考点四 名词(词组)作定语 v.5+7,4
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 ~PNub E
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 7 xa>
例题: Sa5G.^XI
(1) $,'*f?d
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, *uvQ\.
A B #R
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. &jr3B;g!C
C D N,U8YO
答案: D 7"xd1l?zz
应改为: distribution/ distributing. Y[S1$(K&*
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 RCLeA=/N@0
(2) M&
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Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. OK
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A B C D L4?IHNB
答案: D
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应改为: color T9q-,w/j;
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 *HB-QIl
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第二章 形容词 e(8Ba X_
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 G<;*
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 #yvGK:F
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 e64 ^ChCoV
例题: !FF U=f
(1)
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The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. U|j`e5)
A B C D w^0nqh
答案:C _2 osV[e
应改为:certain. SOvF[,+
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 1 I",L&S1
(2) 0S$N05
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. n>U5R_T
A B C D IRqy%@)
答案:C d9
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应改为:visual. Tc3yS(aq
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 hqkz^!rp
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: 0% I=d
The man was awake. r^ ZEImjc
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) uOdl*| T?
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable ,L'zRyP
例题: 5bpEYW+
(1) 0>Z_*U~6
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means =+d?x56
A B C zjoq6
of on-the-spot, alive reports. C8i^P}y
D o J;$sj
答案: D K0Fh%Y4)QH
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) ))'<_nD
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) <B8!.|19
(2) L8#5*8W6
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also sYf~c0${
A B C tT?
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gather data from documentary and oral sources. %;YHt=(1*X
D SQt4v"
答案: A Pw!MS5=r
应改为:like M?uC%x+S$_
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 r<Kx0`y
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. .];=Pu^
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, X1vd'>
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, M} v/tRI
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: K~ehP[^
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 `(/w y
如: two young American students o"R7,N0rB
my three red pencils @A^;jk
第二节 比较级 Lrq.Ab#
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: ,>+p-M8ZL
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; L"Olwwmk
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 tr}Loq\y
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), F,)%?<!I
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考点一 含有标志词than -"60d
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1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, q\p:X"j|
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. Ur=(.%@
She possesses more books than I do. (7=!+'
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He is more intelligent than I expected. /9pwZ%:<
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, dNL(G%Qj+"
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, r{I%
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空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 .qZ~_xk d
例题: HqD^B[jS
(1) e 5*hE
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. ^mO~W
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(A) coolest WQL\y3f5
(B) the coolest 3!oi +_
(C) cooler nWYN Np?h
(D) the cooler n'kG] Q
答案:A qPy1;maXP
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 };jN\x?&q
(2) eMY<uqdw
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. xQXXC
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A B C D z Q`jP$2
答案:A 4V i`* !
应改为:more $ig0j`
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 WR yaKM
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: "h a L
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, 6GSI"M6s
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 6NM:DI\%
(that 指代the population) q?DTMKx
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. vK\%%H
(those 指代 designs) kG@@ot" n
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) dDGgvi|[Mz
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may e .2ib?8
probably contribute more to the success of a play. #W'H
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例题: 1
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Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. ,p2s:&"
(A) than do Yu[ t\/
(B) that are having +*T7@1
(C) which have UU mTOJr
(D) that do r1.nTO%
答案:A luuX2Mx>o
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 ,)J
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考点二 (not) so /as…as G!W[8UG
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, Z
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如:It is as good as it looks. FsV'Cu@!U
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. xtE_=5$~
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 28H8l2{[>
例题: wEE\+3b)
(1) p
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The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. P 8>d6;o($
(A) possibly little nourishment rI>aAW'
(B) nourishment possibly little g[Ib,la_a
(C) little as possible nourishment Xr2ou5zAn
(D) little nourishment as possible (
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答案:D
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解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. 8p9bCE>\
(2) j>x-"9N
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ZF|+W?0&%
(A) so early [}8|R0KF
(B) the earliest aj}sc/Qa
(C) as early as !n$tr
(D) so early that .J.-Mm`.
答案:C CkD#/
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as a{J,~2>
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考点三 the same…as xY U.D+RY
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, eDJfU
如:She looks just the same as before. X
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I got the same feeling as you did. @@rEs40
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 'XofD}dm
例题: 4*mS y
(1) _5m#2u51i
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, t|!j2<e
A B C ;VNMD 6H
shorter tails, and longer bills. 199]W Hc
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答案:B lGk{LO)
应改为:as. /K{9OT@>
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” "+
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(2) #8bsxx!s
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of U
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A B V8wKAj
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perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. <ggtjw S
C D wwoweztER
答案:D 7Wa?$6d
应改为:as Q33"u/-v
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 -:9P%jWt
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考点四 the more…,the more… kctzNGF|
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, <zy,5IlD
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. xc:!cA{V
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. {(#%N5
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填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 J5[~LZKW
例题: /.eeO k
(1) Op?OruT[
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. !.<T"8BUpv
(A) the greater the need there is R%H$%cnj
(B) greater need ph|ZG6:
(C) is there great need ia{c
(D) the great need qxMnp}O
答案:A F;!2(sPS
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, G02m/8g3
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. =}fd6ea(o
(2) R,!Q
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The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. KZ
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(A) the stress it is greater ^Ori|
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(B) greater is the stress 5[9bWB{
(C) greater stress is wj|x:YZ*
(D) the greater the stress [rOaM$3|
答案:D mN5
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解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D i~{
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer :y,v&Kk#T
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, nxap\Lf
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. 3Gr&p6
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 \H5Jk$*
例题: o8FXqTUcs4
(1) qtu
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Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 4*U
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A B 4R ) |->"
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 3rf#Q}"
C D zy N (4
答案:A 3@O0^v-
应改为:no longer. OalP1Gy
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer