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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 8P"_#M?!  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 m\ddp_l  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 IXb}AxB f  
例题: JXw^/Y$  
(1) 3LfC{ER  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, JMVNmq&0  
 A                       B 8o/}}=m$  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. |,aG%MTL  
   C         D z Nl ,  
答案: D ) /v6l  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. ]q6;#EUr?  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 0v]?6wX  
(2) fd#j Y}  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. & u!\<\  
   A  B      C         D @?[1_g_'P  
答案: D <HRBMSR+  
应改为: color ncSFj.}w]  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 &|aqP \Q5  
TI !a)X  
NWd<+-pC6  
第二章 形容词 [lk'xzE  
)~V4+*<  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 } %'bullT  
\3Q&~j  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 >I<r)w]  
#eN{!Niy&U  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 fGv#s X  
例题: 9 C{ ;h  
(1) !6G?zipB  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. KIeT!kmDl  
       A  B   C          D ]?h`:,]  
答案:C }P3tn  
应改为:certain. ~O 3D[PNW~  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 W- $a Y2  
(2) SI_iI71  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. Ke-)vPc  
  A       B         C   D f(D_FTTO  
答案:C Kd3?I5t  
应改为:visual. @FN*TJ  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 \#'TNmS  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: 7B3w\  
The man was awake. <e%F^#y_  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) |K YEK|  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable .bD_R7Bi6  
例题: -xg2q V\c  
(1) m6 s7F/  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means : t$l.+B  
     A                 B        C `N/RHb%  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. r,(e t  
       D I1U7.CT  
答案: D RQW6N??C  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) R)Mt(gFZT_  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) RE3Z%;'  
(2) [O ",  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also iO1nwl !#  
 A              B               C ]J2:194  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. _ia!mT <  
                 D f!t69nd%L  
答案: A qu6DQ@ ~YC  
应改为:like K,xW6DiH  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 io4A>>W==/  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. smAC,-6 ]~  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, ^ons:$0h  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, ,je`YEC  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: @nV5.r0W}B  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 x;BbTBc>  
如: two young American students x4a:PuqmGG  
    my three red pencils Md; /nJO~{  
第二节 比较级 nw'-`*'rj  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: J_#R 87  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; @u4=e4eF`  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 `kBnSio~  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), bNzqls$  
{M~lbU  
XbvDi+R 2A  
考点一 含有标志词than t)1phg4H)  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, $G?(OWI}l`  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train.  ~Nh&.a  
  She possesses more books than I do. ' lo.h""  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. ?AsDk~3  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, Uxl(96  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, jqoPLbxT  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 [Z }B"  
例题: !ng\` |8?  
(1) $Lq:=7&LRn  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. # 3.)H9  
(A) coolest [ #]jC[  
(B) the coolest ~w.2 -D  
(C) cooler ,nE& Me&#J  
(D) the cooler :0Te4UE;P7  
答案:A lCFU1 GHH  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 T^)plWw  
(2) ofwQ:0@  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. !kh{9I>M  
           A   B              C     D BjD&> gO)  
答案:A Dc:DY:L^  
应改为:more -Cj_B\  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 |3@=CE7G  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: syFI$rf _  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, M.k|bh8  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. j];G*-iv{  
   (that 指代the population) z[biK|YL  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. '?k' 6R$'\  
   (those 指代 designs) 8_awMVAy  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) Qi|?d7k0  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may -7 L  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. {9{J^@@  
例题: + o{*r#  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. ] j1 vbk  
(A) than do yI4DVu.  
(B) that are having cl2ze  
(C) which have w%I8CU_}.  
(D) that do 777rE[\@b  
答案:A U_}hfLILi  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 w?/f Zx  
F%y{% C7l  
考点二 (not) so /as…as 6.UKB<sV  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, s%bUgO%&  
如:It is as good as it looks. u:eW0Ows"  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. ;6zPiaDQ  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 1zR/HT  
例题: T#Fn:6_=  
(1) _Z0\`kba+  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. e %&  
(A) possibly little nourishment uh1S 7!^  
(B) nourishment possibly little AO^]>/7ed  
(C) little as possible nourishment xLZMpP5c  
(D) little nourishment as possible }oV3EIH  
答案:D ^YqbjL  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. ,Z?m`cx  
(2) srhFEmgN7)  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. t+jIHo  
(A) so early y3Y2 QC(  
(B) the earliest d`UF0T  
(C) as early as va@XbUC  
(D) so early that i>WOYI9  
答案:C )4Bwt`VX  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as jm4)gmC  
QaIi.* tic  
考点三 the same…as *1i?6$[ "  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, W3"vTZJF  
如:She looks just the same as before. QZ#3Bn%B5  
  I got the same feeling as you did. B*32D8t`u  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 6|%^pjX5  
例题: =z+-l5Gu"  
(1) bJANZn|H  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, zI1(F67d`  
         A       B          C FYxUOO  
shorter tails, and longer bills. gQu\[e%mVo  
            D nR(#F9  
答案:B Ml'bZLwq  
应改为:as. >3<&V{<K  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” 5dbX%e_OP  
(2) yjeqv-7  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of =ltbSf7  
  A                 B    <{3q{VW*  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 0 =3FO}[u  
   C          D wa9'2a1?  
答案:D ;JMOsn}8  
应改为:as ,| $|kO/  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 l=Vowx.$2f  
AaJ,=eQ  
考点四 the more…,the more… Fcu Eeca  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, k#{ lt-a/  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ~ nLkn#Z  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. m BYS"[S(  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 @h,h=X  
例题: ^EnNbFI  
(1) S jC)6mo  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. wz*)L (pP  
(A) the greater the need there is +z~ !#j4Q  
(B) greater need   eLe,=  
(C) is there great need e<: 4czh8  
(D) the great need v@}1WGY  
答案:A M , .0[+  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, j\ jL[hG_  
S'v V"  
r1^m#!=B  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. Q]2sj:  
(2) &deZ  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. P!>{>r4  
(A) the stress it is greater {GG~E54&B  
(B) greater is the stress 5<:VJC<  
(C) greater stress is ]%WD} 4e  
(D) the greater the stress ?-RoqF  
答案:D 3<~2"@J  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D D:RBq\8  
rhzv^t  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer oZ\qT0*eb  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, ]Lb?#S  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. f2SU5e2  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 GWA!Ab'<U  
例题: ="'P=Xh!8  
(1) fW4cHB 9|  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio }?Yr>ZRi  
          A           B      zvK5Zxl  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. =|WV^0=S'%  
    C                           D >b!X&JU  
答案:A 5E oWyy  
应改为:no longer. A 4W  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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