2007年研究生考试真题点评

2007年考研真题点评
Section I Use of English

考点提示
By 1830, the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.
On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church, 9 , there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state
religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.

1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals
2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully
3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected
4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted
5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return
6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally
7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical
8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform
9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover
10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by
11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded
12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While
13. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against
14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence
15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish
16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised
17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original
18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher
19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D]preferred
20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to
[C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared for

文章大意
本文主要介绍了原西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放后在经济、宗教、政治等方面的改革措施及进展情况。
1. 【答案】选[B]，语义衔接题。
【精析】从空格前后的词语很容易判断出这里说的是这些国家的“居民”，四个选项中只有[B]最贴切，[A]“本地人”，此处不止一个国家，所以排除；[C]“民族”不符合文义；[D]“个人”强调个体，而本句中泛指各国人口。
2. 【答案】选[D]，语义衔接题。
【精析】前一句指出各殖民地已经独立，所以人们对未来的态度应该是积极的，故排除[A]和[C]，而[B]“高兴地”和[D]“充满希望地”中与“未来”搭配最恰当的显然是[D]。
3. 【答案】选[A]，语义衔接题。
【精析】空格处为句子的谓语，其含义需从上下文进行推断，逗号前的分词短语说明了主语the leaders of independence生长在殖民主义和旧政体的危机之下，正是这种环境使得他们分享或者说共同具有了后面的ideals，因此谓语应为[A]shared。干扰项[C]attained the ideals搭配成立，但文章并没有线索说明这些领导人已经达到(完成)了他们的理想；其他两项不合逻辑。
4. 【答案】选[C]，语义衔接题。
【精析】本句的宾语较长，of后面的几个并列的名词短语是对ideals的说明，符合语境的只有[A]，careers open to talent“面向有才能的人的职业”。干扰项[A]related与to 搭配作careers的定语，在语义上说不通。
5. 【答案】选[C]，语义衔接题。
【精析】由第3题的分析可知这些想法应该与殖民主义相对立，因此他们会提倡私有财产权，所以空格处应填入[C]right，其他三项均不符合文义。
6. 【答案】选[D]，语义衔接题。
【精析】空格前一句叙述了大部分独立领袖的共同看法，本句则承接上句指出他们对新国家的想法，四个选项中只有[D]“一般地”符合这种关系。选项[A]“大概”、[B]“偶然地”、[C]“明显地”均可排除。
7. 【答案】选[B]，语义衔接题。
【精析】本题需选择修饰set的形容词，即一套什么样的法律能使这些独立的新国家结合起来，适用于integrated“使成整体，使一体化”的法律应该是“普通的，共同的”，所以选[B]common。
8. 【答案】选[A]，语义衔接题。
【精析】第二段主要内容是叙述有的领导人想维持(maintain)，有的领导人想结束(end)罗马天主教的国教地位，所以应该选freedom，也就是说领导人在“宗教自由”问题上的观点不一致。
9. 【答案】选[B]，逻辑衔接题。
【精析】空格后的there was less agreement 吺怯氲谝欢巫鞅冉希⒂氲谌庹沼 (agreement与share语义场同现)，由less可知此处的逻辑连接词应表示转折，所以选择[B]。[A]表示因果，[C]表示让步，[D]表示递进。
10. 【答案】选[C]，语义衔接题。
【精析】解答本题需弄清agreement“一致”与leadership“领导层”之间的关系，there be句型体现了两者的关系，即“在…中存在…”，显然本题应选[C]。选项[A]为强干扰项，注意此处不包含agree with的含义。
11. 【答案】选[A]，语义衔接题。
【精析】空格前指出罗马天主教一直是国教，空格处的词作定语修饰the only one，这里的one指代religion，联系上文，它是被the Spanish crown“西班牙王室”所承认或接受，选项中[A]allow与[C]granted均有“承认”之意，但grant指的是承认(某事属实)，而allow则侧重于accept，所以[A]allow确切。
12. 【答案】选[D]，逻辑衔接题。
【精析】空格处需填入逻辑连接词[D]while“在…的同时”。
13. 【答案】选[A]，惯用衔接题。
【精析】由空格前的maintain结合上一句提到的天主教的国教地位可以推断出选择[A]as“作为”，即保持天主教作为官方宗教的地位。
14. 【答案】选[C]，语义衔接题。
【精析】句中的两个反义词maintain和end是解题的线索，既然大部分领导人想维持天主教的官方地位，那么另外一些人肯定是想结束对其他信仰的排斥(exclusion)，所以选[C]。
15. 【答案】选[B]，惯用衔接题。
【精析】a rallying cry是一个外刊中常用的搭配，意思为“战斗的口号”。本句意思为：保卫教会成为了保守力量的战斗口号。
16. 【答案】选[D]，语义衔接题。
【精析】空格前指出Bolivar(波利瓦尔)得到海地政府的帮助，空格后的in return表明他的行动是为了回报帮助，不定式的内容“废除奴隶制”显然是他的承诺，故选[D]。
17. 【答案】选[C]，语义衔接题。
【精析】根据前一句提到的废除解放了的地区的奴隶制可知本句的意思应该是：除了西班牙的未被解放的地方殖民地，到1854年，奴隶制在所有(被解放的)地方都废除了，由此推出答案为[C]。
18. 【答案】选[D]，语义衔接题。
【精析】联系上下文，我们注意到By 1854, early, still 这些时间暗示词，可以推断最佳答案也是与时间相关的，much接形容词比较级表示强度更大，本句是说因为新国家需要财政收入，所以先前做出取消纳税的承诺实现得(比废除奴隶制)就会晚得多，所以选择[A] slower。
19. 【答案】选[B]，语义衔接题。
【精析】分析句子结构可知，such policies与空格词构成定语从句修饰revenue，而such policies指代的是Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin，因此推断新兴国家需要的是这些政策所“产生”的税收，故选[B]。
20. 【答案】选[D]，语义衔接题。
【精析】空格所在句是fears的同位语从句，因此推断所担心的是大众对自我约束和民主还没有做好准备，故选[D]，而不可能是选项[A]“迷惑”、[B]“敌对”和[C]“悲观”。

Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
考点提示
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are most likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls, “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers — whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming — are nearly always made, not born.

21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A] stress the importance of professional training.
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup. (未提到)
[C] introduce the topic of what makes the expert performance.
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
22. The word mania (Line 6, Paragraph 2) most probably means
[A] fun. [B] crazy
[C] hysteria. [D] excitement.
23. According to Ericsson, good memory
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises. (与文意相反)
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors. (未提及)
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration. (片面)
24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that
[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success. (与文意相反)
[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.
[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked. (与文意相反)
[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?
[A] Faith will move mountains.”
[B] One reaps what one sows.”
[C] Practice makes perfect.”
[D] Like father, like son.”

结构分析
本文是一篇关于对天分新看法的论说文。文章以足球运动员的生日多数在上半年这一奇怪现象提出问题，以心理学家对记忆的研究说明问题，指出训练对人的成就的重要性。
第一段指出一个奇怪现象：好的足球运动员一般都在上半年出生；第二段猜测这一奇怪现象的几个可能的原因；第三、四段以佛罗里达州立大学心理学教授的研究为例说明记忆并不是天生的，刻意练习起着非常重要的作用；第五段以心理学教授的研究为例进一步证明杰出的成就——包括足球，是训练出来的，而不是天生的。同时也解释了首段提出的奇怪现象产生的原因，前后呼应。

解题思路与答案精析
21. 【答案】选[C]，推理判断题。
【精析】文章的第一段描述了一种现象：好的足球运动员大都在上半年出生，在第二段列举了这种现象出现原因的几种猜测，第三、四段通过埃瑞森的试验证明一个事实，也就是在最后一段才提出来的文章主旨：杰出的成就是练出来的，而不是天生的。因此在第一段只是引出了所要谈论的话题，即“introduce topic of what makes expert performance”，故选[C]。第一段并没有提到专业训练，因此排除[A] ；第一段让人注意的是一个奇怪的现象：好的足球运动员多在上半年出生，而不是让人spotlight (注意)世界杯中的足球明星，排除[B]；第一段并没有解释足球运动员表现好的原因，而是在第二段提出了四个猜测，最后一段才“explain”其真正原因，[D]也不对。
22. 【答案】选[B]，语义理解题。
【精析】足球迷父母更可能在足球狂热的高峰期怀孩子，只有craze是“狂热”的意思，因此选[B]。而[A] fun“好玩，有趣”与[D]“兴奋”在语义上不如[B]贴切，注意前面soccer-mad parents的提示；[C]hysteria“歇斯底里”，语义太强，所以排除。
23. 【答案】选[A]，推理判断题。
【精析】第四段第二句话说记忆差别的消除在于“解码”的不同，接着又进一步解释有效解码的最好方式，可以推断好的记忆取决于有效的信息解码，也就是[A]，选项中的process就相当于原文中的encode。[B]表述的意思和第四段第一句话搮the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one”的意思正好相反；文章没有提到“psychological factors”，记忆更不是由基因决定，因此排除[C]；解码的过程就是刻意练习的过程，刻意练习涉及目标的确定，即时信息反馈和对技巧和结果的重视，但[D]的表述并不全面，只提到了其中的两个方面。
24. 【答案】选[D]，事实细节题。
【精析】文章的最后一句话，也就是文章的主旨，“... expert performers ... are nearly always made, not born.”，说表现杰出者是训练出来的，[D]正是这句话的同义转述，选项中的nurture是指“培养”。文章的倒数第二句话搕he trait we called talent is highly overrated.”是说我们高估了平时所说的天分，而[C]却是对这句话的曲解；[A]与这句话冲突，也和文章的主旨冲突；生平数据只是埃瑞森和其同事们研究的资料，而不会是杰出成就的关键，因此[B]是错误的。
25. 【答案】选[C]，推理判断题。
【精析】本题考查的是对文章主旨大意的判断，即“杰出的成就是培养出来的，而不是天生的”，所以只有[C]项“熟能生巧”的含义和文章主旨相近。[A]的言语强调信念，排除；[B]和[D]分别为“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”，“有其父，必有其子”都和文章主旨没有联系。

全文翻译
仔细查看2006年世界杯联赛每个足球运动员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个明显的巧合：好的足球运动员大都在上半年而不是在下半年出生。查看世界杯和专业队的主力欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这一奇怪现象更加明显。
造成这一怪现象的原因是什么呢？以下是几种猜测：a)某种星象符号会给人带来超级足球技巧；b)冬天出生的婴儿氧容量更大，因此也就增加了足球运动的耐力；c)父母是球迷的人更可能在每年春天这一足球狂热的高峰期怀上孩子；d)以上都不是。
弗罗里达州立大学58岁的心理学教授安德斯•埃瑞克森说他坚信“以上都不是”。埃瑞克森在瑞典长大，一直学习核能工程，直到后来他发现，如果转向学习心理学他就会有更多的机会去从事自己的研究。早在将近30年前，他的第一次试验就涉及到了记忆：训练一个人去听并重复一组随机数字。“第一个接受试验的人在20个小时的训练后其数字记忆就从7提高到20，”埃瑞森回忆说，“他一直在进步，在大约200个小时的训练后他已经上升到80多个数字的水平。”
这次成功以及后来的研究，都证明记忆本身并不是遗传的，埃瑞森也由此得出结论，认为记忆是归结为实际经验的训练而不是天生的。换句话说，不管两个人天生的记忆力差距有多大，这些差距都可以通过一个人信息“解码”的好坏而消除。埃瑞克森断定，学习有效解码信息的最好的方法是大家熟悉的刻意练习的过程。刻意练习不仅仅是简单地重复一项任务。相反，它要求确定具体目标，得到及时反馈，重视结果同样也重视技巧。
埃瑞克森和他的同事们致力于研究各行各业的佼佼者，包括足球。他们尽其所能收集各种数据，包括他们自己实验室表现极佳者的试验结果，而不只是表现数据统计和个人生平细节。他们从工作中得出了一个惊人的结论：我们高估了平时所说的天分。或者——换一种方式来说，表现杰出者——不管是在记忆还是外科手术，芭蕾还是计算机程序方面——几乎全都是训练出来的，而不是天生的。

Text 2
考点提示
For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old, that gave her an IQ of 228 — the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership — that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?
[A] Answering philosophical questions.
[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.
[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence. (与文意相反)
[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet. (曲解文意)
[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because
[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now. (张冠李戴)
[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat. (未提及)
[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed. (与文意相反)
29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that
[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability. (全面的是解)
[B] IQ scores and AST results are highly correlated.
[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork. (片面)
[D] traditional tests are out of date.
30. What is the author’s attitude toward IQ tests?
[A] Supportive. [B] Skeptical.
[C] Impartial. [D] Biased.

结构分析
本文是一篇涉及智力测试的议论文。作者首先介绍了智力测试的方法，然后深入论述了这些测试智力的方法不可靠的几种表现。
第一段以一个极高的IQ分数开头，引出了IQ测试的内容；第二段提出问题：如何测定智力？第三段列举了两种主要的智力测试方法，以及其他形式的测试；第四段通过研究说明各种形式的智力测试的缺陷：测不出创造力和实际能力；形式变化时，预测不准确；压力的大小影响领导能力的测定；参加测试的技巧也影响测试的分数。

解题思路与答案精析
26. 【答案】选[D]，事实细节题。
【精析】文章第一段第三句话 “IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks.”，这里说的IQ测试方式是概括性的，而[D] “choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones”则是与前面的测试类似的测试方法，因此可能在智力测试中出现。[A]项回答哲学问题在文章中并没有表述，只是第一段最后一句话中的 “philosopher”起到干扰作用；测试中可能会让人想象被折叠和剪切的纸，而不是[B]项中的“把纸折叠剪切成不同的形状”，所以排除[B]；[C]“区别某些概念的不同”，和第一段第三句话中说的测试没有类似性，不过文章第四句话中麦瑞林回答的问题可能会造成干扰。
27. 【答案】选[C]，推理判断题。
【精析】第二段括号里“both come in adult and children’s version”是说斯坦福•毕耐智力量表和韦斯智力量表都有针对成年人和儿童的版本，既然是两种版本，就必然有不同，因此选[C]。第二段第一句话说IQ测试没有以前那样普遍了，但并不是IQ不是再是智力的测试标准，排除[A]；这段第三句话说在书店和万维网上有其他各种形式的测试，但没有说网络上的IQ测试更多了，因此[B]错误；[D]项内容在第三段没有提及，属于干扰项。
28. 【答案】选[A]，推理判断题。
【精析】第三段倒数第二句话解释了沃•塞万那样的超高分不会再出现的原因，即“because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers”，也就是说分数的计算过程不一样了，所以[A]是正确的。第四段罗伯特•J•斯德伯格在其文章中提到“analytical skills”和“creativity”，但是这和题干所问的问题没有关联，排除[B]；[C]项在文章中没有提及；第三段第一句话 “The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score”， [D]项说法和这句话相悖，所以是错误的。
29. 【答案】选[A]，推理判断题。
【精析】文章最后一段第一句话就是本段的中心句“Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life”，下面都是对这一句话的解释，[A]是对这一句话的同义转述。最后一段没有提到IQ分数和GAT的关系，所以排除[B]；SAT测试中的技巧之一就是猜测，但是我们并不能从中推断出测试中有很多猜测，[C]是错误的；文中虽然提到传统测试的不足，但并没有说其过时，因此排除[D]。
30. 【答案】选[B]，观点态度题。
【精析】考查作者观点的题要从全文把握。文章在前面几段讨论了智力和智力的测试方法，在最后一段指出这些测试中存在的问题，因此我们可以判断作者对测试持怀疑的态度，因此选[B]。
全文翻译
前几年，《星期日报》增刊Parade 特载一个专栏：去问麦瑞林。该专栏邀请人们去问麦瑞林•沃•塞万，她在10岁的时候智力就达到23岁人的水平，IQ高达228——这是有记录以来的最高水平。IQ测试让你完成口头和视觉类比、想象被折叠和剪切后的纸、推理数字序列等类似任务。有点令人不解的是沃•塞万巧妙地回答了平常人（智力为100）的问题：爱和喜爱之间有什么区别？或者，运气和巧合有什么特性？还没搞清楚的是，这种想象事物和弄清数值模式的能力如何使一个人能回答出把最好的诗人和哲学家都难倒的问题。
显而易见的是，智力不只包括一次测验中的分数。那么聪明到底意味着什么呢？智力从多大程度上可以被明确界定？从神经学、基因学、计算机科学和其他领域我们能了解多少关于智力的知识呢?
对人类智力的界定似乎仍然以IQ分数为准，尽管IQ测试已经不像以前那样被频繁采用。测试主要有两种形式：斯坦福•毕耐智力量表和韦斯智力量表（两种测试都有成人和儿童版本）。尽管在书店和万维网上也有形式各异的测试，但通常由心理学家进行测试，一般花费几百美元。像沃•塞万那样的超高分也不会再出现了，因为现在的评分以同龄人口分布统计为基础，而不是简单地按照年月顺序排列的年龄划分心理年龄然后再乘100。其他的标准测试，如学术水平测验考试（SAT）和大学毕业生成绩考试�*****RE）都保留了智力测试的主要方面。
罗伯特•J•斯德伯格反驳说这些标准考试可能并不能评估出在学校和生活中获得成功的所有必备的重要因素。斯德伯格在他的文章“智力测试是如何高明”中指出，传统测试有效地评估了分析技巧和语言技巧，但是却没有测出创造力和实际知识，以及解决问题和生活成功的重要因素。另外，一旦人口和环境发生变化，IQ测试也不能进行准确预测。研究表明IQ测试在压力小的状况下能预见领导能力，而在压力大时IQ测试和领导能力否定相关——也就是说，它预测出的是相反的结果。通过SAT考试的人会证明，不管是知道何时进行猜测还是跳过哪些问题，考试技巧也很重要。

Text 3
考点提示
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback — a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent — and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance — have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.
31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that
[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared. (曲解文意)
[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased. (未提及)
[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.
[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance. (未提及)
32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have
[A] a higher sense of security.
[B] less secured payments.
[C] less chance to invest. (张冠李戴)
[D] a guaranteed future.
33. According to the author, health-savings plans will
[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.
[B] popularize among the middle class.
[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.
[D] increase the families investment risk.
34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.
[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.
[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.
[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.
35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert
[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict
[D] The Middle Class in Ruins
结构分析
本文是一篇关于中产阶级家庭财政问题的论述文。母亲走上工作岗位，没有了候补养家人的家庭面临着更大的财政危机。不论是退休保险金，还是新的医疗保健计划，中产阶级家庭都处于不利地位，作者因此预测政治余波的到来。
第一段提出美国中产阶级家庭财政正在发生着变化，种种原因都可以使中产阶级家庭财政困难；第二段指出双收入家庭改变了家庭的基本经济情况，并且指出家庭的财富破裂不能再像以前一样通过候补养家人的额外收入来弥补；第三段进一步指出，家庭在退休金和医疗保险方面都处于不利地位；第四段指出中产阶级家庭面临的风险和压力，并进一步预见经济方面的影响会波及政治。
解题思路与答案精析
31. 【答案】选[C]，推理判断题。
【精析】文章第二段最后一句话说家庭财产来源中断不能再通过原来呆的家里的伴侣的额外收入来弥补，因此可以推断出现在的家庭更容易受家庭经济的变化的影响，因此选[C]。第二段倒数第二句话提到“增加劳动力影响”可以协助由失业保险和残疾保险提供的安全网帮助家庭渡过难关，说明安全网依然存在，因此[A]是错误的；文中并没有提到被解雇的机会增加，也没有提到现在的家庭被剥夺了失业保险和残疾保险，因此排除[B]和[D]。
32. 【答案】选[B]，推理判断题。
【精析】第三段第二句话说 “with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns”，由此可以推断退休人员的有保障的付款可能会减少，因此选[B]。这里也只说了报酬取决于投资，并没有说投资的机会少了，排除[C]。整篇文章讲的都是不乐观的经济现象，对于布什的政策也强调其反面影响，而[A]、[D]都是说的其积极影响，因此错误。
33. 【答案】选[D]，观点态度题。
【精析】文章第四段倒数第二句话 “with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families future healthcare”可以看出医疗保险计划会给家庭带来更多的投资风险，因此选[D]。扣除条款多了，风险大了，保健的成本也就不会低，因此排除[A]；作者要强调的是医疗保险带来的风险，而不是在中产阶级中的流行，因此[B]是错误的；[C]没有提到，也排除。
34. 【答案】选[C]，推理判断题。
【精析】文章最后一句话说金融余波已经开始，政治余波或许也不会远了，可以推断出金融问题会引起政治问题，因此选[C]。[A]、[B]和[D]都是错误判断。
35. 【答案】选[B]，主旨大意题。
【精析】纵观全文，讲的是中产阶级面临的经济和政策的改变带给他们的困难和压力，只有[B]符合文章大意。“警觉的”、“冲突的”和“败落的”中产阶级都不符合文章大意，因此排除[A]、[C]和[D]。
全文翻译
上一代，经济危机和新现实使曾经靠努力工作和公平竞争来保持收入稳定的美国中产阶级家庭发生了改变。现在，不管是一份解雇通知书，还是一张不良诊断病历，甚至一个离去的伴侣都会在短短几个月的时间内使一个家庭从稳定的中产阶级沦落成新的穷人之家。
只用了一代的时间，数以百万计的妈妈们就走上了工作岗位，改变了基本家庭的经济情况。学者、决策人以及形形色色的评论家讨论这些变化的社会含义，但是却没有几个人看到其副作用：家庭的危机也随之增加。今天的家庭已经把预算计划到他们新的双收入的极限。结果是，他们失去了在财政困难时曾经拥有的救护伞——候补养家人（通常是妈妈）在养家的顶梁柱被解雇或病倒的时候，他们就可以加入劳动大军。这种“附加劳动力效应”可以协助由失业保险和残疾保险提供的安全网共同帮助家庭渡过难关。但是今天，家庭财产来源中断却不能再通过原来呆在家里的伴侣的额外收入来弥补了。
同时，家庭也要承受更多退休金的风险。钢铁厂的工人、航空公司的员工以及现在的汽车业职员都开始加入那些必须为利率、股市波动和可能比退休金更“长寿”的严峻现实而发愁的百万家庭的行列。在去年的大部分时间里，布什总统致力于把社会保障变成储蓄账户模式，这样就让退休的人将其大部分或全部保障金换成取决于投资收益的资金。对年轻人的家庭来说，情况也好不到哪儿去。保健的实际费用和家庭所要承担的份额都增加了——而新近流行的医疗储蓄计划正从立法大厅蔓延到沃尔玛职工，但是同时扣除条款更多了，家庭未来保健的投资风险也更高了。甚至连人口统计数据也要和中产阶级家庭作对了，因为这些家庭更有可能有年老体弱的父亲或母亲（他们需要身体上的照顾和财政上的帮助），这种机率比上一代增加八倍。
从中产阶级家庭来看，这其中的大部分看起来远远不像是一个行使更多财政职责的机会，而更像是金融风险全盘转移时在已经负担过重的肩膀上再施加压力，他们这样想是可以理解的。金融方面的副作用已经开始显现，政治上的副作用或许也不会太远了。
Text 4
考点提示
It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them — especially in America — the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year — from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley — have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.
“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”. Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one.” he says.
The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore — and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
The current state of affairs may have been encouraged — though not justified — by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce
[A] the fierce business competition.
[B] the feeble boss-board relations.
[C] the threat from news reports.
[D] the severity of data leakage.
37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out
[A] whether there is any weak point.
[B] what sort of data has been stolen.
[C] who is responsible for the leakage.
[D] how the potential spies can be located.
38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that
[A] shareholders interests should be properly attended to.
[B] information protection should be given due attention.
[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.
[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.
39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to
[A] see the link between trust and data protection.
[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.(原文未提及)
[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.
[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.
40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that
[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.
[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.
[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.
[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.
结构分析
本文是关于信息安全的议论文，主要讨论了信息泄漏的危害及解决办法。第一段引出主题，信息安全问题日益严峻；第二段指出几个发生信息泄漏事件的知名机构促使管理者提高警惕；第三至四段引用学者的言论指出信息安全问题必须得到重视而很多老板对此认识不够；最后一段指出解决信息安全问题的方法就是通过立法进行约束。
解题思路与答案精析
36. 选[D]，主旨大意题。It never rains but it pours是一句成语“祸不单行”，而作为文中第一句话，这一成语是用来引出主题的，分析本段第二句的结构可知，主句a new problem threatens ... 就是论点，而冒号后面则是这一新问题的具体内容，即data insecurity，显然选项[D]正确，其他三项均是对第二句的错误推断。
37. 选[A]，事实细节题。答案锁定在第二段。本题题干中的check对应文中短语peer into，find out对应文中in search of，因此答案定位于in search of的宾语potential vulnerabilities，即“潜伏的弱点”，选项[A]中的weak point与vulnerabilities同义，故为正确答案。
38. 选[B]，推理判断题。由GASP可知本题应定位于第三段第三句。本段第一句论述了数据的重要性，第二句指出保护数据的作用，紧接着第三句由GAAP引出GASP的概念，其中的Security指的就是信息安全，因此这一概念的目的是强调信息保护的重要性，所以选[B]。选项[A]未提及；选项[C]是由GAAP推断出来的结论；选项[D]有很强的干扰性，但不是GASP所强调的内容。
39. 选[A]，推理判断题。本题题干what puzzles the author is that ... 与第四段开头The mystery is that ... 同义，第二句是对第一句的解释，即作者疑惑的具体内容，句中两个并列的主语从句指出了信任与信息保护之间的联系，这对老板们来说是a surprise，也就是说他们没有认识到这一点，所以选项[A]正确。选项[B]在本段未提及；文中提到修复信任的代价很大，而不是数据，所以选项[C]错误；选项[D]为片面表述。
40. 选[D]，推理判断题。第五段首先提到美国缺少对信息泄漏的法律制裁，然后介绍了加利福尼亚和华盛顿在立法方面的努力，由此可推断出本段旨在论证法律手段对解决信息泄漏是主要的解决办法，即[D]选项的内容。小括号中in America, but not Europe说明欧洲已经有这方面的法律，所以选项[C]错误；选项[A]、[B]在文中未提及。
全文翻译
俗话说“祸不单行”。正当老板和董事们终于处理完最乱的帐目和不服从问题并加强其薄弱的公司管理之后，一个新的问题又威胁到他们——尤其是在美国——这种令人厌恶的大字标题不可避免地在管理层的头脑中不断出现：数据不安全。在这之前，信息保护通常是古怪而且低层次的信息技术人员的职责，人们认为只有数据丰富的行业如银行、电信、航空旅游业等才关心信息保护问题，可现在这个问题已经提到每个行业老板的议事日程的重要位置。
今年的几起严重的客户和雇员资料泄漏事件发生在不同类型的机构，如时代华纳公司、美国防卫承包科技应用国际公司，甚至博克利加利福尼亚大学，这些事件使得经营者们匆忙查看他们复杂的信息系统和交易步骤以寻找潜伏的弱点。
斯坦福大学商业学院的Haim Mendelson说:“数据正逐渐成为一种资产，它需要同其他资产一样受到重视”，“保护客户数据的能力是市场价值的核心，董事会代表股东负责提升市场价值。”的确，正如有公认会计原则�*****AAP）的概念一样，现在也该出现GASP，即公认安全原则的概念了，纽约哥伦比亚商业学院的Eli Noam这样建议。他说，“设定合理的投资水平用于信息安全、备份和恢复不再是技术问题，这已经成为管理问题。”
奇怪的是老板们对这种说法还很吃惊。当然，信任作为经济资产中最有价值的部分是很容易被摧毁的，而且修复起来代价极大，而没有什么比一个公司让个人机密数据落入不道德人之手更容易摧毁信任，这对于最迟钝的管理者也应该是显而易见的。
虽然不能因为缺乏对数据泄漏的法律制裁（在美国，不在欧洲）而认为这些事件是正当的，但目前的情形可能是这种缺乏所促成的。在加利福尼亚通过法律之前，美国公司根本不必把数据丢失的事告诉任何人即使是受害者。这种情况可能会马上发生改变：很多数据安全方面的立法提议在华盛顿正开始进行一轮又一轮讨论。同时，六月十七日曝光的偷取美国四千万信用卡账号信息的事件也给一天前美国联邦商业委员会做出的重要决定蒙上了阴影，该委员会向美国发出公告，如果企业无法提供适当的数据安全，执法者将采取行动。

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