'I5,}  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as hyFyP\u]  
?[ lV-  
考点三 the same…as `V04\05  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, )h)]SF}  
如:She looks just the same as before. Ll4g[8  
  I got the same feeling as you did. - RU=z!{  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 :n-]>Q>5=k  
例题: l~$+,U&XNe  
(1) 5wDg'X]>V  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, (P:<t6;+  
         A       B          C 5f 5f0|ok  
shorter tails, and longer bills. h3xAJ!  
            D 9'X7w G  
答案:B Zo~  
应改为:as. 71t* %  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” O[ef#R!  
(2) P`cq H(   
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of I<6P;  
  A                 B    }WH&iES@P  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. :BV6y|J9O^  
   C          D )`O~f_pIC  
答案:D !'9Feoez  
应改为:as / ^#;d UB  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 SSWP~ t  
wMg0>  
考点四 the more…,the more… ~yW4)4k;b  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, 8&qZ0GLaT  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ^Dn D>h@q  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. =*c7i]@}  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 #PH~1`vl  
例题: (G;l x  
(1) 9CWezI+  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. -7@/[9Gf`:  
(A) the greater the need there is |8l<$J  
(B) greater need m4hg'<<V  
(C) is there great need LcTt)rs f  
(D) the great need BMG3|N^  
答案:A _ 4U5  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, qh|_W(`y  
ogHCt{'  
9CWF{"  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. CR"|^{G  
(2) [ 0KlC1=  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. Sw TL|+u  
(A) the stress it is greater KyYMfC  
(B) greater is the stress .*Ct bGw  
(C) greater stress is emqZztccZ  
(D) the greater the stress !Sh&3uy_qN  
答案:D z"-u95H  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D !sQY&*  
"4+ &-ms  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer @s ?  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, hKLCJ#T  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. ' g=  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 A@1W}8qY:  
例题: 7Bzq,2s  
(1) Rg\z<wPBG  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio :cem,#(=  
          A           B      PV'x+bN5  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. AS'R?aX|C  
    C                           D e6R}0w~G  
答案:A B(LWdap~  
应改为:no longer. 42{Ew8  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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