第二节 宾语从句 ~hD!{([
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在主句中作宾语的就是宾语从句,并不是所有的动词都能接宾语从句,应满足的先决条件是及物动词。宾语从句可分为三类: ~MWI-oK
一、that 引导的宾语从句 |j$r@
that引导的宾语从句最为普遍,从句应是完整的主谓结构,且that有时可以省略, YBh|\
如:She told me (that) she had bought a gift for me. 6_|iXs(&
I hope that it will be cooler tomorrow. bGw56s'R5~
常接此类宾语从句的动词有:say, think, hope, tell, see, deny, demand, suggest, propose, declare, feel, intend, insist, believe, agree, admit, expect, explain, imagine, know, report, doubt等 U
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I doubt that he has the ability to do this. C7*n<+e
二、what, where, when, which, who, why, JLd-{}A""-
how等词引导的宾语从句 OQW%nF9~
宾语从句还可由上述类似特殊疑问词的引导词引出,此时引导词作从句的主语、宾语、或状语,不可以省略 S[ch
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如:I can't understand why you feel so bitter about her manners. (4o<U%3kGq
Could you explain what has caused the delay? X*cDn.(I
I wonder how you managed to escape. ;~D$rT
Just tell me which one you prefer. srPczVG*
此类从句的形式颇像问句,但需注意应用陈述句语序,不可倒装 ]K?;XA3 dZ
可接此类从句的动词有:ask, say, tell, know, wonder, understand, inform, advise, decide, find, answer, suggest, show, discuss, discover等 'tTUro1~
三、whether /if 引导的宾语从句 nuKcq!L
whether / if引导的从句,表示“是否….”,whether /if虽不在从句中担当成分,但因有实际意思,不可省略,之后的从句必须是完整的主谓结构 5(zdM)Y7
如:I wonder if /whether you are interested in his paintings. j,n\`7dD$
I can't decide whether I should go or not. (此时不能用if) 6am
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注:有些be+形容词的句式结构类似于宾语从句,可归入此类,如: 1aI&jdJk
I am sure that he will come before long. mT:NC'b<9
I'm afraid (that) you are not allowed to enter without a pass. SzP`(}AU
例题: 7|5X> yt
(1) gY'-C
Almost all economists agree ----by trading with one another. 3Fb9\2<H
(A) nations that are gained l~]D|92
(B) nations they gain SR$ 'JGfp
(C) gaining nations =cpUc]~
(D) that nations gain SJB^dI**/d
答案:D m"@o
解释:谓语动词agree的宾语不完整, 因agree一词不能直接与名词词组搭配, 但可接that引导的从句, 故D以外的选项均可排除 6ao~f?JZ
(2) xa.tH)R
Today it is generally recognized as the primary function of the Federal Reserve gw!d[{#
A B NbC2N)L4
System is to foster the flow of credit and money that will eventually facilitate a MaPOmS8?
C D b)@D@K"5
balance in international payments. v,C~5J3h)
答案:B U9ZuD40\
应改为:that. |
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解释:介词as无法连接两个主谓句,应用关系连词连接,构成宾语从句 T|8:_4/l
(3) Q^;:Kl.b
A biologist does not merely describe organisms, but tries to learn ----act as they do. u^G Y7gah
(A) what causes them to e|?eY)_
(B) causes them to what Gx
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(C) what to cause them [YP{%1*RM
(D) what cause to them R#T
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答案:A iciKjXJ:
解释:空格处需要的是动词learn的宾语,B是谓语形式可先排除;因不符合固定词组cause somebody to do, C和D均可排除;A是what引导的宾语从句,符合题意 2"HTD|yy
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第三节 状语从句 9dw*
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状语从句是从句中的一大类,在考题中更是频繁出现,它的主要功能是作主句的状语,由完整的主谓句构成。状语从句和主句在语法上关系并不紧密,但在逻辑上是不可分割的 XmD(&3;v-
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考点一 分类及主要引导词 HCsd$M;Hbv
1. 时间状语从句 OLPY<ax
主要引导词:when, whenever, before, after, until, while, since, once, so long as, as soon as, the moment, every time, as, next time <}:` Y"
I will call you after I get to the company. 67hfv e
I don't call her until I get to the company. 0^R, d M
Every time I feel lonely, she comes to talk to me. 7UY4* j|[C
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2. 地点状语从句 r<vy6
主要引导词:where, wherever xu_,0ZT]{
Wherever you go, I will be right here waiting for you.
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3. 原因状语从句 R|}N"J _
主要引导词:because, as, since, considering that, now that, not that, seeing that F$(ak;v}
注意:in that是书面语中原因状语从句的引导词,相当于because, 在填空题中曾经出现 qC{JsX`~
Now that it is raining, we'd better cancal the meeting. &oMWs]0
4. 目的状语从句 C+uW]]~I)
主要引导词:so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest :^Pks R
5. 结果状语从句 JLnv O
主要引导词:so…that, so that, such…that GLyPgZ`|
注意:so…that句式和too…to句式的区别是重要考点之一,so…that接从句;too…to接不定式 4MS#`E7LrC
The old lady is so generous that a lot of people admire her. GkX Se)#p
She is too young to resist it. @`dg:P*[
6. 条件状语从句 {@vnKyf^K
主要引导词:if, unless, in case, so long as, on condition (that), provided (that) C= V2Y_j
7. 让步状语从句 y0sce
主要引导词:though, although, no matter, even if, even though, however, whatever +x=)Kp>
注意though, although等都不能够与but连用 \$ipnQ
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例题: _0v+'&bz
(1) }VZE
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Anthropology is a science ----anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others. R`cP%7K
(A) in that J _;H
(B) that in RC/ 3\'
(C) that :${tts2g
(D) in '1:) q
答案:A !Fp %2gt|
解释:空白处前后均是完整的主谓句, 意思上后者是对前者的解释说明, 推知需填入从句引导词, in that是一特殊的状语从句引导词, 表示原因, 与此句意思吻合 A}
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(2) B6Kl_~gT
Gorillas are quiet animals, ----they are able to make about twenty different sounds. zo(#tQ-'m
(A) how 7Hr_ZwO/^
(B) in spite of "0PrdZMx
(C) because of h<U?WtWT-p
(D) even though [|OII!"
答案:D \~l_w
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解释:空白前后都是完整的主谓句,需填的一定是连词,可首先排除BC,A引导的宾语从句不能接在表语后,只有D正确,构成状语从句 uqC#h,~
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(3) p0bWzIH
Pure flint is too hard and even-grained that it chips in smooth curved flakes. &rBe -52
A B C D E7fQ9]
答案:B ixu*@{<Z(
应改为:so. $]We |
解释:so...that是固定句式,表示如此……以至于 "
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考点二 状语从句中的省略 1IA1;
部分状语从句可以省略,在填空题中时有出现 vd4@ jZ5
如:Although defeated, he did not lose heart. (从句中省略了he was) ;7lON-@BI
If informed timely, I wouldn't have missed the meeting. (从句中省略了I were) ma~#E$i&
例题: 'RMUjJ-!
(1) &J6`Q<U!
----relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient and needs servicing infrequently D*%am|QL
(A) Even [CI&4) #
(B) It is g#J aw|N
(C) Even though a{]=BY oL
(D) There is EL?(D
答案:C W`;;fJe
解释:逗号后是完整的句子, 缺少的可能是从句或状语的一部分, B、D是主谓结构, 肯定不对; A 是副词, 为甚至之意, 放在原句中讲不通; C 是尽管的意思, 实际上省略了状语从句的主谓语it is, 符合题意. 还需注意的是costly是形容词而不是副词 lGd'_~'=
(2) 2tq2
Although ---- rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact. 9(N
(A) apparently $Z@*!B^
(B) are apparently qT$k%(
(C) apparently their +`HMl;0m
(D) are they apparently o
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答案:A
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解释:although是让步状语从句引导词,空格处需要从句的主谓语,B缺少主语,D不应倒装,可先排除;their不能修饰形容词rigid,B也可排除;A是从句的省略式,相当于Although they are apparently rigid @t9HRL?T~
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第四节 同位语从句 0|P=S|%~
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句子的同位语多由名词短语充当,但少数词之后可接由that引导的从句作同位语,此时需和定语从句相区别,同位语从句中that不在从句中承担成分,而且不可省略 C? zS}ob
如:I was disillusioned by the fact that he had deserted us for ever. 7rjl-FUA~
The idea that man is inferior to animals is quite unacceptable. \;{ ]YX
可接同位语从句的名词有:fact, reason, idea, news, hope, doubt, belief, proof等 UM7@c7B?
例题: C*Vm}|)
(1) tIuM9D{P
Astronomy developed from the observation ---- through regular cycles of motion. VgHO&vU
(A) going to heavenly bodies X1
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(B) the heavenly bodies going mU/o%|h
(C) heavenly bodies that go /Y0~BQC7!
(D) that the heavenly bodies go PtfG~$h?
答案:D jx}&%p X
解释:空格前是句子的主谓语,之后是介词短语,选项中只有D可将前后两部分连接起来,构成observation的同位语从句 \o>-L\`
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(2) A,~3oQV
Alchemists had the idea which by applying che \dk1a
mical vapors to base metals they hfwJZ\_60
A B C >XgoN\w
could create gold. K.
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D -<g9) CV5
答案:A cIU2 qFn[
应改为:that. Sy8t2lk
解释:从句表达的是idea的内容, 且idea在从句中不作成分, 因此确定此处不是定语从句, 而是同位语从句, 应用that引导 <XeDJ8
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词汇:alchemist: 炼金术士 z9o]);dZ
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第五节 主语从句和表语从句 j\uZo.Ot+
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主语从句和表语从句都是名词性从句,与宾语从句的分类、语法规则基本相同。 fQoAdw
主语从句如: /~"-q
That she has gone insane is sheer rumor. Vl5r~+$|
Whoever says it must be a fool. j7P49{
Whether you are innocent or not remains a question. f.g
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表语从句如: :|j[{;asY
The problem is that you have lost your way. x?Sx cQP
That's how we got to know the truth. : /5+p>Ep}
My major concern is whether you agree or not.
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例题: k=)U
(1) eu(Fhs
---- xenon could not form chemical compounds was once believed by scientists. <$nPGz)}
(A) For f}c;s
(B) It was tY_=[6?Zu
(C) That dX?j/M-
(D) While >\JPX
答案:C
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解释:空格后有两个非并列的谓语,空格处一定是需要从句引导词构成主从复合句,B可先排除,因compounds是form的宾语,不是was的主语,可见是从句作句子的主语,只有C引导的是主语从句;A、D都构成状语从句,但主句缺主语,故不对 M>k&WtqK
(2) }-[l)<F:
---- has been a topic of continual geological research. i}T*| P
(A) Did the continents originate M.g2y &8
(B) How did the continents originate
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(C) Have the continents originated kV8R.Baf3
(D) How the continents originated [)`*k#.=
答案:D +9HU&gQ3
解释:空格后是句子的谓语, 空格处需要主语, A、C是倒装句无法和原句连接, how引导的主语从句不需要倒装, 所以D是正确表达 -n:2US<
(3) C5=^cH8
In her time, Isadora Duncan was----today a liberated woman. t(}Y /'
(A) calling what we would 2K~v`c*4
(B) who would be calling P#pb48^-
(C) what we would call -Ua5anz
B
(D) she would call it )+FnwW
答案:C v0'z''KM!
解释:空格前是句子的主谓语,空格处需要was的表语,A从句缺少谓语,B从句少先行词;D语义不通;C构成恰当的表语从句,符合题意 0Cc3NNdz
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第十章 时态 qRT5|\l
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英语和汉语的显著区别之一就是英语有时态之分,不同的时态通过谓语动词、助动词的不同形式, 以及句中的时间状语来体现。TOEFL最常考的两种时态是现在完成时和一般过去时. 8\il~IFyi
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第一节 现在完成时 #~Kno@
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现在完成时的形式可概括为:have /has (用于第三人称单数) done /been 3meZ]u
如:She's just gone out. OfLj 4H6Q
They have already finished the task. FkaQVT
I haven't met him recently *o=Z~U9z
Has he told you about the accident? axG%@5
现在完成时用于表示说话之前已发生的动作但对现在仍有影响,或是由过去某点延续至说话时的动作,完成时有一些标志性的时间状语,如:already, yet, just, ever, since, for,so far, up to now, in the past years等 :CM2kh"Iu
TOEFL考试中改错题的考察重点是since, 如句中有since引导的时间状语,相应的谓语动词必然是现在完成时,反之要注意句中的时间状语是否符合完成时的要求,若不符,大多改为since yFo8x[
例题: W__$
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(1) Na\&}GSf^
Almanacs in simple form have been known from the invention of writing. jxK
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A B C D -6q7ze{@
答案:B <{V{
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应改为:since. _Wp,
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解释:此句是现在完成时,应用标志词since表示“自从”的意思 X56.Y.
(2) Qz"@<qgQy
Gore Vidal has steadily pursue a literary career remarkable for its productivity, s_u!
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A B C @C'qbO{
versatility, and unpredictability. CJ;D&qo
D &WbHM)_n
答案:A OoOwEV2p_
应改为:pursued. 3qfQlqJ&3
解释:此句为现在完成时, has后面应是动词的过去分词, 原形pursue肯定不行 ipiS=
注意: 当现在完成时的时间状语是for + 一段时间(已经有…时间了), 和since + 一个时间点(自从…以来)的时候, 句中的谓语不能是非延续性动词(暂短性动词), 如不能说: 5IG#-Q(6sp
I have borrowed the book for ten days. (错误: borrow这个动作是发生在图书出纳台上的一次性动作, 不能延续, 因此不能和for引导的时间状语连用) 7r3EMX\#Qm
应改为: I have kept the book for ten days. En+`ZcA\z
这样的暂短性动词还有: buy/sell, break, die, graduate, drop等. ~\R+p~>
第二节 一般过去时 Mc|UD*Z
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一般过去时的基本特征是谓语动词使用过去式(was /were /did),主要用于表示过去发生的事情,如: ^O5PcV 3Eg
She used to play tennis every week. ]T<RC\o
When did you go to bed last night? k1^&;}/f:
Was he on the spot? -1F+,+m
一般过去时的标志词为表示过去的时间状语,如: kEdAt5/U{
ago, last year, yesterday, just now, at first, in the end, in 1887等 CwzDkr&QC_
例题: ;#2yF34gv
(1) /;1h-Rc>
How many people remember listening to Orson Welles' 1938 radio broadcast, 1`&"U[{
A B C PwxRu
“The War of the Worlds,” Which convince thousands that space aliens had invaded \R#OJ=F
D XgZ.U
T
the Earth? z`@|v~i0`
答案:D 2HREO@._)
应改为:convinced. 7NfA)$
解释:主句与从句的时态必须保持一致, 时间状语1938表明从句应用过去时 [lAZ)6E~=
(2) Oc?]L&a