考点二 过去分词 4Z<]4:o
1. 过去分词作定语 OL,/-;z6
与现在分词类似,过去分词作定语常可和定语从句替换, 通常表示被动的含义. [8B
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如:a theory derived from rich experience >!:$@!6L
= a theory that has been derived from rich experience /k4^&
a gas composed of four chemical elements l Q=&jkw
= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements 8MYLXW6
单个分词可放在被修饰词之前,如:distinguished guests, unexpected trouble fxLE ]VJQ
改错题中常考现在分词和过去分词的混用,关键看被修饰词和分词代表的动作是主动还是被动关系。 +0oyt?
例如: boiling water (沸腾的水,表示正在沸腾); boiled water(开水, 表示已经烧开) Fi,e}j=2f
2. 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别 U.zRIhA]
有时一个动词词尾分别加上-ing和-ed就构成了一组同源现在分词和过去分词, 这样的例子在英语里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 这些由动词变化而来的分词已经被人们视为形容词了. 但是, 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语时有什么区别呢? 3D 4]yR5
现在分词通常表示某个事物的特性, 通常用来修饰某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等; qK9L+i
过去分词通常表示人的感受或状态, 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦虑的神情) A{DIp+
试比较: an interesting boy (一个有趣的男孩 - 让人觉得很有趣) P3,Z5|
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an interested boy (一个产生了兴趣的男孩 [[/ }1%
同样, 当同源现在分词和过去分词做表语时, 在意思上也存在同样的区别, 如: twYB=68
The results are very disappointing. (结果很让人失望) k"3Z@Px
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We are very disappointed at the results. (我们对这样的结果很失望) l`~a}y "n
例题: @1J51< x
(1) Zh@4_Z9n!
The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States. *783xEF>f
(A) chartered eCPKpVhP
(B) was chartered `[C v-
(C) it was chartered BM=V,BZy
(D) to be chartered =hOj8;2
答案:A >tXufzW
解释:本句主谓结构完整, 缺少的是主语的修饰成分, A构成过去分词短语作定语;B C 的动词结构与原句谓语冲突; D 不定式一般表示即将发生的动作, 与in 1785不符 n
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(2) 8vX*SrM
A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. s$DT.cvO
A B C D ?}1JL6mF{
答案:C EE{#S
应改为:fixed D
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解释:fix是动词,不能修饰名词period, 依句意改为分词fixed, “一段固定时间” DS[l,x
(3) 6/V{>MTZg
Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons. 5w,YBUp
(A) called x jP" 'yU
(B) to call ![X.%
(C) is called %DND&0`
(D) call as gR_b~^
答案:A dZ]\1""#H
解释:此句主谓完整, 句中又无连词, 需填的只可能是非谓语成分, A 是过去分词短语作定语, 等效于which is called, 符合题意. C D 属谓语结构, 与原句谓语冲突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通 1TD&&EC
3. 过去分词作状语 u%gm+NneK
过去分词也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的状语,常表示事件发生的背景或原因, 3MBz
如:Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake. 43orR !.Z
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feated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages. 31o7R &v
特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致. 选择题中, 经常要求考生在分词状语部分填入合适的过去分词或现在分词. 到底选择哪种分词, 考生可以采取这样的作题方法: 首先根据“分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致”的原则确定状语部分的主语, 再判断这个主语和分词是什么关系, 若是主动关系则应该用现在分词, 若是被动关系则要用过去分词. GD6'R"tJ
例题: x"C93ft[
(1) te)g',#lT
---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States. onJ[&f
(A) Founded m?R+Z6c[
(B) Founding ReGO9}
(C) To found EJ
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(D) Having founded i]^*J1a
答案:A `v/tf|v6
解释:分词部分的逻辑主语也应当是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之间是被动关系, 所以空格处应填入过去分词 [9W&1zY
(2) *!7SM7
Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over C7*Yg$`{
A B C u!EulAl
the next three year. 8KdcLN@
D #.G>SeTn2}
答案:A "F.J>QBd
应改为:Almost destroyed @SVEhk#
解释:by是被动式的标志词, 动词destroy应用过去分词destroyed, 这样既表被动又构成句子的状语 [r<
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考点三 独立主格结构 r@V(w`
独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式,对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致,而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性 &WWO13\qd
1、主要特征 WE8L?55_Au
(1) 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构,分词与主语间是主谓关系, nh.v?|
基本形式为:主语+现在分词或过去分词 nOoh2jUM
如:his heart bleeding AxqTPx7`|
the baby crying F9G$$%Q-Z
the project completed P6Z,ci17
The school being over, the street was full of the students. GISI8W^
= When the school was over, the street was full of the students. O!cO/]<
(2)切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构, WRyv
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比较:my mind wandering (独立主格); `];[T=
My mind was wandering (主谓结构) rO>
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(3)独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致 I)4|?tb?
如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn't utter a word. (独立主格) #[rFep
对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致: ~CTRPH
Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word. ]tV{#iIJ*
2. 在句子中的作用 CMf~Yv
独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间、条件,原因、伴随状态等 :z5Ibas:
如:The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. (时间) 97
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Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. (条件) 4>eg@s N
Time pressing, they had to work overtime. (原因) F>{uB!!L4
The leaves rustling in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. (伴随)
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例题: jtC ob'n8
(1) ^*>no=A
----modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. "tbBbEj?d
(A) If 3gXUfv2ID
(B) But C
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(C) With ,=yIfbFQ
(D)Once V^H47O;VC
答案:C _C\
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解释:句中主干完整, 主语是designers, 谓语是are attempting, 之后是不定式构成的宾语. 空白后 becoming 采取分词形式, modern offices是becoming的逻辑主语, 因此可确定需填入的词会与原句构成独立主格结构, 而不是从句, A B D可一次性排除, 其实此句除去空白处, 已是完整的句子, 类似句子如: The man entered the room, his hair flying in the air. jh!IOtf
注意: 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由with引导, 如本例题. bJ[1'Es`
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第三节 动名词 gU$3Y#R
动名词是动词的特殊形式,拼写类似现在分词,用法类似名词,具有与二者均不同的特点:动名词可作动词或介词宾语(分词不行)之后可以再接宾语(名词不行),它兼备了动词和名词的功能,故称作动名词 N^>g=Ub
考点一 动名词作宾语 G4]
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1. 许多动词不能接不定式作宾语,同时又需要动宾结构作宾语,此时动名词便可大显身手了,如:enjoy singing(喜欢唱歌), pfIvBU?
avoid looking me in the eye +4Ra N`I
miss crashing into the tree S!c@6&XJm?
Fancy meeting you here! (想不到在这里见到你了) U;Wmx
常接动名词doing做宾语的动词有: [r~lO@
enjoy, mind, delay, avoid, consider, deny, miss, escape, fancy, suggest, insist等 T{Q&