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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 ]'xci"qV`  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 a({Rb?b  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 i/_rz.c~3  
例题: 0(+<uo~6p1  
(1) Xxh^4vKjX  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, i695P}J2  
 A                       B d4IQ;u  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. 'vVt^h2  
   C         D  )XonFI  
答案: D ^jL)<y4`  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. ~\-=q^/!  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 [p'2#Et  
(2) 90+Vw`Gz=  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. [.|& /O  
   A  B      C         D Y{j~;G@Wl  
答案: D ]vcT2lr]  
应改为: color ? 3DFm  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 Vr1r2G2  
J ##a;6@  
V$ DB4YM1k  
第二章 形容词 z<t2yh(DF  
YYI0iM>  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 .=}\yYGe   
#"A`:bjG  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 dAG@'A\f  
o AN,_1v)  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 IG}yGGn  
例题: ]{i0?c  
(1) L8.A|  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. )<J #RgE  
       A  B   C          D ql.[Uq  
答案:C of7'?]w  
应改为:certain. 6&E[hvu  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 \0}bOHqEH  
(2) C-49u<; ,  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. yAGQD[ih  
  A       B         C   D Q!-"5P X  
答案:C -2laM9Ed  
应改为:visual. 0"@J*e#  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 wk'(g_DP  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: A Ef@o+A  
The man was awake. o|84yT!~  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) RigS1A\2l  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable pIm ]WNX(  
例题: /3"S_KE1@+  
(1) >Zf*u;/dW$  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means )B @&q.2B=  
     A                 B        C LM.#~7jC  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. 4uVyf^f\]f  
       D kl&_O8E+K  
答案: D h* /  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 3 }rx(  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) +hT9V1'-D  
(2) r^\Wo7q  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also Y}x_ud,  
 A              B               C OL&VisJ{75  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. 1T3YFt@&I  
                 D m )<N:|  
答案: A qkyYt#4E  
应改为:like 9l7 youZ]  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 ZOzyf/?.  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. N<lf,zGw  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, C_hIPM U=  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, 'seuO!5  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: O$peCv   
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 YWa9|&m1  
如: two young American students T b]'  b  
    my three red pencils Fd0\T#k  
第二节 比较级 rxI Ygh  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: X<$8'/p r  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; >za=v  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 1HNX 6  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), 2$%0~Z5  
Hz<)a(r!J  
=R\-mov$  
考点一 含有标志词than \\~4$Ai[  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, c )o[3o7  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. mJ5LRpXN  
  She possesses more books than I do.  7QkAr  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. ?`O Dt]s  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, `Lu\zR%<  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, Uyyw'Ni  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 RsDI7v  
例题: ,/>~J]:\;  
(1) VI`x fmVOQ  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. |"Oazll  
(A) coolest G1'w50Yu  
(B) the coolest 2'r8#,)  
(C) cooler uL4@e  
(D) the cooler L3~E*\cV  
答案:A K~WwV8c9;  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 f i!wrvO  
(2) -}juj;IVv  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. ,O(XNA(C  
           A   B              C     D Z y7@"C  
答案:A :7!/FBd  
应改为:more Ec6{?\  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 ?t} [Wi}7  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: uYMW5k_,>  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, 9HEc=,D|  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 1ck2Gxn  
   (that 指代the population) "5jZS6A]  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. xD1B50y U  
   (those 指代 designs) :WCUHQ+  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) >k\*NW  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may XLbrE|0A?  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. Y!*,G]7  
例题: c*1x*'j.  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. ;. :UfW  
(A) than do U0N[~yW(t1  
(B) that are having "iZ-AG!C  
(C) which have PUYo >eB)0  
(D) that do 4 |5ekwk  
答案:A zPk g3H  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 X}usyO'pW  
\AK|~:\]  
考点二 (not) so /as…as Ixec]UOS  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, y?unI~4tC  
如:It is as good as it looks. [X~X?By>  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. ev guw*u  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 462ae` 6l  
例题: "4?hK  
(1) 9H)uTyuNi  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. IkZ_N#m  
(A) possibly little nourishment ^LcI6 h  
(B) nourishment possibly little vaxg^n|v9  
(C) little as possible nourishment jN<]yhqf  
(D) little nourishment as possible 6aK --k  
答案:D JWn{nJ$]  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. ( gFA? aD<  
(2) aKUr":z  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. Ni)#tz_9  
(A) so early ?^!dLW  
(B) the earliest z0UO<Y?9  
(C) as early as Uy1xNb/d  
(D) so early that C} kJGi  
答案:C H.mG0x`M"E  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as e ^qnUjMy  
.0-m=3mp2  
考点三 the same…as 4|L@oTzx  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, &}$D[ 4N  
如:She looks just the same as before. 2"'8x?.V  
  I got the same feeling as you did. i+Dgw  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 -}sya1(<8  
例题: -8jqC6mQ  
(1) 3ky+qoe  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, W>bW1h  
         A       B          C L# 1vf  
shorter tails, and longer bills. =k7\g /  
            D Kx+Bc&X  
答案:B ')-(N um  
应改为:as. z{0;%E  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” @<=#i  
(2) tuUXW5!/  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of <xjv7`G7  
  A                 B    D*gV S  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. Z^6(&Rh  
   C          D U3K<@r  
答案:D b[;3KmUB  
应改为:as }2A1Yt:^P  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 5yiiPK$qr  
m=,c,*>  
考点四 the more…,the more… .l5" X>  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, pNQkKDbL+  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. 2\\3<  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. [(F<|f:n  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 {4aY}= -Q*  
例题: ^ [[ b$h$  
(1) ,Z7Z!.TY!  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ]N"F?3J 8  
(A) the greater the need there is K!c@aD:#  
(B) greater need U.7y8#qf3R  
(C) is there great need Qr%Jm{_o  
(D) the great need ~P #zhHw  
答案:A @IY?DO  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, X/8iJ-KB  
1 j^c  
l5Wa'~0qA  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. )Ct*G= N  
(2) M 1^C8cz  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. XCIa2Syo  
(A) the stress it is greater ? TT8|Os  
(B) greater is the stress 90qj6.SQ  
(C) greater stress is ,#bb8+z&p  
(D) the greater the stress Hg9.<|+yo  
答案:D 6Z7pztk  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D hygnC`|  
fcE)V#c"g  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer W>0"CUp  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, PyMVTP4  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. ]`@]<6  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 O5^J!(.O\Z  
例题: T sX+. i '  
(1) !b7'>b'J<1  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio d=?Mj]  
          A           B      7V=MRf&xQ  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level.   ^RV  
    C                           D ;V~rWzKM(  
答案:A /esVuz  
应改为:no longer. ,!I?)hwOC  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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