考点四 名词(词组)作定语 [M7iJcwt
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 Gx(K N57D
这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等 ~.PPf/
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例题: ;X*
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(1) /I`cS%U
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, /?.r!Cp
A B 5@R15q@c6n
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. K]H"qG.K
C D SHXa{-
答案: D SxL HFN]
应改为: distribution/ distributing. ^-e3=&
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ~n8Oyr
(2) #GDh/t2@
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. 0] :*v?
A B C D ]Vf8mkDGO
答案: D YWcui+4p}
应改为: color +h g aBJy
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 bOd sMlJkN
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第二章 形容词 xvdnEaWe$
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 (_%J F[W
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 iP#A-du
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 VxPTh\O*[
例题： ?4wehcZz
(1) HkfSx rTgQ
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. G8 <It5CU
A B C D P60]ps!M
答案：C H z < M
应改为：certain. HhQ PgjZ/
解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 Op$ J
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(2) H,4,~lv|
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. gE 6y& a
A B C D UQji7K }
答案：C {C0Or O2:
应改为：visual. 6q
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解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 v;F+fOo
注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话： w_z^5\u0
The man was awake. @R-~zOv
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) .}hZ7>4 -
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable -) v p& -
例题： ]BS{ ,sI
(1) f@. Q%+!4
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means q@RY.&mgW
A B C KxTYc
of on-the-spot, alive reports. 3_1Io+uXk
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答案： D o j4)7{
应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) B43#9CK`o
解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) , LPFb6o
(2) ? Ge*~d
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also X)R] a]1A
A B C g7Q*KA+
gather data from documentary and oral sources. W 9:{pQG
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答案： A uA}FuOE6
应改为：like fN%5D z-e
解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 m"m;(T{ v
注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉.
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如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等， m&z %kVsg]
注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, ;51!a C
一般来说：这个排序的规则是: Hr,lA(
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 y2% ^teX k
如: two young American students ]3#
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my three red pencils P :h 4
第二节 比较级 jxOVH+?l%
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级，主要有两种形式： *M!YQ<7G^d
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词)，如：fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等； )xy{[ K|M(
或在词前加more (多音节形容词)，如：more useful, more complex等 3)MM5
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少数词比较级形式特殊，如：good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的)， iwTBE
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考点一 含有标志词than (2\ek ct ^
1．最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象， ej53O/hP
如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. 9@>hm>g.
She possesses more books than I do. mb6? $1j
He is more intelligent than I expected. #"YWz)8
than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中， _~&v s<
空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级， eOO*gM =
空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 X_S]8Aa
例题： @%8 5k/(
(1) Z" nuO\zH~
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. KEB>}_[
(A) coolest X
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(B) the coolest dOgM9P
(C) cooler TbM* ? \7
(D) the cooler c `=h K*
答案：A J-?(sjIX
解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确 (?wKBUi
(2) bv" ({:x
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. e%7P$.
A B C D 9cPucKuj
答案：A D)$k{v#~
应改为：more S vrV5X
解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级 56aJE
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2．为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来: "2j~3aWj
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, *M5C*}dl
如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 45JLx?rN_
(that 指代the population) 2xm?,p`
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. ZWW}r~d{
(those 指代 designs) }+3~y 'k
情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) @3D%i#2o&[
如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may 'm ((G4
probably contribute more to the success of a play. `N,Jiw;bw
例题： JYU Ks~Qt
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 2M`Ni&v
(A) than do m> :ig\
(B) that are having Onyq'
(C) which have `/iN%ZKum
(D) that do >r Glj
答案：A B-zt(HG
解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 bsVOO9.4-
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考点二 (not) so /as…as =^}2 /vA
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形，而且as…as必须搭配使用， 81g0oVv
如：It is as good as it looks. ~=Sr0+vV
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. b`=rd 4cpU
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 8i"fhN3?Y
例题： {[dqXG$v `
(1) 3e:y?hpeL
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. D':A-E
(A) possibly little nourishment )n V x 2m4
(B) nourishment possibly little bSzb! hT`
(C) little as possible nourishment v4zA RE9#
(D) little nourishment as possible
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答案：D 4|UIyDt8
解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含as…as句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. zy E yZc?
(2) ,'}ZcN2)
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. Q=E6ZxH5;
(A) so early #t*c*o
(B) the earliest x(Z@ R\C-a
(C) as early as ~f:fOrLE#
(D) so early that L K$hV"SYb
答案：C IG\
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解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as...as >#Y q&@G
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考点三 the same…as 1
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此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用， pD9c%P
如：She looks just the same as before.
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I got the same feeling as you did. .0
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改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 -$r fu
例题： f\JyN@w+
(1) WF]:?WE%
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, )_ y{^kn3^
A B C aap:~F{]X
shorter tails, and longer bills. ;-F#a+2]!
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答案：B \]D;HR`vo
应改为：as. uE2Y n`Ha
解释：the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与．．．一样” +q(D]:@,[
(2) Kj7Osqu2bE
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of sC$X7h(Q+
A B JmK+#o
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. lZ|Ao 0(
C D Q'N<jX[
答案：D +RM3EvglDQ
应改为：as TCYnErqk
解释：与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 }5gQZ'ys'
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考点四 the more…，the more… {"<Q?yA2y
此句式常表示“越……越……”，more在此处泛指比较级，此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开，句子结构平行，而且谓语动词一致时，为避免重复常进行省略， LZeR .8XM>
如：The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. srC jq
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 1Dbe0u
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一，因此看到the more结构，要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 OygYP
例题： myYe~f4=HQ
(1) mb#)w`<
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. i J\#su
(A) the greater the need there is XDn$=`2
(B) greater need k"; ;Snk
(C) is there great need $R^"~|m3M
(D) the great need @/9>
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答案：A n4:WM+f4
解释：这是典型的 “the more…, wxoBq{r;
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. FnCHbPlb
(2) 2 @ad! h
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. &W ~,q(
(A) the stress it is greater <%!@cE+y
(B) greater is the stress ,0~' #x>
(C) greater stress is JeO(sj$e
(D) the greater the stress rsP1?Hxq
答案：D M]&9Kg3
解释：此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行，当谓语一致时，后面的可省略，符合要求的只有D ;xb: {?
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer rod{ 77
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, kwey p IB
如：He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. U*6r".sz
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用，no more /not…any more同理，这一句式在改错题中出现。 @ ) 1 u
例题： !7_Q_h',
(1) |=SaI%%Be
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio n\d-^ml
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. D@!
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答案：A & 'R\yX<J)
应改为：no longer. Yw./V0Z{@
解释：根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ．．．”，英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
