todtodtodtod

级别: 初级博友

楼主发表于: 2007-11-17

作文套路

作文套路：
套路 1。
There are many reasons / causes for ….. but in general, they come down to three major ones.
For one thing,….. For another, .. Perhaps the prime reason / cause is that….
From the foregoing, …..

2. Like everything else, ……has /have favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.
First ….. Besides, …Most important of all, .,,,,.
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with ,…. To make matters worse, … Worst of all,….
Now the conclusion is self-evident. The positive aspects outweigh the negative ones. Therefore, … and try to change the negative aspects into positive ones.

Different people have different views on…..It is held that ….But it is also held that..
But it is also held that…..
Those who hold the first opinion… In contrast,…those who hold the second view….
As to me, I agree with the latter opinion … Admittedly, …but this is not to say that….
For instance,… what’s more, it should be understood that …. For example….
In a word……

When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions…. Is no exception. Some people take it for granted that …. However, others hold that….
As far as I am concerned , I’m in favor of the second view . . The reasons are as follows.
First, there is an element of truth that…. , but it doesn’t that…. A case in point is that ….. As another instance,... Therefore, the first view doesn’t hold water.
In conclusion,

Charts and graphs
A. It is a/table/chart/diagram/graph which describes that...
It is a table/chart/diagram/graph of...
This chart/table/pie diagram/graph points out/indicates/shows/illustrates that...
As we can see/As can be seen from/in the chart/table/pie diagram/graph that...
According to/As is shown in Table 1/Figure 2/Chart 3/Diagram 4 ...
B. A and B are totally/completely/entirely/quite/strikingly different in every
way/many ways
The difference between A and B is (lies in/consists in/exists) ...
Their differences can be described as follows: ...

　

　

三、英语写作核查清单
为了提高找错效率，整理一个写作中常见错误的核查清单(checklist)是很有益处的。这
样就能做到有的放矢，根据核查清单所列举的错误，迅速地查找错误。
1．是否漏掉动词“to be"
一般来说，每个句子(或分句)必须有一个动词作谓语。看一下每个句子中是否都有
动词。如缺少动词，那么很可能漏掉的就是动词“to be"。
2．在第三人称单数后的动词是否漏掉s(指现在时)
很快地浏览一下你的作文，找到每一个动词，再找该动词的主语，决定动词后面是
否要加S.
3．复数名词后面是否漏了s
查看所有的名词，看一下它们是否需要加s。
4．每二个单数可数名词之前必须有限定词(determiner)
这些限定词有冠词：a，an，the；指示代词：this，that；所有格：my，your，Mary’s，
etc. 对于不少考生来说，判断究竟在什么地方需要加冠词非常困难。但是有一种相对
较简单的规则，即每个单数可数名词之前必须有限定词。
5．作文中的时态有无变化。如有变化，看一下是否有正当理由
有些考生在写作文时，时常会毫无道理地改变动词的时态。查看一下每个动词，看
看它是否同前一个动词在时态上一致。如果不一致，查看一下时态的改变是否有依据。
6．是否漏掉连接词
一般来说，一个句子只能有一个限定动词，如有两个或两个以上动词，那么它们就
会由并列连接词连接，或出现在由从属连接词引导的从句中。考生可以数一下每句
句子中的限定动词和连接词。动词数应该比连接词数多1个。为了便于检查，在写作
过程中，不要省略任何从属连接词，特别是“that"。

四．主题和结构
英文写作的要求是“根据所规定的情境或所给出的提纲，写一篇短文”。这里的
规定情境或所给出的提纲，实际上已经规定了文章的整体结构。
考生需要将这些信息转换成正确的英语语言。在每个要点项下，再加上一些支持
性的英语语句；为了使文章富有可读性，考生还必须注意卷面的美观和书写的工整。
从宏观结构层面考察研究生英文作文，我们应注意的另一个问题是一致性问题，
也就是点和支持论点的论据之间必须具有逻辑性。除此之外，论点之间应注意主
次之分，必须做重点突出。恰当地将文章分成不同的段落，有助于体现各部分的
逻辑关系和层次。
一篇150个左右单词的英文短文基本按照开头段——中间段——结尾段的框架搭
建。其中间段比开头段和结尾段要长些。开头段必须用能够吸引读者注意力的语
言点明主题，使者了解文章的主旨(Thesis)。中间段落经常是作文的主干内容。可
以由一个或一个以上段落组成。其主要功能在于支持说明或论证上段提到的文章
的主题。在每一个段落的首句般为段落主题句(Topic sentence)。跟着主题句的是支性句子，其内容可以是事实、数故事或专家意见等，主要功能用来帮助段落主
题句说明文章主题。结尾段落用来归纳概或重新说明主题观点，也可以用来说明
观点，提出建议，做出评论或针对文章提出的问题出具体的办法。

五．文章的开头和结尾
我们知道，在篇幅为120个字的英文作文中，其开头和结尾的作用是很明显的。
运用得当，文章会富有逻辑性，重点突出。
(一)开头
文章的开头很重要，如果处理得当，一开始就能吸引读者的注意力。下面是几
种典型的开头写法。
1．主题句法
提出一个论点或论据作为文章要阐明的主题，使读者了解你写作的理由或主要
目的。
例：
This report summarizes the results of our fourth—quarter sales.
One Of the most notable phases Of the industrial revolution was the rapid growth of cities。
2．问题法
用提问的方式来引发文章的内容，吸引读者的注意力。例：
Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries?
What does it take to succeed in one’s studies or career?
3．数据法
用某些统计数字来引出文章的内容，例：
The fact that less than 5％ of the British population graduate from universities may seem surprising when compared with the American percentage of over 30％．
4．概要法
开宗明义地让读者了解文章的主要观点，然后通过举例或逻辑推理等方法加以佐证，
例：
This memo covers five steps in the new procedure.
This report is divided into three main sections：(1) what equipment you need，(2) how to use equipment
，and (3) how to maintain equipment．
(二)结尾
在写英文作文时，结尾是值得考生重视的另一个关键的地方。如果写得好，往往能给
读者留下深刻印象。下面介绍几种常见的结尾写法：
1．重复文章的主题句
重复文章的主题句的目的在于强调作者的主要论点，例：
With the foregoing three points in mind，one can be a true good student．
If any items mentioned above arouse your interest，please 1et us know．
2．概括结论
用几句话概括上文内容来加深读者对文章观点的理解，例：
From what has been discussed above，we may draw the conclusion that no success can be achieved
without laboring．
In summary，we should create such an environment in which each child in his or her own way follows
his curiosity where it leads him，develops his ability and talents，pursues his interests and likes．
3．提出展望或期望
表示对将来的期待或是鼓动读者采取行动，例：
It is essential that effective measures should be taken to redress such inequality.
It is high time that we should urge an immediate end to this phenomenon．
4．强调意义
从更高或更新的角度来强调上述论点的重要性或其深远的意义，例：
Admittedly，science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution．But it
has transformed the lives of millions of people．

六．段落的写法

(—)段落中的主题句
正文中的每个段落包含一个主题句(Topic sentence)。主题句概括全段意思，其他句子
则围绕主题句加以阐明、补充或论证。这种补充意义的句子称为支持句(Supporting sentence)。一般说来，主题句写在段落的开端，后面的支持句为主题句提供论证或细节。
例如：
Education is a third important area in which technology is separating us from others．From
elementary schools to colleges，students spend more and more time sitting by themselves in
front of computers．The computers give them feedback，while teachers spend more time
tending the computers and less time interacting with their classes．A similar problem occurs
in homes As more families buy computers，increasing numbers of students practice their math
and reading skills with software programs instead of their friends，brothers ,sisters and their
parents．
例2：
Mao Zedong remains in important ways the center of the country’s moral universe．
For example，we may see a fresh nationwide enthusiasm for Mao as China marked the
centenary of his birth last week．.．
The society abounds with stories of quick killings．An English teacher in Nanjing tells of a
friend who made millions on the stock market in two weeks．A lawyer in Beijing．．
段落中主题句必须写得简洁明了。例：
The new brochures are full of major printing errors．
Three causes contributed to the problem at Plant X．
(二)段落内部的一致性
所谓一致性，是指在一段文章中，应该只说明一个问题或一个问题的某一方面；
或应该只叙述一件事情或一件事的某一阶段。也就是说，每段只能有一个中心
思想或主题，所有的支持句都要有助于发展主题句的中心思想，都要为中心思想
服务。这种主题句和支持句在意义上的统一就是段落的一致性。
例：
Progress is gradually being made in the fight against cancer．In the early 1900s，few
cancer patients had any hope of long term survival．In the l930s，less than one in five cancer
victims lived more than 5 years．In the 1950s，the ratio was one in four．Currently the ratio
is down to one in three．The gain from l in 4 to 1 in 3 represents about 58，000 lives saved
each year．
但是，如果我们在这个段落中加入诸如“It has been proved that smoking is a direct
cause of lung cancer'’或“Heart disease is also increasing．”等句子，段落就缺乏一致性。
同时，在单句或复句的写作中，也要体现“一致性”的原则；要注意下列的问题：
1．不要把无关的思想包含在一个句子中
例：The mountain is six thousand feet high，and it is only 4 miles from the small airport，(and
the field is not a very large one，) but no plane has ever crashed on it．
在此句中，括号中的内容与句子的主题无关，不该包含在此句中。
2．避免使用过分复杂的句法结构和矫揉造作的修饰手法
例： The electric fan which she bought for her father，who complains about any
temperature that exceeds 30 degrees centigrade and insists that he can’t stand the heat，arrived
today．
Better：Her father complains about any temperature that exceeds 30 degrees centigrade and
insists that he can’t stand the heat．The electric fan she bought for him
arrived yesterday．
第一句使用了过多的定语、宾语从句，反而显得层次不清，中心不突出，改写成
两句后，意义显得清楚而自然。
3．在同一句中，要尽量保持主语和语态的一致．
例：
The peasants cut the wheat，and it is dried．
Better：The peasants cut the wheat，and they dry it．
在并列句中，同一主语和语态最好贯彻到底。第一句改换主语并用了被动语态，
造成逻辑上的不一致。
4．避免逻辑错误或意义模糊的句子
例：
The bus conductor pushed the button to shut the door，but caught my left foot.
Better：The bus conductor pushed the button to shut the door，which caught my left foot．
原句的意思是“售票员关门夹住了我的脚，”第一句在逻辑意义上是讲不通的，应删
去but，改用which，就表明是车门夹住了我的脚，意思就通顺了。
综上所述，段落的一致性原则主要体现在以下两点：
•每段的中心思想要明确，全段的句子都应该围绕说明一个问题；
•同一句子(单句及复句)的意义也应该突出，突出要说明的内容，去掉无关或多余的字句，
同时要避免那些造成逻辑不合的词句。
(三)段落内部及段落之间的连贯性(coherence)
连贯性原则要求文章段落中各句前后衔接，条理清楚，使读者易于理解，连贯性
由叙事的逻辑次序和使用转折语进行句子间和段落间的过渡来体现。
1．叙事的逻辑次序
英文写作中常用的叙事的逻辑次序有以下几种。
(1)按时间先后次序(chronological order)
主要见于记叙文和说明文。例：
The Evolution Of Computers
In the relatively short span of 25 years， there has been an incredible evolution in the size and
capabilities of computers．Today，computers smaller than the tip of your fingernail have the
same capabilities as the room—sized machines of 25 years ago．The first computer was
developed around 1945。They were so large that they required special air-conditioned rooms．
About 20 years later，in the 1960s desk—sized computers were developed.. However a third
generation of computers had appeared．In 1971，the first microprocessor was developed.
Today，electronic engineers predict that....
(2)按空间先后次序
包括前后、左右、上下、内外等等顺序，主要见于说明文和记叙文。例：
Our classroom is on the third floor of the classroom building．It is a large room about 20 feet
long and 10 feet wide．The walls are light green and the ceiling is white．Under the windows
there are two radiators for heating the room in the winter time．On the opposite wall near one
end there is a brown door．
(3)按演绎法(deduction)或归纳法(induction)次序
即从总的概念到具体情节，或从具体细节到总的概念和结论。主要见于议论文、
说明文和记叙文中。例：
Christmas is a holiday observed throughout the Christian world．On this day，the birth
Jesus Christ is celebrated．In many Christian countries，Christmas is a day for giving gifts．
The Christmas tree is decorated and gifts are placed under it．Special foods are often
prepared for Christmas.
Give a chance to grow．Don’t mold them from one of a thousand patterns．Let them
seek knowledge，but do not find it for them．Let them take their own time to grow；do
not set rigid time schedules...Experience can not be taught；it must come slowly through personal search．
(4)按情节的重要性次序(order of importance)
即按最重要的到不太重要的顺序排列，或按不太重要的到最重要的顺序排列。
例：
The Causes Of Inflation
Inflation is an economic condition in which prices for consumer goods increase，and the value
of money decreases．There are three causes of inflation．The first and most important cause
may be excessive government spending．For example，...The second cause of inflation
occurs when the money supply increases faster than the supply of goods．…Finally，if labor
unions demand that workers’wages be increased to cover the high cost of living，industry
will meet this demand and add other cost of production onto the consumer．In summary，…
英文写作中，为了使文章所表达的意思更加连贯，经常需要通过过渡实现句子间、
段落间衔接。通常使用转折词过渡。根据意义要求，可使用不同的转折词。常用
的转折词有以下几种类型：
举例：for example，for instance，that is，to illustrate，specifically，as an illustration，
once，such as
●增补(addition)：in addition(to)，besides，also，moreover，furthermore，the third
reason，next，last of all
● 强调(emphasis)：above all，indeed，of course，in fact，as a matter of fact，in
particular
●对比、对照(contrast)：in contrast，on the other hand，in spite of，despite，on the
contrary，although ，
●比较 (comparison)：similarly，like，in the same way，at the same time，equally
important
●让步 (concession)：after all，it is true that
●原因 (cause)： because(of)， for this reason， owing to，thanks to，due to，since
●结果 (consequence)：therefore，as a result，consequently，thus，so
●结论 (conclusion)：to sum up，to conclude，in short，in a word, in brief，in conclusion，therefore，as has been noted (mentioned，said，stated) above
除了上面提到的转折词，我们有时也可以使用代词(如he，she，it, you，they，
this，that，others)、同义词和重复关键词等手段来使得文章的段落之间、段落
内部的句子之间互相衔接。
例：
Another way for people to economize at an amusement park：is to bring，their own food．
If they pack a nourishing，well—balanced lunch of cold chicken，carrot sticks，and fruit，
they will avoid having to pay high prices for hamburgers and hotdogs．They will also save on calories， Also，instead of filling up on soft drinks， they should bring a thermos of iced tea．
It is more refreshing than soda，and it is a great deal cheaper．Every dollar that is not spent
at a refreshment stand——is one that can be spent on another ride．
七句子和词语
在了解了英文作文的文章结构、段落写作这两方面的知识以及写法之后，考生
在写作中应该注意的第三个环节是句子和词语的写作技巧。
(一)句子的写法
英语句子的形成主要根据结构搭建，和以意构(根据意义、逻辑时间等顺序安排
句子) 为特征的汉语相比，英语的结构显得严谨。英语的任何句子都以主谓语为
主干，遇到从句，如果从连接词入手进行分析也会比较容易。我们在本教材的
第一部分列出的几大语法现象可以帮助考生掌握英文中的主要句子结构。考生
在写作过程中应力图避免我们中国人易犯的英语语法错误，注意，英语写作核
查清单就是对这一问题的总结。需要特别指出的是，在英文写作中，考生应避
免使用过长的句子。
(二)用词
英文写作中应注意用词的准确性和简洁性，要避免使用不必要的词或过时的表
达方式。
1．系动词的用法
系动词的用法要注意以下两个问题：
(1)在英文句子中，不宜过多地使用系动词。例：
Wordy sentence：Plant A is successful in terms of production．
Improved sentence：Plant A produces well．
Wordy sentence： There appears to be a tendency on the part of investment bankers...
Improved sentence：Investment bankers tend...
(2)在英文句子中，不宜过多使用形式主语，即it is／it was，there is & here was，this is／
this was 等句型，例：
Wordy sentence：It was clear to the manager why．．
Improved sentence：The manager knew why..
Wordy sentence：There is no more space available．
Improved sentence：No more space is available．
2．介词的用法
介词的用法要注意以下三个问题：
(1)不宜过多使用介词
在写英文句子的时候，考生经常容易滥用介词。尤其是of这个介词。如果一个句子中
的介词超过了4个，那么就必须多加注意了，例：
Wordy sentence：Central to our understanding Of the problem Of the organizational structure in
the XYZ division Of the ABC Company is the chain Of command between the position Of the
division vice president and the subordinate departments，because although all of them are under
this office，none Of them are directly connected Up with it．
Improved sentence：The organizational problem at the ABC company’s XYZ division is
centered in the unclear connection between the division vice—president and the subordinate departments．
(2)注意复合介词的用法，例：
Wordy sentence： I am writing in order to list the potential issues in regard to the Russell
account in advance of the client visit．
Improved sentence：I am writing about the Russell account to list the potential issues before
the client visit.
(3)注意动词+ 介词结构的用法：，例：
Wordy sentence: We plan to give consideration to the idea at our meeting.
Improved: We plan to consider the idea at the meeting.
　
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The Translation of English and Chinese proverbs and phrases
在我们的翻译工作中，俚语和谚语是一大绊脚石。我们不明白这些俗语的含
义，是因为我们和英语国家的文化背景不同。如果能在汉语中为这些俗语找
到对应的说法，问题就解决了。我们在这里向你介绍一些英汉合璧的俚语和
谚语，供你参考。
1.After meat, mustard; after death, doctor .
雨后送伞

Explanation: this describes a situation where assistance or comfort
is given when it is too late.

Example: just as I had cancelled my application to go abroad, I had
a promise of money for my fare. It was a case ofter death, the
doctor.

2. After praising the wine they sell us vinegar.
挂羊头卖狗肉

Explanation: to offer to give or sell something that is inferior to
what you claim it to be.

Example: that fellow completely misled us about what he was capable
of doing. After praising the wine, he sold us vinegar.

3. All is over but the shouting.
大势已去

Explanation: finally decided or won; brought to the end; not able to be changed.

Example: after Bill’s touch down, the game is all over but shouting.

4. All lay load on the willing horse.
人善被人欺，马善被人骑

Explanation: a willing horse is someone who is always doing things for
others. Very often the implication is that others impose on him.

Examples: the trouble is you're too good-natured and people take
advantage of it. all lay load on the willing horse. You will
have to learn to refuse people who ask too much.

5.anger and haste hinder good counsel.
小不忍则乱大谋

Explanation: one can not act wisely when one is angry or in a hurry.

Example: you should calm down before you decide the next move. Anger
and haste hinder good counsel.

6. As poor as a church mouse
一贫如洗

Explanation: to be exceedingly poor, having barely to live upon.

Example: he has a large family, and is poor as a church mouse.

Note: a church is one of the few buildings that contain no food.

7. A word spoken is past recalling.
一言既出，驷马难追

Explanation: the harm done by a careless word can not easily undo.

Example: for the rest of his life he regretted what he had said, but
a word spoken is past recalling and he knew he could never repair
the damage of that moment of harshness.

Love is blind. 爱情是盲目的。

Birds of a feather flock together.
一丘之貉

Calamity is man's true touchstone.
烈火炼真金
.World is but a little place, after all.
天涯原咫尺，到处可逢君

Explanation: it is used when a person meets someone he knows or is in
someway connected with him in a place where he would never have
expected to do so.

Example: Who would have thought I would bump into an old schoolmate
on a trek up Mount Tai. The world is but a little place after all.

. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
入乡随俗

Explanation: conform to the manners and customs of those amongst whom
you live.

Example: I know you have egg and bacon for breakfast at home, but now
you are on the Continent you will do as the Romans do and take
coffee and rolls.

. What you lose on the swings you get back on the roundabouts.
失之东隅，收之桑榆

Explanation: a rough way of starting a law of average; if you have bad
luck on one day you have good on another; if one venture results
in loss try a fresh one---it may succeed.

Example: he may always possess merits which make up for everything; if
he loses on the swings, he may win on the roundabouts.

.What are the odds so long as you are happy.
知足者常乐

Explanation: what does anything else matter if a person is happy.

Example: you complain so much, but you have a good family, parents,
health, and money. What’s the odd so long as you’re happy.

．Entertain an angel unawares.
有眼不识泰山

Explanation: to receive a great personage as a guest without knowing his merits.

Example: in the course of evening someone informed her that she was entertaining an angel unawares, in the shape of a composer of the greatest promise

every dog has his day .
是人皆有出头日

Explanation: fortune comes to each in turn

Example: they say that every dog has his day; but mine seems a very long
time coming.

every potter praises his own pot.
王婆买瓜，自卖自夸

Explanation: people are loath to refer to defects in their possessions
or their family members

Example: he said that his teacher considered his work brilliant, but
I would rather hear it from his teacher’s own mouth. Every potter
praises his own pot。
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新闻政治词汇的翻译：
保税区 bonded area
不正当竞争 illicit competition
承包责任制 contract responsibility system
城市旧区改造 makeover for an old downtown area
出国热 craze of going abroad
传呼电话 neighbourhood telephone answering services
打“白条” issue an IOU
道德法庭 conscience forum
德智体美全面发展 develop morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically
第二职业 second employment; second occupation
第三产业 tertiary industry
“第三者” the other person
第三梯队 third echelon
对内搞活，对外开放 enliven the domestic economy and open up to the outside world
多种经营 diversified economy
港人治港 Hong Kong people govern Hong Kong
高架道路 viaduct; elevated highways
搞活经济 invigorate /enliven / liberalize the economy
感情投资 invest in human relations
改革开放 reform and open up (to the outside world)
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The missing sentence:
如无特别情况，今年11月在卡塔尔多哈举行的世贸组织第四次部长级会议，将正式通过决议，接纳中国成为世贸组织正式成员。
Without any special circumstances, decisions of China’s WTO accession will be formally approved at the WTO Fourth Ministerial Conference at Doha of Qatar this November.
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作文：
1. Ever since the early 1980s, education on TV has been offering people the chance for an edu-
cation. TV stations offer not only language courses, but also a number of other courses, such as
trade, management, law, accounting, and finance. In fact, it has become a remarkable part
of China' s education system.
If there were no education on TV, we wouldn't have the present economic growth, as to-
day colleges and universities are too few to train the large number of professionals who are now
playing important roles in the nation' s various careers. It is estimated that one out of four pro-
fessionals received some college education on TV.
Therefore, the government should make the education on TV more available to people on the one hand, and improve the teaching quality and testing system on the other hand so as to satisfy the urgent needs for more qualified professionals.

2.
Every person in the world has suffered failures in his or her pursuits. A scientist may have
failed many times in his research or experiment. A student may have failed on demanding tests.
An athlete may have lost many games before becoming a champion.
To the strong, failure can be the mother of success, because they know that their pursuits
are something unknown to them and difficult to achieve. There are not discouraged, instead,
they will draw lessons from both their own failures and others' successes. In this sense, each of
their failures is a step further toward their final desired targets.
In order to succeed in our pursuit we should not feel defeated in the face of temporary failure, even if it' s hard to bear. Such confidence is a kind of force that carries us through.

3.
A modernized society means it can offer the highest productivity and it has many well - educated people capable of advanced technology and management. That' s why science and technology are the first productivity.
In fact, a nation' s education is the base for her scientific and technological capabilities, be-
cause education is the sector that trains professionals on the one hand, and it conducts scientific
research on the other hand. For example, there' s no university without a laboratory. There-
fore, education and modernization are closely related to each other.
In China, we have too much to do to enhance our education. To me, the first importance is
effectively to improve the social and economic status of the people engaged in education.

4.
Nowadays, ads generally are constructive to both manufacturers and consumers in China.
With ads, producers can become more popular, as a result, they will receive more orders and
contracts, and consumers can purchase according to what ads say.
However, some ads are too deceitful not to be ridiculous. A case in point is a advertisement
of a drug that declares on TV that the drug has become an absolute remedy for AIDS. It' s well-
known that, in our world so far, there' s no official report of a discovery of the cure for the fatal
disease. Actually, various consumers across the country complain of being taken in by such ads.
In this light, governments at all levels should exercise more rigid examination of ads before they are shown to the public.
5.
English is difficult for Chinese to learn. So I, like all the other English learners, have met many difficulties during the past seven years in learning English. But I managed to overcome
them and made greater progress.
The spelling and meaning of words can be said to be the first difficulty I met as a beginner. But I found out my own way now to deal with them. As to spelling, I never copied a new word again and again to remember it, but tried to find its relevance to the sound. In fact, so long as I can read the word out, I can write it out. As to the meaning, I rarely recite its Chinese
translation, but often put the word into the sentence to learn its meaning. Moreover, if I often use a
word, I have no problem with its spelling and meaning. After all, we are learning English in
order to speak it, or to use it in other ways.
Grammar and idioms may be another difficulty, but I have also mastered them. I have not
read lots of grammar books. I know only some ordinary grammatical rules. But I spent much
time reading articles written by native speakers. By doing so, I came to perceive感到"a sense of the English language." I began to feel which sentence is "good English" and which is not.
Finally, I want to say that overcoming all these difficulties requires perseverance. Every day the past seven years, I have spent at least an hour on English. I believe this is an important reason why I am able to make progress in learning English.

6.
The bicycle is the most common means of transport in our country. There are several rea-
sons. First, most people are not rich enough to buy a car. Because a bicycle is not expensive,
almost every family can afford it. Second, China has a large population and the traffic is heavy.
The bicycle has the advantage of being small. A road, which can hold only two cars side by side,
can allow more than ten bicycles. Finally, people like to ride on a bicycle to school, to work and
to travel. It' s so pleasant and it does good for people' s health.
Compared with a car, a bicycle has disadvantages and advantages. For instance, a bicycle is not fit for a long trip, but a car is. A person who sits all day in a car might get fat and un-
healthy, while a person on a bicycle becomes healthy.
A bicycle is so popular in China that it will remain so for a long time. So many things are to be done to make cars popular in China. Even when the time comes, bicycle will also be welcome.
7.
Almost everybody likes sports. One reason is that sports provide us with an entertaining
form of recreation. While participating in a sports activity, we can enjoy ourselves and relax. In
addition, we enjoy sports as a social activity because they give us an opportunity to be with our
friends. Finally, sports allow us to forget about our work and escape from the monotony of everyday life.
Different people like different sports. For instance, many men prefer competitive sports
such as basketball, tennis, and soccer. Women, however, often enjoy less strenuous activities
such as walking, swimming, or dance classes. Older people usually prefer slower, more peace-
ful activities like walking.
As for me, I enjoy energetic, noncompetitive forms of sports. My favorite sport is jogging
in the mornings. Several days a week I get up at 6:00 a.m. to jog about two miles. I am als0
fond of aerobic dancing, a popular form of exercise for women in the United States. These types
of sports are beneficial in reviving my body and relaxing my mind.
8.
Despite various improvements in all aspects of social life, the generation gap between the
grown - up and young remains unbridged. Instead, it grows wider.
Nowadays, the youths do not blindly follow what their elders say. Because of widespread e-
ducation and the influence of western civilization, to a certain extent, they have a new code of
philosophy, which is completely different from that of their elders. An invisible cold wall thus
appears between the two generations. Modern youths are trying to be more revolutionary. They
have their own interpretation for different matters; they also have their own ideals. They always
introduce new changes. However, the old people, wedded to everything of the past, are hostile
to changes and the generation gap becomes wider and wider.
In order to narrow the gap, both groups should respect each other, listen to the words of
each other, and discuss ideas patiently. Most probably, these may help to solve the problem.
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有些英语单词可以与pull 一起使用，它的汉语对等词就不能同 ‘拉’用。汉语有些词可以同“拉”搭配，但英语里又不行。
Pull a tooth 拔牙
Pull in 进站（车）
Pull round 恢复健康
Pull together 齐心协力
Pull off a plan 努力实现计划
拉拉队 cheering squad
拉肚子 diarrhea
拉选票 canvass
拉倒 forget about it.

一、用词结构相同，意思相同
如：Emergency Room 急诊室女朋友 girlfriend
Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin．
亚历山大•福来明发现了青霉素。(词类，语法作用，词序均同)
They are now working against time to produce more oil for the country．
他们为国家生产更多石油而争分夺秒地工作。(用词一样，词序不同)
二、比喻相同，意思相同
如snow-white雪白 pitch dark 漆黑黄金时代golden age
He spent money like water．
他花钱跟流水似的。
趁热打铁。
Strike while the iron is hot。
三、形式相同，意思不同
由于两种语言表达习惯不同，多数情况下往往是形式相同，意思有出入甚至完全不同。以下例句译文A为形式相同意思不同的错误译法，译文B为正确译法。
1.compact disc
A：密纹唱片 B：激光唱片
2. biological parents
A：生物父母 B：亲生父母
3. He is above cheating in the exam.
A：他高于在考试中欺骗。 B：他绝不会考试作弊。
4.You can't be too careful．
A：你不能太小心。 B：你应该特别小心。
5。红茶
A：red tea B：black tea
6. 要注意策略。．
A：Pay attention to the strategy． B：Be diplomatic．
以上各例形式对等，有的意思不清楚，有的费解，不知所云，有的意思错了。由此可见，形式对等在多数情况下照顾了形式，牺牲了意思，是不可取的。

四。灵活对等

由于两种语言表达方式不同，若将原文形式原封不动照搬过来，常常不能表达原意，或模糊不清，或意义歪曲。这时必须采用灵活对等(dynamic equivalence)，即翻译时考虑的不是词的对应而着眼于句子甚至段落的对等。在形式和意义不能兼顾的情况下，主要考虑意义，不受原文形式的束缚和影响，把原作的意思灵活地表达出来。如：
You are wanted on the phone．
您的电话。
I have read your articles and expected to meet an older man．
看过你的文章想不到你这么年轻。
他把事情一五一十都给父母讲了。
True to type he told his parents the whole story．
他一开口总是三句话不离本行。
He can hardly open his mouth without talking shop.

No operation is more fearsome to the layman than brain surgery, the invasion by cold steel of man's citadel of reason and emotion，his very“self’．This book，which is entirely factual(on names and places have been disguised)，describes one exploration into this complex and mysterious world．
对于一个外行人来说，没有比动脑手术更令人胆战心惊。—把冰凉的钢刀直插入人类理智与感情的城堡，捅进了人类的“禁区”!本书叙述的完全是真人真事(只是把姓名和地址作了一番更改而已)。它记录了人们向这个错综复杂，神奇奥秘的世界所作的一次探索。
由此可见，灵活对等指抓住原意后不妨脱离原文影响，不受双方语言的束缚，既表达出原文意思又能达到语言自然流畅。只有这样才能符合翻译的要求。灵活对等又包括意义对等和风格对等两种。
四．
4．1意义对等
只要求思想内容与原文一致，在意义上没有增删更改的现象，叫做意义对等(equivalence in terms of meaning)。例如：
Britain could not have advanced her industrialization so rapidly if， just when owners of factories needed it most，an abundant supply of cheap labor had not made itself available．
要不是正好在工厂老板们最需要劳动力的时候得到大量廉价劳动力，英国的工业化就不可能发展得这样迅速。
The heat that warms a body does not change either the weight of the body or its inertia．
热可以使物体暖和起来，但热不会改变物体的重量，也不会改变物体的惯性。
4．2风格对等
风格指写作特色。不同作者有不同风格。有时同一作者不同作品用了不同风格。有时同一作品，不同人物说话时用词不同，风格迥异。风格对等(equivalence in terms of style)指翻译时光是意思相同还不够，还要尽量保持原作风格，这是个更高的要求。以下例句中译文A是意义对等，译文B是风格对等。
1. A thousand mustaches can live together，but not four breasts．
A：一千个男人可以住在—起，而两个女人却不行。
B：干条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。((翻译通讯))
2.海内存知己，天涯若比邻。
A：Bosom friends there are within four seas,
Even the remotest regions are like close neighbors．
B：A bosom friend afar，
Brings a distant land near．((北京周报))
1。 But Kino’s face shone with prophecy．“My son will read and open the books，and my son will write and will know writing．And my son will make numbers，and these things will make us free because he will know--he will know and through him we will know．”
基诺预卜未来，容光焕发。“我的孩子会念书，他要打开书本。我的孩子会写字，他知道怎么写。我的孩子还会算数。他懂得这些事情我们就自由了。他懂得道理了，我们也就会懂得。”
2。“Sometimes，”the doctor went on in a liquid tone，
“sometimes there will be a withered leg or a blind eye or a crumpled back. Oh, I know the sting of the scorpion , my friend, and I can cure it.”
“有时候，” 大夫油腔滑调地接着说道：“会引起腿部萎缩，弄得眼瞎，背驼的。蝎子蛰人的事我太清楚啦，朋友。我能把它治好的。”

单位名称的翻译
汉语的名称是十分明确的，如新华书店、百花文艺出版社、天津无线电联合公司、上海第一机床厂、光明日报、中国国际旅行社、
北京同仁医院等，他们的性质，什么业务都比较清楚。。
英语一个单位的名称往往不十分明确，从名称上看不出这是个公司，还是工厂或商号。如：
Penguin Books 企鹅图书出版公司
British Airways英国航空公司
Garrard The Crown Jewellers 加勒德皇冠珠宝公司
New York Times (纽约时报)
有的单位名称从字面上根本看不出是个什么性质、经营什么业务的公司、商号。
对这种单位名称必须弄清楚后才能着手翻译。如：
Longman Group Limited 朗文图书出版公司
The Boots Company 布兹制药公司
Arthur Bell&Son 阿瑟贝尔父子威士忌制造厂
Gieves & Hawkes Ltd．吉夫霍克斯羊毛织品公司
The Guardian <卫报)
英译汉时可增加一些词使其意义明确，如以上各例的中译文。
汉译英时若按英语习惯翻译得简练一些，而不逐词翻译出来，这样
更符合英语表达方式。如：
“中国国际广播电台”使用的英文译名是Radio Beijing，而不
是照字面译成China International Broadcasting Station。
“中国国际航空公司”使用的英文泽名是Air China，而不是照
字面译成China International Airline。
　

Answers to Sample Test
Translation:
A. English into Chinese:
1. 通过设置这一常设机构就国际货币问题进行磋商与协作，从而促进国际货币领域的合作。
2.凡我所见所闻，无论有无业务关系，我认为应守秘密者，我绝不泄露．尚使我严守上
述誓言，愿神赐予我生命与医术无上光荣，我苟违誓，天地鬼神实共亟之．
(希波克拉底誓言)

B. Chinese into English:
1. During the Ninth Five-year Plan period, our foreign trade and economic cooperation was further improved in terms of quality, level and benefits thus playing a more considerable role in promoting the national economic development. China's import and export mix was more optimized with the proportion of electromechanical products and hi-tech products in the export total amounting to 42.3% and 14.8%. in 2000.

2. We have integrated the strategies of " Bringing Home" and "Going Global" and made them complementary, which will enable us to make better use of both international and domestic marketplaces and resources to serve China's modernization drive.

3. As in the federal system, two types of juries are utilized. The grand jury indicts or refuses to indict accused persons. If a majority of the grand jury decides there is sufficient evidence for a trial, the case passes to a court where guilt or innocence is decided by a petit (or trial ) jury, usually made up of 12 persons.

C. Writing:
The Importance of Developing China’s West
Several years ago, the Chinese Government decided to develop China’s West. This decision
is very important indeed. Because for a long time, the economy in the western part of China has
been backward, and the living standards there are rather low. On the other hand, the West has a large amount of land and rich resources. To develop the West will help China to become an advanced country in the world.
Now there are good opportunities to develop the West. First, China has become stronger
economically and will be able to put enough investment in the development of the West. Second,
the policy is more flexible for the West to attract scientists and foreign assistance. Besides, the
government has been greatly concerned about the West and is willing to offer support. These
can be considered as good changes for the development of the West in China.
In order to develop the West, we should first work out a proper development plan, and
then attract qualified personnel and enough investment. In addition, the government should
provide various policies favorable for the West. Finally, the people in the West should work
harder. If what has been mentioned above has been done, the West will be well developed and will advance with the time hand in hand with the coastal cities in China..

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ahui728

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