考点四 名词(词组)作定语 8P"_#M?!
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 m\ddp_l
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 IXb}AxBf
例题: JXw^/Y$
(1) 3LfC{ER
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, JMVNmq&0
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. |,aG%MTL
C D z
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答案: D )
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应改为: distribution/ distributing. ]q6;#EUr?
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 0v]?6wX
(2) fd#jY}
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. &
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A B C D @?[1_g_'P
答案: D <HRBMSR+
应改为: color ncSFj.}w]
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 &|aqP
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第二章 形容词 [lk'xzE
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 } %'bullT
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 >I<r)w]
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 fGv#s
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例题: 9
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(1) !6G?zipB
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. KIeT!kmDl
A B C D ]?h`:,]
答案:C }P3tn
应改为:certain. ~O 3D[PNW~
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 W-
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(2) SI_iI 71
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities.
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A B C D f(D_FTTO
答案:C Kd3?I5t
应改为:visual. @FN*TJ
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 \#'TNmS
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: 7B3w\
The man was awake. <e%F^#y_
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) |K
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这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable .bD_R7Bi6
例题: -xg2q
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(1) m6
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Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means :
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A B C `N/RHb%
of on-the-spot, alive reports. r,(et
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答案: D RQW6N??C
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) R)Mt(gFZT_
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) RE 3Z%;'
(2) [O
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Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also iO1nwl !#
A B C ]J2:194
gather data from documentary and oral sources. _ia! mT<
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答案: A qu6DQ@
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应改为:like K,xW6DiH
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 io4A>>W==/
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. smAC,-6]~
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, ^ons:$0h
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, ,je`YEC
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: @nV5.r0W}B
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 x;BbTBc>
如: two young American students x4a:PuqmGG
my three red pencils Md;/nJO~{
第二节 比较级 nw'-`*'rj
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: J_#R 87
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; @u4=e4eF`
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 `kBnSi o~
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), bNzqls$
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考点一 含有标志词than t)1phg4H)
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, $G?(OWI}l`
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train.
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She possesses more books than I do. '
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He is more intelligent than I expected. ?AsDk ~3
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, Uxl(9 6
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, jq oPLbxT
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 [Z}B"
例题: !ng\`
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(1) $Lq:=7&LRn
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. #3.)H9
(A) coolest [ #]jC[
(B) the coolest ~w.2-D
(C) cooler ,nE&
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(D) the cooler :0Te4UE;P7
答案:A lCFU1 GHH
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 T^)plWw
(2) ofwQ:0@
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. !k h{9I>M
A B C D BjD&>gO)
答案:A Dc:DY:L^
应改为:more
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解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 |3@=CE7G
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: syFI$rf
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情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, M.k|bh8
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. j];G*-iv{
(that 指代the population) z[biK|YL
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. '?k' 6R$'\
(those 指代 designs) 8_awMVAy
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) Qi|?d7k0
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may -7L
probably contribute more to the success of a play. {9{J^@ @
例题: +
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Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. ]j1
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(A) than do yI4DVu.
(B) that are having cl2ze
(C) which have w%I8CU_}.
(D) that do 777rE[\@b
答案:A U_}hfLILi
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 w?/f Z x
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考点二 (not) so /as…as 6.UKB<sV
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, s%bUgO%&
如:It is as good as it looks. u:eW0Ows"
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. ;6zPiaDQ
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 1zR/HT
例题: T#Fn:6_=
(1) _Z0\`kba+
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. e
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(A) possibly little nourishment uh1S
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(B) nourishment possibly little AO^]>/7ed
(C) little as possible nourishment xLZMpP5c
(D) little nourishment as possible }oV3EIH
答案:D ^YqbjL
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. ,Z?m`cx
(2) srhFEmgN7)
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. t+jIHo
(A) so early y3Y2QC(
(B) the earliest d`UF0T
(C) as early as va@Xb UC
(D) so early that i>WOYI9
答案:C )4Bwt`VX
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as jm4)gmC
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考点三 the same…as *1i?6$[
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此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, W3"vTZJF
如:She looks just the same as before. QZ#3Bn%B5
I got the same feeling as you did. B*32D8t`u
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 6|%^pjX5
例题: =z+-l5Gu"
(1) bJANZn|H
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, zI1(F67d`
A B C FYxUOO
shorter tails, and longer bills. gQu\[e%mVo
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答案:B Ml'bZLwq
应改为:as. >3<&V{<K
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” 5dbX%e_OP
(2) yjeqv-7
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of =ltbS f7
A B <{3q{VW*
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 0=3FO}[u
C D wa9'2a1?
答案:D ;JMOsn}8
应改为:as ,| $|kO/
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 l=Vowx.$2f
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考点四 the more…,the more… FcuEeca
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, k#{
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如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ~nLkn#Z
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. m
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填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 @h ,h=X
例题: ^EnNbFI
(1) S
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The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. wz*)L
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(A) the greater the need there is +z~!#j4Q
(B) greater need
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(C) is there great need e<: 4czh8
(D) the great need v@}1WGY
答案:A M ,
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解释:这是典型的 “the more…, j\
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. Q]2sj:
(2) &deZ
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. P!>{>r4
(A) the stress it is greater {GG~E54&B
(B) greater is the stress 5<:VJC<
(C) greater stress is ]%WD} 4e
(D) the greater the stress ?-RoqF
答案:D 3<~2"@J
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D D:RBq\8
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer oZ\qT0*eb
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, ]Lb?#S
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. f2SU5e2
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 GWA!Ab'<U
例题: ="'P=Xh!8
(1) fW4cHB9|
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio }?Yr>ZRi
A B zvK5Zxl
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. =|WV^0=S'%
C D >b!X&JU
答案:A 5E oWyy
应改为:no longer. A 4W
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer