考点四 名词(词组)作定语 7AwgJb hn
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 oFDz;6
这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等 v .=/Y(J
例题: c)}2K0
(1) !2tW$B P^
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, geM6G$V&
A B EpYy3^5d
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. ^e Gue
C D >9H@ |[C
答案: D :7g=b%;
应改为: distribution/ distributing. P[ r];e
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 _Ov;4nt!
(2) J=W0Xi !
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. k5`OH8G
A B C D (: pq77
答案: D *\uM.m0$
应改为: color ({^9<Us
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 l?8M
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第二章 形容词 o>Er_r
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 %+)o'nf"U
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 o Y}]UB>
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 I6!5Yj]O"
例题： e({9]
(1) =sJ
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The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. {c?JuV4 q?
A B C D %+>s#Q2d
答案：C G!N{NCq
应改为：certain. )d \ j I
解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 Ys+OB*8AE
(2) L Q11ba
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. )tHaB,
A B C D f3j{V N
答案：C IQ< MyB(
应改为：visual. Q5{Pv}Jx
解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 $
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注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话： i,A#&YDl
The man was awake. <ljI;xE
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) bzDIhnw
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 3f " %G\
例题： *-W
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(1) eI.2`)>
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means <~TP#uAz
A B C !Cgx.
of on-the-spot, alive reports. YjF|XPv+ l
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答案： D 4n #ov=)-~
应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 5 uq3\a
解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) 0]QRsVz+
(2) 2!& &|Mh}
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also ^ -FX
A B C ZyOv.,y
gather data from documentary and oral sources. J"=1/,AS
D O }9KJU
答案： A +_XmlX A3Z
应改为：like H&r,FmI@
解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 :m86
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注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. !D!~ ^\
如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等， m9U"[Huv1E
注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, p!] 6ll^
一般来说：这个排序的规则是: Q L6C,#6
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 dz~co Z9
如: two young American students cvwhSdZu8
my three red pencils
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第二节 比较级 =rdY
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英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级，主要有两种形式： %m:m}ziLQ
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词)，如：fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等； 0]D0{6x
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或在词前加more (多音节形容词)，如：more useful, more complex等 u77E! z4Uz
少数词比较级形式特殊，如：good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的)， *yl>T^DjTC
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考点一 含有标志词than OL_{_K(w
1．最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象， 0%!rx{f#\
如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. -
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She possesses more books than I do. cb5, P~/q
He is more intelligent than I expected. :e o
than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中， &3J@BMYp
空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级， EUsI% p
空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 UT}i0I9
例题： p4p@^@<>X
(1) fDx9iHGv
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. s+:= I
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(A) coolest
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(B) the coolest .xB u-?6s6
(C) cooler d\
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(D) the cooler {}:ToIp
答案：A JI vo_7{
解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确 1
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(2) wj[$9UJb
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. +MmH
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A B C D }jill+ ]
答案：A trE{ FT
应改为：more ]r_;dY a
解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级 Hr$QLtr
2．为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来: E@Ad '_ H
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, : _QCfH
如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. %6_AM
(that 指代the population) Z(!00^
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. 3MRc 4UlB
(those 指代 designs) -kbg\,PW
情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) a wz ;z?~
如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may w|Nz_3tI
probably contribute more to the success of a play. '? jlH0;
例题： *YlV-C<}W"
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 36am-G
(A) than do ? mlNL/:
(B) that are having Q?X>E3=U
(C) which have R i^[i}
(D) that do _2N$LLbg
答案：A f ^VP/rdg
解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 8n>9;D 5 n
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考点二 (not) so /as…as ciMzf$+G$
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形，而且as…as必须搭配使用， Q~T $N
如：It is as good as it looks. 6&/T@LQYrh
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. -{ZWo:,r~q
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 Xn{1 FJX/
例题： v,ju!I0.
(1) oJfr +3I
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. \eFR(gO+
(A) possibly little nourishment AnT3M.>ek
(B) nourishment possibly little q`r**N+zn
(C) little as possible nourishment |iwP:C^\mJ
(D) little nourishment as possible 7a ~X:#
答案：D %V nbmoO
解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含as…as句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. /3{b%0Aa
(2) : ijAqfX
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ~sXcnxLz
(A) so early Je E ;V![
(B) the earliest \P6$mh\T
(C) as early as \o^2y.q:>
(D) so early that ^-
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答案：C 3p'I5, }
解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as...as hyFyP\u]
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考点三 the same…as
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此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用， )h)]SF}
如：She looks just the same as before. Ll4g[8
I got the same feeling as you did. - RU=z!{
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 :n-]>Q>5=k
例题： l~$+,U&XNe
(1) 5wDg'X]>V
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, (P:<t6;+
A B C 5f 5f 0|ok
shorter tails, and longer bills. h3xA J!
D 9'X7w G
答案：B Zo ~
应改为：as. 71t* %
解释：the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与．．．一样” O[ef#R!
(2) P`cq H(
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of I<6P;
A B }WH&iES@P
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. :BV6y|J9O^
C D )`O~f_pIC
答案：D !'9Feoez
应改为：as /
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解释：与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 SS WP~
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考点四 the more…，the more… ~yW4)4k;b
此句式常表示“越……越……”，more在此处泛指比较级，此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开，句子结构平行，而且谓语动词一致时，为避免重复常进行省略， 8&qZ0GLaT
如：The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ^D n D>h@q
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. =* c7i]@}
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一，因此看到the more结构，要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 #PH~1`vl
例题： (G;l x
(1) 9C WezI+
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. -7@/[9Gf`:
(A) the greater the need there is |8l<$ J
(B) greater need m4hg'<<V
(C) is there great need LcTt )rs
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(D) the great need BMG3|N ^
答案：A _ 4U5
解释：这是典型的 “the more…, qh|_W(`y
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. CR"|^{G
(2) [ 0KlC1=
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. Sw
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(A) the stress it is greater KyYM fC
(B) greater is the stress .*Ct bGw
(C) greater stress is emqZztccZ
(D) the greater the stress !Sh&3uy_qN
答案：D z"-u95H
解释：此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行，当谓语一致时，后面的可省略，符合要求的只有D
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer @s ?
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, hKLCJ# T
如：He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. ' g=
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用，no more /not…any more同理，这一句式在改错题中出现。 A@1W}8qY:
例题： 7Bzq,2s
(1) Rg\z<wPBG
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio : cem,#(=
A B PV'x+b N5
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. AS'R?aX|C
C D e6R}0w~G
答案：A B( LWdap~
应改为：no longer.
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解释：根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ．．．”，英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
